Experiment 01
BKG3741 Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem 11-2012/2013
Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering
BKG3721 Fuel & Combustion Lab
Experiment 2BOYS CALORIMETER-LPGName
Matric No.
Group
Program
Section
Date
Sem. 11 - Session 2012/20131.0 Objective1. To investigate the
calorific value of LPG.2. To use and understand techniques for
accurate calorimetric analysis
2.0 Introduction
Boys CalorimeterThe Boys Non-recording Gas Calorimeter was
designed by the late Sir Charles Boys F.R.S. as simple but accurate
equipment for ascertaining the calorific values of a large range of
gaseous fuels. The gas is fed to the two burners mounted in the
base of the calorimeter where it is burnt in air. The exhaust gases
from the burners are fed through the calorimeter over the water
filled calorimeter coils and leave the apparatus through a vent in
the top of the unit. A thermometer for measuring the exhaust gas
temperature is suspended in this vent. An outlet drain is provided
for any condensate, which is formed from the exhaust gas. Coolant
water is fed through the coils of the calorimeter from the constant
head overflow funnel fixed above the unit. The water outlet from
the calorimeter is fed into a changeover funnel, which is used for
diverting the outlet water from waste into a measuring vessel or
vice-versa. This enables the flow rate of water through the
calorimeter to be determined. The temperature of both the inlet and
outlet water is monitored by mercury in glass thermometers. When
the calorimeter is not in use during short periods during the
testing, the coils of the unit are kept immersed in a tank
containing an alkaline solution. This serves to neutralize any
acidic products deposited on the coils by the combustion of the
gas.
Hyde Gas MeterThe gas for the calorimeter is fed via a Hyde type
gas meter, which consists of a specially designed measuring drum
housed in a gas-tight casing and sealed with water. On entry to
the-meter the gas is introduced into a space above the water in the
outer casing and the gas must pass through the measuring drum,
causing it to rotate, to get to the outlet connection of the meter.
The measuring drum is coupled to the pointer on the front of the
meter.
3.0DESCRIPTION
The Boys Gas Calorimeter Set can be used to determine the
calorific value of a selection of gaseous fuels. The Cussons Type
P5615 Boys Gas Calorimeter set consists of the following items.1. A
Boys non-recording gas calorimeter.
2. A constant head overhead funnel with water connecting
tubes,3. 2 thermometers engraved on stem 0-50 C for temperate
climates or 0-75 C for tropical climates, for inlet and outlet
water temperatures.
4. 2 adjustable reading lenses, chromium plated, with spring
clips for attaching to stems of thermometers in item 3.
5. 2 thermometers engraved on stem 0-35 C for temperate climates
or 0-50 C for tropical climates, for effluent gas and room
temperatures.
6. 3 litre collecting vessel and 1000 ml graduated glass vessel,
for measuring outflow from calorimeter.
7. Graduated glass vessel, capacity 50 ml, for collecting
condensed products.
8. General purpose burner set comprising
9. Town gas and coke oven gas burner, - 14.9 - 22.35 MJ / m3
(400 - 600 BTU / ft 3.) Ref. No. 3 burner
10. Burner to BS3804; 22.3 - 33.5 MJ / m3 (600 - 900 BTU / ft
3.) Ref. 5034/10011. Natural gas and methane burner, 33.5 - 44.7 MJ
/ m3 (900 - 1200 BTU / ft 3.) Ref, 7443/60
12. Butane, propane, acetylene, ethylene & propylene burner,
44.7 - 130.4 MJ / m3 (1200 -3500 BTU / ft 3.) Ref. 7445/3513. Gas
control valve (quadrant cock).14. A "Hyde" pattern meter of 2.0
liters per revolution capacity. The dial is divided into 100
divisions and is enclosed by a glass front. The casing and
measuring drum are of tinned copper and all brass fittings are
lacquered. A spirit level, point setting key and height gauge are
provided for setting up the meter together with fittings for a 0 -
35 C thermometer for measuring the inlet temperature of the
gas.
15. Cylindrical metal vessel to contain alkaline solution into
which the coils portion of the calorimeter is placed when not in
use.Three accessories are available for use with the calorimeter
set. These are a type P5617 reducing valve, a P5616 set of
additional burners and an automatic gas cut-off device. The
reducing valve type P5617 is intended to reduce the pressure of the
incoming gas from valves up to 30 cm H2O to 5 cm HA If gases at
pressures higher than 30 cm H20 are to be used, then a primary
stage of pressure reduction should be used. The P5617 may not be
required when testing high CV bottled gases such as Butane and
Propane mixtures if a suitable pressure reducing valve and control
valve are provided on the bottle.
The P5616 set of additional burners contains 3 extra burners to
extend the range of the calorimeter. The burners are suitable for
Blast furnace gas and low calorific value gas 3.7 MJ / m3 (150 -
300 BTU / ft3.) " Ref, No. 7 burner.
Propane only 93.1 MJ / m3 (2500 BTU / ft3.) - Ref. 5428/25 or
7458/25.
Butane-air 23.3 - 24.2 MJ / m3 (625 - 650 BTU / ft3.) - Ref.
5034/100.
The Automatic Gas Cut-off device is used for shutting off the
gas supply in the event of the water supply failing.
4.0Experimental Procedures
1. Check all the equipment is in good condition and is installed
in the right sequence
2.Ignite the fire sources, followed by flowing the gas
3.Put the burner into the calorimeter
4.Flow the water into the boys calorimeter
5.Keep the water flow constantly until the changes of
temperature constant.
6.Note the inlet and outlet temperature for every cycle of the
hydro meter. Meanwhile, collect the water by the container. Note it
for 4 cycles.
7.Remove the container and weight it
8.Turn off the gas and the water source.
5.0 Results 5.1Calculating for Calorific Value Table 5.1:
Experimental Data Set 1Set2Set3Average Temperature, (oC)
Ti1To1Ti2To2Ti3To3TiTo
1st
Quadrant
2nd Quadrant
3rd Quadrant
4th Quadrant
Mass of collected water
Mass of empty beaker, (g) : ______________________________
Mass of (beaker + water), (g) :
_____________________________
Ambient Temperature,(oC) : ______________________________
Barometric Pressure, (mmHg) : ______________________________
Average Inlet Temperature, Ti ,(oC)
:_____________________
Average Oulet Temperature, To ,(oC)
:_____________________
Average Difference of Temperature,, (oC)
:_____________________
6.0 ANALYSIS
6.1 Calculating for Calorific Value , CV (MJ/m3):Formulae;
Where:
W = collected water, (ml)GVF
= gas volume factor (Appendix 1, Table 1)Meter Size =
20dm3,capacity of one revolution of the meter in m3
Revs
= number of revolutions of the meter (Appendix 1, Table
2)Calculation examples:-6.2Calculating for gas volume correction at
other pressures and
temperatures.Formulae;
Where:V0 = Gas volume at 0C and 760mmHg pressureV = Gas volume
at ambient temperature and pressure
n = Barometric pressure in mmHg
a0 = Vapor pressure in mmHg at temperature t
a = Vapor pressure in mmHg at temperature 0Ct = Ambient
temperature
Calculation examples:-a)From the result, described briefly
process occurred in the calorimeter? b)Why is it important to
determine the calorific value of gaseous fuels?Appendix
Table 1: Gas Volume Factors relative to 0"C and 760 mmHg. Note A
formula for calculating the gas volume at other temperatures and
Pressures is given in the text.
mmHg
10C
11C
12C
13C
14C
15C
16C
17C
18C
19C
20C
21C
22C23C
24C
25C
26C
mmHg
730
1.095
1.098
1.101
1.105
1.108
1.111
1.116
1.121
1.126
1.152
1.137
1.142
1.148
1.154
1.160
1.166
1.173
730
732
1.092
1.095
1.098
1.101
1.105
1.100
1.113
1.118
1.125
1.128
1.134
1.139
1.145
1.151
1.157
1.163
1.169
732
734
1.089
1.092
1.095
1.098
1.102
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.131
1.136
1.142
1.148
1.154
1.160
1.166
734
736
1.085
1.088
1.092
1.095
1.099
1.102
1.107
1.112
1.117
1.122
1.128
1.133
1.159
1.145
1.151
1.157
1.164
736
738
1.081
1.085
1.088
1.092
1.095
1.099
1.104
1.109
1.114
1.119
1.125
1.130
1.156
1.142
1.148
1.154
1.161
738
740
1.077
1.081
1.085
1.088
1.092
1.096
1.101
1.106
1.111
1.116
1.122
1.127
1.133
1.139
1.145
1.151
1.158
740
742
1.074
1.078
1.082
1.085
1.089
1.093
1.098
1.105
1.108
1.115
1.119
1.124
1.130
1.136
1.142
1.146
1.155
742
744
1.071
1.075
1.079
1.062
1.086
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.116
1.121
1.127
1.133
1.139
1.145
1.152
744
746
1.068
1.072
1.076
1.079
1.083
1.087
1.092
1.097
1.102
1.107
1.113
1.118
1.124
1.130
1.136
1.142
1.148
746
748
1.065
1.069
1.073
1.076
1.080
1.084
1.089
1.094
1.099
1.104
1.110
1.115
1.121
1.126
1.132
1.138
1.145
748
750
1.062
1.066
1.070
1.073
1.077
1.081
1.086
1.091
1.096
1.101
1.107
1.112
1.118
1.123
1.129
1.135
1.142
750
752
1.059
1.063
1.067
1.070
1.074
1.078
1.083
1.088
1.093
1.098
1.104
1.109
1.115
1.120
1.126
1.132
1.139
752
754
1.056
1.060
1.064
1.067
1.071
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.101
1.106
1.112
1.117
1.123
1.129
1.136
754
756
1.053
1.057
1.061
1.064
1.068
1.072
1.077
1.082
1.087
1.092
1.098
1.103
1.109
1.114
1.120
1.126
1.133
756
758
1.050
1.054
1.058
1.061
1.065
1.069
1.074
1.079
1.084
1.089
1.095
1.100
1.106
1.111
1.117
1.123
1.130
758
760
1.047
1.051
1.055
1.058
1.062
1.066
1.071
1.076
1.081
1.086
1.092
1.097
1.103
1.108
1.114
1.120
1.127
760
762
1.044
1.048
1.052
1.055
1.059
1.063
1.068
1.073
1.078
1.083
1.089
1.094
1.100
1.105
1.111
1.117
1.124
762
764
1.042
1.046
1.049
1.053
1.056
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.086
1.091
1.097
1.102
1.108
1.114
1.120
764
766
1.039
1.043
1.046
1.050
1.053
1.057
1.062
1.067
1.072
1.077
1.083
1.088
1.094
1.099
1.105
1.111
1.117
766
768
1.037
1.041
1.044
1.047
1.050
1.054
1.059
1.064
1.069
1.074
1.080
1.085
1.091
1.096
1.102
1.108
1.114
768
770
1.054
1.038
1.042
1.045
1.048
1.052
1.057
1.062
1.067
1.072
1.078
1.083
1.089
1.094
1.100
1.105
1.111
770
772
1.031
1.035
1.039
1.042
1.045
1.049
1.054
1.059
1.064
1.069
1.075
1.080
1.086
1.091
1.096
1.102
1.108
772
774
1.029
1.031
1.035
1.038
1.041
1.046
1.051
1.056
1.061
1.066
1.072
1.077
1.083
1.088
1.094
1.099
1.105
774
776
1.026
1.029
1.032
1.036
1.039
1.043
1.048
1.053
1.058
1.063
1.069
1.074
1.080
1.085
1.091
1.096
1.102
776
778
1.024
1.027
1.030
1.033
1.036
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.066
1.071
1.077
1.032
1.068
1.093
1.099
778
780
1.021
1.025
1.028
1.031
1.033
1.038
1.043
1.048
1.053
1.058
1.063
1.068
1.074
1.079
1.085
1.090
1.096
780
mmHg
27C
28C
29C
30C
31C
32C
33C
34C
35C
36C
37C
38C
39C
40C
mmHg
730
1.180
1.187
1.194
1.201
1.208
1.216
1.223
1.231
1.236
1.247
1.256
1.266
1.275
1.264
730
732
1.176
1.183
1.190
1.197
502.1
1.212
1.220
1.227
1.235
1.244
1.253
1.263
1.272
1.260
732
734
1.173
1.180
1.187
1.194
1.201
1.209
1.216
1.224
1.231
1.240
1.249
1.259
1.268
1.276
734
736
1.171
1.178
1.185
1.191
1.198
1.205
1.212
1.220
1.228
1.237
1.246
1.255
1.264
1.273
736
738
1.168
1.174
1.180
1.187
1.194
1.202
1.209
1.217
1.224
1.233
1.242
1.251
1.260
1.269
738
740
1.164
1.171
1.178
1.184
1.191
1.199
1.206
1.214
1.221
1.230
1.239
1.247
1.256
1.265
740
742
1.161
1.168
1.175
1.1B1
1.188
1.196
1.203
1.210
1.218
1.227
1.235
1.244
1.252
1.261
742
744
1.158
1.165
1.172
1.178
1.185
1.193
1.200
1.208
1.215
1.223
1.232
1.240
1.249
1.257
744
746
1.155
1.161
1.168
1.174
1.181
1.189
1.196
1.204
1.211
1.220
1.228
1.237
1.245
1.254
746
748
1.151
1.158
1.165
1.171
1.178
1.186
1.193
1.201
1.208
1.216
1.225
1.233
1.242
1.250
748
750
1.148
1.155
1.161
1.167
1.174
1.182
1.169
1.197
1.204
1.212
1.221
1.229
1.238
1.246
750
752
1.145
1.152
1.158
1.164
1.171
1.179
1.186
1.194
1.204
1.209
1.218
1.226
1.235
1.243
752
754
1.142
1.149
1.155
1.161
1.168
1.175
1.183
1.190
1.197
1.205
1.214
1.222
1.231
1.239
754
756
1.139
1.146
1.153
1.158
1.165
1.172
1.180
1.187
1.194
1.202
1.211
1.219
1.228
1.236
756
758
1.136
1.143
1.149
1.155
1.162
1.169
1.176
1.183
1.190
1.198
1.207
1.215
1.224
1.232
758
760
1.133
1.140
1.146
1.152
1.159
1.166
1.173
1.180
1.137
1.195
1.204
1.212
1.221
1.229
760
762
1.130
1.137
1.143
1.149
1.156
1.163
1.170
1.177
1.134
1.191
1.200
1.208
1.217
1.226
762
764
1.126
1.133
1.139
1.145
1.152
1.159
1.167
1.174
1.131
1.189
1.197
1.206
1.214
1.222
764
766
1.123
1.129
1.136
1.142
1.149
1.156
1.163
1.170
1.177
1.185
1.194
1.202
1.210
1.219
766
768
1.120
1.126
1.132
1.139
1.146
1.153
1.160
1.167
1.174
1.182
1.190
1.199
1.207
1.215
768
770
1.117
1.123
1.130
1.136
1.143
1.150
1.157
1.164
1.171
1.179
1.187
1 196
1.204
1.212
770
772
1.114
1.120
1.126
1.133
1.140
1.147
1.154
1.161
1.168
1.176
1.184
1.193
1.201
1.209
772
774
1.111
1.117
1.123
1.130
1.137
1.144
1.151
1.158
1.165
1.173
1.131
1.1B9
1.197
1.205
774
776
1.108
1.114
1.120
1.127
1.134
1.141
1.147
1.154
1.161
1.169
1.177
1.186
1.194
1.202
776
778
1.105
1.111
1.117
1.124
1.131
1.138
1.144
1.151
1.158
1.165
1.173
1.181
1.189
1.198
778
780
1.102
1.108
1.114
1.121
1.128
1.155
1.141
1.148
1.155
1.162
1.169
1.176
1.183
1.195
780
Table 2: Meter Gas Rates & Water Collection RatesApproximate
Calorific ValueTime for 1 rev of Meter PointerNumber of rev of
Meter Pointer in testWater Collected during Pointer in testFactor
to be used in calculation 1/(0.2m3xrevs)
18-19 MJ per m3 (500 B. Th. Us /cu ft)
52s-54s52160-2260g1
37-38 MJ per m3 (1000 B. Th. Us /cu ft)
1min44s-1min49s2864-904g2.5
75-76 MJ per m3 (2000 B. Th. Us /cu ft)
3min34s-3min-38s1432-452g5
Example:-Inlet Temperature, C
Outlet Temperature, C
16.236.4
16.236.5
16.236.6
16.236.5
Average Inlet Temperature = 16.2C.
Average Outlet Temperature = 36.5C
Gives Average difference of temperature = 20.3 CNumber of
revs
5
Meter Capacity
0.2m3 Water collected 2100 ml.
Barometer
754 mm,
Meter temp.
17.8C
G.V. Factor
1,089
Calorific Value =20.3*2100*4.187*1.089*(1 / (0.2 *5))*10-4
=19.438MJ/m3To convert MJ / m3 into BTU/ ft3. multiply MJ / m3
by 26.8413 Therefore in example A calorific value in BTU/ ft3
19.438 x 26.8413 = 521.7 BTU/ ft3
_1261642156.unknown
_1261642169.unknown
_1261398273.unknown
