01LEI-HistoryLE

1 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved.

History of Law Enforcement

Course Law Enforcement I Unit I History Essential Question How did the current model of law enforcement come about? TEKS §130.293(c) (1)(A)(B) Prior Student Learning None. This is an introductory lesson. Estimated time 3 to 5 hours

Rationale Modern law enforcement has been influenced by thousands of years and many civilizations. It is important for an officer to understand the history of his or her profession so they have an understanding of why things are the way they are. Objectives The student will be able to:

1. Identify the role of police in society. 2. Define terms associated with the lesson. 3. Discuss the origins and development of modern law enforcement. 4. Research the duties of law enforcement officers in various eras. 5. Create a presentation to teach others about the history of law

enforcement. Engage Discuss the following questions: Where was the first recorded police organization founded? What was its purpose? Key Points I. The role of police in a democratic society

A. The police are entrusted to serve and protect. B. Law enforcement officers are the citizens’ most common and direct contact

with the government. C. Law enforcement dates back to the earliest human civilizations. D. The Romans contributed the idea of districts or enforcement precincts.

II. Key terms

A. Bobbies – In 1829, English Parliament mandated a publicly funded police force throughout England. They became known as the “bobbies.”

B. Constables – Local level individuals who assisted the shire reeve and organized posses to chase and apprehend criminals

C. Frankpledge System – A form of community policing instituted by King William in 1066

D. Tithing – In the Frankpledge System, every male over twelve years of age was required to form a group of ten families called a “tithing.”

E. Sir Robert Peel – A member of the English Parliament in 1829 who led the mandating of a publicly funded police force throughout England via the London Metropolitan Police Act. He advocated the 12 principles of policing.

F. Shires – Ten “tithings” were grouped together to form a hundred, and these consolidated groups were called shires.

G. Henry Fielding – A London magistrate who, in 1748, formed a group of law enforcement agents to apprehend criminals and recover stolen property from the entertainment district. They were called the “Bow Street Runners.”

H. Justice of the Peace – In 1326, the shire reeve was replaced with the office of the justice of the peace.

I. Night Watch System – In England, the night watch system provided citizens with protection from crime. During times of duress, the men on watch would


raise the hue and cry to summon assistance from the citizens of the community or, in the case of a larger community, from others already on watch. The watch standers were equipped with various signaling devices, including bells, ratchets, and rattles.

J. Shire Reeves – The top law enforcement official, who was the forerunner of the American sheriff

K. Peelers – Another name for the “bobbies” because of Sir Robert Peel’s influence in creating the force

L. Politeria – The Greek word that “police” is derived from M. Pharaoh Hur Moheb – Established the first recorded police organization in

Egypt around 1340 B.C. N. Law Enforcement – The most visible representatives of the criminal justice

system; typically citizens’ most common and direct contact with law enforcement

O. Police – Entrusted to serve and protect the public, and to control and prevent crime

P. Political Era – 1840’s to 1920’s: the period when police agencies were first established to provide a unified law enforcement force in the major American cities

Q. Reform Era – Wanted to take law enforcement out of politics, introduce modern technology to make law enforcement more efficient, and establish police administrative boards that were responsible for appointing police administrators and controlling police affairs

R. Professional Era – 1920’s to 1970’s: the period when there was a call for the establishment of measures to assist law enforcement agencies to improve their effectiveness and become more professional

S. Community Model Era – 1970’s to the present: the period when it was advocated for law enforcement to move away from the crime-fighting focus of law enforcement towards a greater emphasis on maintaining order and providing service to the community

T. August Vollmer – Was known as the most famous police reformer in the early part of the twentieth century. He believed the police should be a professional force.

U. Spoils – A system that used political power to hire supporters and fire those considered disloyal. This led to a period of incompetent, corrupt, and disliked police force.

V. O.W. Wilson – A student of Vollmer’s who advocated for law enforcement agencies to employ technological advances, such as motorized patrols, effective radio communications, and rapid response, to aid effective crime fighting.

III. Law enforcement and early civilizations A. Extends back to the earliest civilizations B. Met a social need for promoting a group’s well-being C. Banishment was the most effective means of punishment. Camp guards of

early civilization represent the first traces of law enforcement practices. D. First recorded police organization – 1340 B.C., in Egypt, under the reign of

Pharoah Hur Moheb


1. River security force established to ensure security on the Nile 2. Responsible for preventing piracy, guarding commerce, and searching

suspect ships E. Police is a derivative of the Greek work “Politeria” – the portion of

government that deals with protection of life and property. F. Roman contribution – during the reign of Emperor Augustus Caesar

1. Police were a special feature of the Roman government. 2. Various grades of officers 3. Seven divisions with 14 districts; districts represent the first city

precincts IV. English Roots

A. American law enforcement concepts originated in England in 900 A.D. B. Justice was primarily a private matter based on revenge and retribution. C. Victims and/or family members would seek justice. D. King William – 1066

1. Frankpledge system 2. Tithing 3. Shires 4. Shire Reeve 5. Constables

E. Winchester Statute – 1285 1. Night watch system 2. Selection of constables

3. Draft of volunteer citizens as watchmen F. Justice of Peace – 1326

1. Replaced Shire Reeve 2. Supervised law enforcement activities including crime investigation,

securing criminals, and organizing the night watch system 3. The system lasted into the 1700’s. 4. Citizens were the police. 5. Law enforcement organization was local.

G. Henry Fielding – 1700’s 1. The military was used for crime control. 2. Established the Bow Street Runners who apprehended criminals and

recovered stolen property a) More effective than any other law enforcement of its day b) Paved the way for a more professional and efficient response to

crime, and the apprehension of criminals H. Sir Robert Peel – 1829

1. Worked with the English Parliament to mandate a publicly funded police force under the London Metropolitan Police Act

2. Created uniformed police force known as “bobbies” or “peelers" 3. Peel’s 12 Principles of Policing

a) The police must be stable, efficient, and organized along military lines.

b) The police must be under government control. c) The absence of crime will best prove the efficiency of police.


d) The distribution of crime news is essential. e) The deployment of police strength, by both time and area, is

essential. f) No quality is more indispensable to a policeman than a perfect

command of temper; a quiet, determined manner has more effect than a violent action.

g) Good appearance commands respect. h) The securing and training of proper persons is the root of

efficiency. i) Public security demands that every police officer be given a

number. j) Police headquarters should be centrally located and easily

accessible to the people. k) Policemen should be hired on a probationary basis. l) Police records are necessary to the correct distribution of police

strength.

V. Historical Eras of Law Enforcement C. Political Era (1840 to 1920)

1. The period when police agencies were established to provide a unified police force in the major American cities

2. The “Spoils” system; the metropolitan police in the 19th century were powerful, corrupt, poorly trained, unsupervised, and frequently abusive to the public they were to serve and protect.

3. The primary focus was on crime prevention and the maintenance of order through the foot patrol.

D. Reform Era 1. Began in early part of the 20th century, as a result of the middle and

upper class citizens’ concern with corruption 2. They wanted to get rid of political patronage and improve the efficiency

of government, especially in law enforcement. 3. They called for professional police forces, to remove law enforcement

from politics and to introduce modern technology to make law enforcement more efficient.

4. One result of the Reform Era was the establishment of police administrative boards who were responsible for appointing police administrators and controlling police affairs.

5. These civilian review boards were established to reduce local political control over the police.

6. These review boards failed because the appointed leaders often lacked law enforcement knowledge.

E. Professional Era (1920’s to the 1970’s) 1. August Vollmer

a) Chief of police in Berkley, California, was the most famous police reformer in the early part of the 20th century

b) Instituted university training for police officers c) Helped to develop the School of Criminology at the University of

California at Berkley. The school became the model for university-


level criminal justice programs around the U.S. d) Believed that the police should be a professional force e) The model of professional policing was developed from Vollmer’s

six essential elements: (1) The police force should stay out of politics. (2) Members should be well trained, disciplined, and tightly

organized. (3) Laws should be equally enforced. (4) The police should use technological developments. (5) Merit should be on the basis of personnel procedures. (6) The crime-fighting role should be prominent.

2. O.W. Wilson a) The redirection of police from maintenance of order to one of crime

control altered the nature of policing in America more than any of the other elements of the professional era.

b) A student of Vollmer’s, advocated that law enforcement use motorized patrols, radio communication, and rapid response to aid effective crime fighting.

c) Suggested the use of one-man patrols as the best way to deploy police personnel, and the importance of rotating beat assignments in order to fight police corruption

F. Community Era (1970 to present) 1. Research findings indicate that the professional model was not

working: a) Increasing the number of patrol officers in a neighborhood was

found to have little effect on crime. b) Rapid response to calls for service does not greatly increase the

arrest of criminals. c) It is difficult, if not impossible, to improve rates of solving crimes.

G. Service to the community 1. In the 1970’s there was a movement away from the crime-fighting

focus of law enforcement towards a greater emphasis on maintaining order and providing service to the community.

2. It was suggested that police officers get out of their patrol cars and spend more time on the street assisting citizens, while maintaining their crime-fighting role.

Activities 1. Students may play the Match Game to practice key terms and definitions. 2. Timeline Project: Have students work individually or in pairs to research the “Top

10 Duties of Law Enforcement” for each of the following time periods: Egyptian Civilization, Greek Civilization, Roman Civilization, 900 to 1066 A.D., 1066 to 1326 A.D., 1326 to 1700 A.D., 1700 to 1829 A.D., and 1829 to the present.

Then students will locate royalty free or public domain images to illustrate the key points of research. Students will use their research and images to create a pictorial timeline for display in the classroom, or a PowerPoint presentation.


Assessments History of Law Enforcement Quiz Discussion Rubric Presentation Rubric Materials History of Law Enforcement PowerPoint History of Law Enforcement Match Game History of Law Enforcement Key Terms Poster boards and markers Computers with Internet access Resources 0205366937, Criminal Justice, Fagin, James A., Pearson, 2003 1598840436, Policing in America: A Reference Handbook, Steverson, Leonard A.,

ABC-CLIO, 2007 0072559519, Criminology (4th Edition), Adler, Freda, McGraw-Hill, 2001 Accommodations for Learning Differences For reinforcement, the student will define and illustrate the key terms in a journal. For enrichment, the student will create their own 12 principles of policing then compare and contrast them to Sir Robert Peel’s 12 principles. State Education Standards Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for Career and Technical Education §130.293. Law Enforcement I. (One to Two Credits). (1) The student explores the history of law enforcement. The student is expected to:

(A) trace the history of law enforcement from pre-industrial Europe, nineteenth century England, and the United States through contemporary policing in the United States; and (B) identify core issues in the development of law enforcement such as centralization and authority.

College and Career Readiness Standards V. Research A. Formulate topic and questions 1. Formulate research questions. 2. Explore a research topic.

3. Refine research topic and devise a timeline for completing work. C. Produce and design a document. 1. Design and present an effective product. 2. Use source material ethically.


History of Law Enforcement Key Terms

1. Bobbies – In 1829, English Parliament mandated a publicly funded police force throughout England. They became known as the “bobbies.”

2. Constables – Local level individuals who assisted the shire reeve and organized posses to

chase and apprehend criminals

3. Frankpledge System – A form of community policing instituted by King William in 1066.

4. Tithing – In the Frankpledge System, every male over twelve years of age was required to form a group of ten families called a “tithing.”

5. Sir Robert Peel – A member of the English Parliament in 1829, who led the mandating of a

publicly funded police force throughout England via the London Metropolitan Police Act. He advocated the 12 principles of policing.

6. Shires – Ten “tithings” were grouped together to form a hundred, and these consolidated

groups were called shires.

7. Henry Fielding – A London magistrate who, in 1748, formed a group of law enforcement agents to apprehend criminals and recover stolen property from the entertainment district. They were called the “Bow Street Runners.”

8. Justice of the Peace – In 1326, the shire reeve was replaced with the office of the justice of

the peace.

9. Night Watch System – In England, the night watch system provided citizens with protection from crime. During times of duress, the men on watch would raise the hue and cry to summon assistance from the citizens of the community or, in the case of a larger community, from others already on watch. The watch standers were equipped with various signaling devices, including bells, ratchets, and rattles.

10. Shire Reeves – The top law enforcement official, who was the forerunner of the American

sheriff

11. Peelers – Another name for the “bobbies” because of Sir Robert Peel’s influence in creating the force

12. Politeria – The Greek word that “police” is derived from.

13. Pharaoh Hur Moheb – Established the first recorded police organization in Egypt around 1340

B.C.

14. Law Enforcement – The most visible representatives of the criminal justice system; typically citizens’ most common and direct contact with law enforcement

15. Police – Entrusted to serve and protect the public, and to control and prevent crime


16. Political Era – 1840’s to 1920’s: the period when police agencies were first established to

provide a unified law enforcement force in the major American cities

17. Reform Era – Wanted to take law enforcement out of politics, introduce modern technology to make law enforcement more efficient, and establish police administrative boards that were responsible for appointing police administrators and controlling police affairs

18. Professional Era – 1920’s to 1970’s: the period when there was a call for the establishment of

measures to assist law enforcement agencies to improve their effectiveness and become more professional

19. Community Model Era – 1970’s to the present: the period when it was advocated for law

enforcement to move away from the crime-fighting focus of law enforcement towards a greater emphasis on maintaining order and providing service to the community

20. August Vollmer – Was known as the most famous police reformer in the early part of the

twentieth century. He believed the police should be a professional force.

21. Spoils – A system that used political power to hire supporters and fire those considered disloyal. This led to a period of incompetent, corrupt, and disliked police force.

22. O.W. Wilson – A student of Vollmer’s who advocated for law enforcement agencies to employ

technological advances, such as motorized patrols, effective radio communications, and rapid response to aid effective crime fighting


MATCH GAME Vocabulary

SELECT MATCH

A

Shire Reeves

E

Justice of the Peace

I

Frankpledge System

M

Constables

B

Sir Robert Peel

F

Night Watch System

J

Pharaoh Hur Moheb

N

Sir Robert Peel

C

Frankpledge System

G

Constables

K

Politeria

O

Night Watch System

D

Pharaoh Hur Moheb

H

Politeria

L

Shire Reeves

P


I 1000 Pts

J 1000 Pts

K 1000 Pts

L 1000 Pts

M 1000 Pts

N 1000 Pts

O 1000 Pts

P 1000 Pts

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H


Match Game Instruction Sheet

1. Divide the class into two teams. 2. Each team creates a team name and selects a team captain. 3. Determine who goes first (coin toss, draw straws, etc.).

4. The first team captain selects a letter from one of the “Select” columns (A-H). 5. The teacher reads the question or definition corresponding to the letter on the Match Game Terms

Sheet. Do not read the term in italics. 6. The first team must give the answer that matches the question or definition. The captain gives the

answer. 7. The teacher clicks on and moves the covering text box to the right or left side of the grid to reveal

the answer (left side for first team; right side for second team). 8. If the answer revealed is not the same as that given by the first team captain, the teacher re-

covers the square with the text box and play goes to the second team. 9. If the answer revealed is the same as that given by the first team captain, the first team has the

opportunity to select a letter under the “Match” columns (I-P). The captain says the letter name. 10. The teacher moves the text box off of the square. If the same answer appears on the “Match

Side,” the first team has won 1000 points, and the teacher moves the blue text box (with “1000 pts”) to the left side, on top of the red text box from the “Select” column. Play then goes to the second team.

11. If a different answer appears under the “Match” square, the teacher will re-cover both squares with

their respective text boxes and play goes to the second team. 12. Play continues until a match has been made for every question. 13. The team with highest number of points wins. 14. No player may have notes or definitions in view. 15. No player may take notes of the terms as they are revealed.


Match Game Questions Vocabulary: A. The top law enforcement officials, who were the forerunner of the American sheriff

Shire Reeves

B. A member of the English Parliament in 1829. He led the mandating of a publicly funded police

force throughout England, via the London Metropolitan Police Act. (Additional – He advocated the 12 principles of policing)

Sir Robert Peel C. A form of community policing instituted by King William in 1066

Frankpledge System D. Established the first recorded police organization in Egypt around 1340 B.C.

Pharaoh Hur Moheb E. Replaced the office of shire reeve in 1326

Justice of the Peace F. During times of duress, the men on watch would raise the hue and cry to summon assistance

from the citizens of the community. What is this known as? Night Watch System G. Local level that assisted the shire reeve and organized posses to chase and apprehend

criminals

Constables H. The Greek word that police is derived from

Politeria


MATCH GAME Vocabulary

SELECT MATCH

A

Shire Reeves

E


I

Frankpledge System

M

Constables

B

Sir Robert Peel

F

Night Watch System

J

Pharaoh Hur Moheb

N

Sir Robert Peel

C

Frankpledge System

G

Constables

K

Politeria

O

Night Watch System

D

Pharaoh Hur Moheb

H

Politeria

L

Shire Reeves

P



Name:_________________________ Date:___________________________

History of Law Enforcement Quiz

______ 1. Where was the first recorded police organization established?

a. London b. Greece c. Egypt d. Rome

______ 2. The concept of enforcement districts or precincts was contributed by whom?

a. Egyptians b. Greeks c. English d. Romans

______ 3. The was instituted by King William in 1066.

a. Frankpledge System b. Justice of the Peace c. London Metropolitan Police Act d. Night Watch System

______ 4. Police are entrusted to serve and protect the public.

a. True b. False

______ 5. In ________ B.C. the first recorded police organization occurred.

a. 900 b. 1285 c. 1340 d. 1748

______ 6. The word police is derived from the Greek word___________.

a. Politicos b. Policia c. Politeria d. Politics

______ 7. Every male over twelve years of age was required to form a group of ten families called

____________. a. Shire reeve b. Bobbies c. Shires d. Tithings

______ 8. In 1326, the shire reeve was replaced with the_____________________.


a. Constable b. Justice of the peace c. Shire d. Peel’s

______ 9. Henry Fielding formed “The Bow Street Runners” in 1748. a. True b. False

______ 10. Sir Robert Conan Doyle advocated the 12 principles of policing.

a. True b. False

______ 11. What era of law enforcement emphasizes the need for police officers to be in close

contact with the public? a. Political Era b. Reform Era c. Professional Era d. Community Model Era

______ 12. What is a system called where an elected official fired those government employees not

loyal to him, and appointed political supporters to those jobs? a. Home Rule b. Spoils c. Reforms d. Political favor

______ 13. The era concerned with stamping out corruption and improving law enforcement

efficiency. a. Reform Era b. Professional Era c. Community Model Era d. Political Era

______ 14. The most famous police reformer in the early part of the 20th century was who?

a. Stephen Girard b. J. Edgar Hoover c. August Vollmer d. O.W. Wilson

______ 15. The era that called for the establishment of measures to assist law enforcement agencies

to improve their effectiveness and to become more professional. a. Professional Era b. Community Model Era c. Reform era d. Political Era


______16. The Political Era was when the need for law enforcement to be in close contact with the public was advocated. a. True b. False

______17. O.W. Wilson helped develop the School of Criminology at the University of California at

Berkley. a. True b. False

______18. Who proposed the ideal of motorized patrols?

a. O. W. Wilson b. August Vollmer c. Stephen Girard d. Marshall Tate

______19. During which era was a unified law enforcement force established?

a. Community Model Era b. Reform Era c. Political Era d. Professional Era

______20. O.W. Wilson introduced the importance of rotating beat assignments in order to fight

police corruption. a. True b. False


History of Law Enforcement Quiz Key 1. C

2. D

3. A

4. A

5. C

6. C

7. D

8. B

9. A

10. B

11. D

12. B

13. A

14. C

15. A

16. B

17. B

18. A

19. C

20. A


Name_______________________________________ Date_______________________________

Discussion Rubric

Objectives 4 pts. Excellent

3 pts. Good

2 pts. Needs Some Improvement

1 pt. Needs Much Improvement

N/A Pts.

Participates in group discussion

Encourages others to join the conversation

Keeps the discussion progressing to achieve goals

Shares thoughts actively while offering helpful recommendations to others

Gives credit to others for their ideas

Respects the opinions of others

Involves others by asking questions or requesting input

Expresses thoughts and ideas clearly and effectively

Total Points (32 pts.)

Comments:


Name:____________________________________ Date:_____________________________

Presentation Rubric

Comments:

Objectives 4 pts. Excellent

3 pts. Good

2 pts. Needs Some Improvement

1 pt. Needs Much Improvement

N/A Pts.

Topic/Content

Topic discussed completely and in-depth

Includes properly cited sources (if used)

Creativity/Neatness

Integrates a variety of multimedia effects to create a professional presentation (transition and graphics) or appropriate visual aid used

Title slide, table of contents, bibliography are included, using acceptable format

Mechanics

Grammar, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization are correct

Image and font size are legible to the entire audience

Oral Presentation

Communicates with enthusiasm and eye contact

Voice delivery and projection are dynamic and audible

Audience Interaction

Presentation holds audience’s attention and relates a clear message

Clearly and effectively communicates the content throughout the presentation

Total Points (20 pts.)

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