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8/13/2019 013A Paper (Edited)
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Role of Psychological Capital in Managing Stress and Work-Life Balance Among
Medical Practitioners: An Eploratory St!dy
Sadhvi Pandey,* Nitika Sharma,**
A"stract
The objective of the study is to understand the co-relation between Psychological
Capital, Occupational Stress, and Work-ife !alance in "edical Practitioners and to
deter#ine whether Psychological Capital is a #oderator in Occupational Stress and
Work-ife !alance relationship$ The data was collected using %uestionnaires filled out
by &' "edical Practitioners fro# (ortis )ealthcare *private hospital+ and orthern
ailway Central )ospital *govern#ent hospital+ in .elhi$ The data analysed is based on
the "ean, Standard .eviation, and Correlation with the help of SPSS and /0cel$ The
results indicate Psychological Capital play a positive role in #anaging Stress and Work-
life balance a#ong "edical Practitioners$ The study helps us have an insight of the
degree of stress "edical Practitioners feel and how it affects their balance in work and
personal lives and also, how i#portant is the role of Psychological Capital in helping
"edical Practitioners #anage Occupational stress and Work-life balance$ The esults
can be used as basic infor#ation to further study the role of Psychological Capital in
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#anaging stress and work-life balance a#ong "edical Practitioners$ 1t is a research
based e0ploratory case study$
#ey$ords: Psychological Capital, Work-life balance, Occupational Stress, edical
Practitioners, !ospitals, and "ndia#
*Sadhvi Pandey is $ssistant Professor %!&'O() at (havan+s sha and akshmi ittal
"nstitute of anagement, Ne. /elhi# !er areas of interest include Psychological Capital,
!&, O( and "ndustrial a.s# She can be contacted at0sadhvipandey1yahoo#co#in
**/r# Nitika Sharma is $ssistant Professor %!&'O() in teaching and consultancy in
!uman &esource at (irla "nstitute of anagement 2echnology, 3reater Noida, "ndia#
She can be contacted at0 nitika#sharma1bimtech#ac#in
%isclaimer:This case has been written solely for class discussion, for educational and
develop#ent purposes and is not intended to illustrate either effective or ineffective
handling of an ad#inistrative situation or to represent successful or unsuccessful
#anagerial decision #aking or endorse the #anage#ent views$ The authors #ay have
disguised or ca#ouflaged so#e of the na#es, events, financial and other recognisable
infor#ation to protect the identity of individuals and confidentiality$
&ntrod!ction Le'el A
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]8/13/2019 013A Paper (Edited)
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2he career recognised by all the countries and W!O4 as one of the #ost stressful is
those of a /octor4# 2his is because of long .orking hours each day and each .eek, huge
number of patients, lot of instruction .ork, research .ork, administrative .ork involved
by doctor, patient+s e5pectation, relationship .ith colleagues, and being sued by patient,
etc# Work-ife (alance %W() of the edical Practitioners, because of .hich, is highly
disturbed resulting into separations, divorces and clashes among the spouse# /espite
stress and W(, .hat makes the doctors steadily continue to .ork hard is still a 6uestion#
2he probable ans.er to it is Psychological Capital %PsyCap)# 2ill no. there are
researches done to study the stress level of employees in various corporate and other
organisations, and also at student level and house .ives# "n medical field, a little on stress
has been studied for doctors and nurses# So there is a large need to study this about the
edical Practitioners in edical 7ield# Surprisingly, researchers have not yet thoroughly
studied the role of Psychological Capital in mediating the stress level and W( among
edical Practitioners#
2he present study .ould be an e5ploratory research .here .e .ill find out the role of
PsyCap , the correlation of PsyCap .ith Stress and W( among edical Practitioners
and the effects of these on one another# 2his study includes a target population of 89
edical Practitioners in /elhi and NC& from Northern &ail.ay Central !ospital4
%3overnment !ospital) and 7O&2"S !ealthcare4 %Private !ospital)# 2he proposed study
.ill help us have an insight of the degree of stress that edical Practitioners feel and ho.
it may affect their balance in .ork and personal lives and ho. PsyCap acts as a mediator#
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2he results can be used as basic information to study the role of PsyCap in managing
Stress and W( among edical Practitioners in "ndia#
2he term Psychological Capital has recently emerged since a decade by uthans#4 2he
organisations today are .itnessing a great shift from economic capital to human capital
and further from human capital to social capital and finally positive psychological
capital#4 %uthans, uthans, and uthans, :99;< uthans and =oussef, :99;< uthans,
=oussef, and $volio, :99>)# Of late, business academics and practitioners have realised
the need of emphasising the strengths of an individual rather than focusing on their
problems or .eaknesses .hich can be best done by developing PsyCap #
Psychological Capital or PsyCap refers to individual+s positive psychological state of
development .hich is characterised by hope, optimism, resiliency, and self-efficacy#4
%uthans, =oussef, and $volio, :99>) "nterestingly, these four positive psychological
capacities called confidence, hope, optimism, and resilience are not ?ust measurable, but
also open to development, and can be managed for more effective .ork performance#4
%uthans, uthans, and uthans, :99;)
2hese four terms as defined by Scholars are stated here# Self-efficacy is an individual@s
conviction %or confidence) about his or her abilities to mobiliAe the motivation, cognitive
resources, and courses of action needed to successfully e5ecute a specific task .ithin a
given conte5t#4 %Sta?kovic and uthans, BDb, p# EE) !ope is $ positive motivational
state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successful0 %B) agency %goal
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directed energy) and %:) path.ays %planning to meet goals)#4 %Snyder, "rving, and
$nderson, BB, p# :D>) &esilience is 2he positive PsyCap to rebound or F(ounce
back+ from adversity, conflict, and failure or even positive events, progress, and increased
responsibility#4 %uthans, :99:b, p# >9:) Optimism is an $ttribution style that e5plains
positive events in terms of personal, permanent, and pervasive causes and negative events
in terms of e5ternal, temporary, and situation-specific ones#4 %Seligman BDa)
"n the recent past, .ork or occupational Stress has dra.n the attention of researchers and
business organisations# 2hey are e6ually .orried as they understand Stress directly
affects the performance in different .ays# Stress in an organisation can lead to high staff
turnover, absenteeism and lo. morale#4 %Givimaki, Hahtera, Pentti, and 7errie, :999) "n
personal lives Stress may lead to cardiovascular problems#4 %uthans, :99:)
Psychological problems lead to Stress ike feelings of helplessness, mood changes,
anger, depression, an5iety, nervousness, irritability, tension, and boredom#4 %/ormann
and Iapf, :99:< oorhead and 3riffin, BD< uthans, :99:) &eaction to a stressful
situation may be e5hibited by indulging into aggressive acts like sabotage, interpersonal
aggression, hostility, and complaints#4 %Chen and Spector, B:) (ehavioural problems
linked .ith Stress may include under-eating or sometimes overeating, fatigue, increased
smoking and drinking, and drug abuse#4 %uthans, :99:< !ogh, (org, and ikkelsen,
:99J) "n short, Stress leads to ulcers, insomnia, an5iety, hypertension, depression, and
diabetes etc# $t times Stress forces people to commit suicide also# 2he reasons of Stress
are .idely kno.n# 2hese may be ?ob insecurity, role ambiguity, managerial style,
.orking hours, personality type, profile, interpersonal relations at .ork, .orking
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conditions, ?ob itself, and family reasons, etc# 2herefore, the psychological problems
associated .ith Stress, badly affects the performance, decision-making, and ?ob
satisfaction#4 %3reenglas and (urke, :99B)
Work-Life Balance is another emerging factor that .idely dra.s attention of
&esearchers and Corporates# W( has been defined differently by different Scholars#
$ccording to Girchmeyer %:999), living a balanced life is FF$chieving satisfying
e5periences in all life domains, and to do so personal resources such as energy, time, and
commitment to be .ell distributed across domains are re6uired++# Similarly, Clark %:999)
describes Work-7amily (alance as FFSatisfaction and good functioning at .ork and home
.ith minimum role conflict++#
3reenhaus %:99:) has defined Work-ife (alance as Satisfaction and good functioning
at .ork and at home .ith minimum role conflict4# 7elstead %:99:) defined Work-ife
(alance as the relationship bet.een institutional and cultural times and spaces of .ork
and non-.ork in societies .here income is predominantly generated and distributed
through labour markets4# &esearchers like 7elstead %:99:) and (ratton and 3old %:99J)
vie.s Work ife (alance as, the need to balance .ork and leisure'family activities#
2herefore any imbalance in Work-ife .ould lead to problems in relationships,
frustrations, unethical practices, divorce and separations, etc#
&esearch on the effect of PsyCap on .ork Stress is limited# $vey, uthans, and Kensen
%:99) found people .ho are lo. in PsyCap are more prone to perception of Stress
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symptoms, and therefore 6uit ?ob and e5hibit ?ob search behaviour# "n another study by
&oberts, Scherer, and (o.yer %:9BB), clarified PsyCap lessens the effect of ?ob stress on
uncivil behaviours# i iu, =ing Chang, Kialiang 7u, Kiana Wang and ie Wang %:9B9)
conducted a survey to e5amine ho. PsyCap, a positive psychological state, mediates the
association bet.een occupational stress and depressive symptoms among Chinese
Physicians# 2hey studied D Physicians in iaoning Province, China and found both the
effort or re.ard ratio %L&&) and over commitment .ere significantly associated .ith
depressive symptoms among male and female physicians# "n another survey on doctors in
2hailand in :99J, health condition of 2hai doctors indicated JE#: per cent of doctors in
2hailand had physical health problems like hypertension, asthma, diabetes and cancer#
%Wattanasirichaigoon, &aksakom, Polboon, Sithisarankul and Hisanuyothin :99; 9#:DJ* 9#BE8
Resilience 9#BJ; 9#:B8 9#:>B 9#BDD -9#B9: 9#:8 9#BBD
(ptimism 9#9 9#BJE 9#J9J* 9#B9D -9#98 9#:>E 9#9B
&esult presented in the 2able BJ#: indicates there is significant positive relationship
bet.een Self efficacy and /uty hours and shifts %r #J9J, p Q 9#98), Self efficacy and
Organisational commitment %r 9#J9, p Q 9#98), !ope and Organisational commitment
%r 9#:D8, p Q 9#98) and Optimism and /uty hours and shifts %r 9#J9J, p Q 9#98)# 2hus
.e can say, PsyCap is positively related .ith W(# "t clearly means if PsyCap is higher,
.ork-life is balanced# !ence, .e re?ect Null hypothesis and accept $lternate hypothesis#
!ypothesis Statement J0 Work Stress affects the W( in edical Practitioners#
+a"le ,.: Correlation Matri of Work-life Balance and Work Stress
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2amily
S!ppor
t
Work
C!lt!r
e
%!ty
*o!rs
and
Shifts
2amily
Commi
tments
*ealt
h
(rgani3ationa
l Commitment
('erloa
d
Role ('erload -9#B:: -9#:B; 9#99; -9#BJ8 9#BBD -9#98B 9#BB9
Role
Am"ig!ity
-9#B:E -9#B89 9#9:9 9#9E; 9#BJ9 -9#9JB 9#9JB
Role Conflict -9#B;E -9#B8E 9#99; 9#9:8 9#9>D -9#9:D 9#9D9
/nreasona"le
0ro!p and
Political
Press!res
9#9J8 9#9>E 9#:: 9#:9 9#9J 9#99: 9#::E
Responsi"ility
for Persons
9#9E8 9#B88 9#J9E* 9#B>; -9#98> 9#B:8 9#BD
/nder
Participation
9#9: -9#BJB 9#9EJ 9#9BD 9#BE 9#9; 9#9J:
Po$erlessness -9#9EJ -9#:9> 9#9J: -9#9BE 9#J9;* -9#9D 9#9J
Poor Peer
Relations
9#99 -9#9>: 9#9E8 9#9:> 9#BB 9#BD 9#9DD
&ntrinsic
&mpo'erishme
nt
-9#9E: -9#B> 9#99D 9#9J; 9#BB; 9#9>B 9#BJ:
Lo$ Stat!s -9#9;B -9#BJ: 9#9:B 9#999 9#9EE 9#BE8 9#B99
Stren!o!s
Working
Conditions
-9#9JB -9#:9: 9#9>B 9#9:B -9#998 9#9;: 9#9;;
/nprofita"ility 9#B>9 9#9DD 9#JB;* 9#:B9 9#9D9 9#BB: 9#B8
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&esult presented in 2able BJ#J indicates there is significant positive relationship bet.een
&P and /uty hours and shifts %r 9#J9E, p Q 9#98), P and !ealth issues %r 9#J9;, p Q
9#98), and /uty hours and shifts %r 9#JB;, p Q 9#98)# 2hus .e can say .ork Stress is
positively related .ith W(# "t clearly means higher the .ork Stress, higher is the affect
on the W(# !ence, .e re?ect Null hypothesis and accept $lternate hypothesis#
Recommendations for 2!t!re Research le'el "
2he present study indicated significant relationships bet.een the constructs of PsyCap,
occupational Stress and W(, .hich led to confirmation of most hypothesis# "t is
therefore possible those relationships may essentially serve as a base for future studies
using a larger sample, in different occupations and industries, conducted .ith different
measurement instruments for these constructs# !o.ever, replication of results needs to be
pursued in further research# 2he sample siAe in this research study .as not huge#
2herefore larger samples can be used in future research# Since PsyCap is relatively a ne.
sub?ect of research and not much has been done on it by the researchers, therefore much
more can be done in this area using different parameters in different studies# !ence there
is a serious need for continued research in this area and domain# "t shall be a useful input
for research#
Limitations le'el "
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Lvery study has some limitations# 2his study also has certain limitations about the
research design, .hich may have affected the results#
2he first limitation of this study .as, the data .as collected through self-report
measurement instruments# $lthough collecting data this .ay is being used often in social
sciences research, still it is criticised for fe. reasons# %(abbie and outon, :99B) 2he
first reason is the problem of common method variance are made by the researcher % 2o
correlation bet.een the variables in 6uestion) may be artificially inflated# Second, self-
report data is likely to be prone to response biases from the respondents# 2his should be
ackno.ledged and understood .hen the results are being analyAed and dra.n to any
conclusion %/onaldson and 3ran-Hallone, :99:)#
7urther, social desirable responding is the response bias that could influence the results of
studies# 2his occurs, .hen respondents give favourable impression of them by over
reporting admirable attitudes and behaviours, and intentionally underreport those
attitudes or behaviours they feel are not socially acceptable or respected %Iammuner and
3alli, :998)4# Social desirable responding, therefore, becomes a bigger concern .hen
studies, like this one, only consist of self-report measures# "t is advisable, that .hile
interpreting the result< it should be kept in mind there are limitations due to the data
collection method#
$nother issue is employees may hide their e5periences of Stress or W( or PsyCap
because they are afraid if their management or colleagues come to kno. about their
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responses might also kno. about their .eaknesses# 2hey even fear this may influence
their credibility, reputation, and the possible promotions#4 %Offermann and !ellmann,
BE)
$nother limitation of the study is, sometimes it is difficult for a respondent to respond
only from the given options# Sometimes they are confused about similar or e6uivalent
variables# $t times a respondent may have a response other than the given ones#
ast limitation is, it is likely those individuals .ho e5perience high stress levels and .ork
pressure may have decided not to participate in this study and declined to complete the
6uestionnaires# 2his may influence the utility of research results#
Concl!sion le'el "
$ significant positive relationship .as found bet.een factors of PsyCap and W(# "t
clearly means if PsyCap is higher, Work-ife is balanced# 2hough the edical
Practitioners have a busy and hectic schedule throughout, but it can be managed through
PsyCap# 2herefore edical Practitioners need to develop PsyCap to balance Work-ife#
Psychological Capital therefore is positively related .ith W(# On the other side, there
.as significant negative relationship found bet.een variables of PsyCap and .ork Stress#
2his signifies if PsyCap is high, .ork Stress may be minimised#
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"t proves there is a significant relation bet.een PsyCap and .ork Stress# ife of edical
Practitioners, no doubt, it is stressful, but high PsyCap can manage Stress level among
them# On the contrary, there .as a significant positive relationship bet.een .ork Stress
and W(# 2hus .e can say .ork Stress is positively related .ith W(# 2he results of
this study provide evidence that increased occupational Stress is associated .ith increase
in Work-ife imbalance# (oth Stress and Work-ife imbalance are kno.n to put negative
impact on the organisation as a .hole< therefore addressing these in time, is advisable#
Ackno$ledgement
2he authors .ish to thank authorities of &enkare %$ 7ortis !ealthcare Lnterprise) and
Northern &ail.ay Central !ospital, Ne. /elhi for their permission to carry out the
survey of their doctors through a 6uestionnaire or intervie.s as research#
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