013 2012 August 21 Technical Note 4 - (Para 2 Personas)

8/12/2019 013 2012 August 21 Technical Note 4 - (Para 2 Personas)

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PROJECT NAME: Bogota Travel Demand Management Strategies

and Action Plan

Prepared by Phang Chong Sun (technical consultant to CPG)

Technical Note 4 (August 2012)

VI The technology of congestion pricing (Electronic Road Pricing

ERP)

Objective

Objective of congestion pricing is to charge vehicles for use of the roads at times and at places

when and where they cause congestion. This section deals on the current technologies available

for congestion pricing.

1 Introduction

.


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(Picture courtesy from MHI)

Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) is an electronic form of congestion charging scheme

which can

Detect the presence of a vehicle

Determine the class of vehicle

Impose a charge on the vehicle user, or

Alert enforcers of any violation act

It is capable of performing these functions with minimum manual intervention.

The ERP system is based on a pay-as-you-use principle. It is designed to be a fair

system as the vehicles are charged at times and places when and where they cause

congestion.

When implemented properly, ERP has been proven to be effective in maintaining an

optimal speed range of 45 to 65 km/h for expressways and 20 to 30km/h for arterialroads.

2 Congestion PricingSingapores Experience


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2.1 How it works

The ERP system is designed to be simple to use. Indeed, all that it required of the user

is to insert the prepaid cash card into the On-board Unit (OBU) before he starts the

journey, whereby a diagnostic check is automatically done to ensure that both the OBU

and the prepaid cash card are in working condition. If there be a problem with either the

OBU or the prepaid cash card, the user will be alerted so that remedial action can be

taken before he starts the journey. The OBU is also designed to have a low balance

indicator, whereby the user will be alerted should the cash balance stored in the prepaid

cash card falls below a pre-defined amount (in Singapore case, it is S$5.00).

When the vehicle passes through the ERP gantry, the appropriate ERP charge is

deducted from the prepaid cash card. There is a short beep, signifying a successful

transaction, and the remaining cash balance in the prepaid cash card is displayed on

the OBU LCD panel momentarily. Should there be insufficient cash in the prepaid cash

card or should there be no prepaid cash card inserted in the OBU, the enforcementcameras on the gantry will take a picture of the rear of the vehicle. Similarly, if the

vehicle has no OBU installed in it, the enforcement cameras will also take a picture of

the violating vehicle. The picture is sent back to the control centre where the vehicles

registration numbers are automatically read out from this picture using an Optical

Character Recognition (OCR) technique. The particulars of this violating vehicle will be

retrieved from the Vehicle Registration database and the owner of the violating vehicle

is then issued with a letter to ask for payments. For cases of insufficient cash balance or

no prepaid cash card in the OBU, an administrative charge of S$10 plus the outstanding

ERP charge is imposed. If this payment is not made within the prescribed 28-day

period, a summons will follow. This carries a penalty of S$70. For cases where vehiclespass through the ERP gantry with no OBU, summonses are issued immediately. The

penalty is also $70. Failure to pay the penalty can result in the offender being called up

to appear in the Courts.

The Singapore Land Transport Authority (LTA) reviews the traffic conditions on the

expressways and roads where the ERP system is in operation, on a quarterly basis and

during the June and December school holidays. After the review, the ERP rates would

then be adjusted where necessary to minimise congestion on the roads.

The ERP system uses a dedicated-short-range-radio-communication (DSRC) system todeduct ERP charges from the prepaid cash cards. These are inserted in the OBU of

vehicles before each journey.

Each time vehicles pass through a gantry when the system is in operation, the ERP

charges will be automatically deducted. The ERP system can be summarized in the

following pointers.


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2 gantry system

Multi-Lane-Free-Flow (MLFF)

Deduction at the point of entryallows motorists to be more aware of the

cost of congestion they impose on other people every time they use their

vehicleto avoid Credit Syndrome.

2.2 Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) System

The characteristics of Singapore ERP system are:

2 piece system comprising of an On Board Unit (OBU) + prepaid

cash card

DedicatedShort-Range-Communication (DSRC) Microwave 2.45

GHz Electronic payment by pre-paid cash card

2.3 Core Components

A schematic of a typical ERP system can be represented by the following

diagram:


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There are 3 core components in a typical ERP system:

Vehicle Level TransponderDSRC On-Board Unit (OBU) or RFID tag

Gantry Level

DSRC Readeralso known as Antenna, which is linked to the

Transponder by dedicated wireless link Vehicle Classification - Automated Vehicle Identification &

Classification System

Detection Camera - Enforcement Camera System

Central Computer Level, consists of the following sub-systems (at a

minimum):

Violation Processing

Charging Processing Function

Monitoring and Control System

Reporting and Business Intelligence System Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System

TransponderTransponderTransponderTransponder

Transponder

Central LicencePlate Register

Foreign Issuers /Operators

Printing HouseCredit Card

ProcessingProvider

Banking Partner

Interactive Voice

ResponseSystem

SMS System

Email System

DSRC

Reader

Detection

Cameras

Vehicle

Classification

Toll Point

Server

DSRC

ReaderDSRCReader

Detection

CamerasDetection

Cameras

Vehicle

ClassificationVehicle

Classification

Vehicle Level

Gantry Level

Central Computer Level

External Parties

Gantry 1

Gantry 1

Gantry 3

Gantry 4

Gantry 5

Backend Computer System (BCS)

M

onitoring&

ControlSystem

TollProcessing

System

E

nterprise

Reso

urcePlanning

(ER

P)System

R

eporting&

Business

IntelligenceSystem


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3 Main Technologies

There are 3 commonly used technologies for tolling:

Video Tolling Gantry-based

- Infra-Red DSRC- Microwave DSRC (2.45GHz, 5.8GHz, 5.9GHz)

- RFID (ISO 18000 6C)

Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system

3.1 Video Tolling System

Operating principle:

Takes photographs of the license number plates of all vehicles passing

the controlled points (gantry)

Uses an optical character recognition (OCR) system to read the license

number from the number plates captured (License Plate Recognition LPR)

Further processing of the vehicle license plate numbers at the back-office

computer system and use it to locate the details of the vehicle owners,

and claim the charges from the vehicle owners

Payment by monthly billing (post-paid) or deduction from an account

opened with the service providers (pre-paid back-end account)

Examples:

London City Congestion Charging

Melbourne CityLink / Day Pass User


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3.2 Overhead Gantry System

The operating principle:

Gantries erected at entry/exit points of controlled zone

Equipment mounted on the gantries are:

DSRC Microwave 2.45GHz/5.8GHz/5.9GHz or Passive RFID IS0

18000 6C antenna readers; or

DSRC Infra-Red

Vehicle Detection and Classification (embedded loop, video, ultra-

sonic, laser scanner)

Enforcement Camera System

A typical example of Overhead Gantry System using RFID

technology

Overhead Gantry with Antenna


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RFID Tags (used maly in toll collection)

Antenna Reader

Data from these (3 sets of) equipment are collected and integrated by the

Toll Point Server into a data package and sent to back-office computer for

further processing


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Payment mode is

By direct deducting the charges from the pre-paid cash card inserted in

the OBU; or

by post-paid method; or

by deducting from a pre-paid back-end account

Example of Overhead Gantry System:

Singapore ERP - microwave 2.45GHz & direct deduction from the pre-

paid cash card (DSRC)

Taiwan ETCpassive RFID & deduction from backend account

Thailand (Bangkok) Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)DSRC 5.8GHz

microwave deduction from backend account

Thailand (Bangkok) Speed Enforcement passiveRFID

Indiapassive RFID as the national ETC standard

3.3 GPS System

The operating principle:

Controlled zone data is programmed into the OBU installed in the vehicle

The location of the vehicle is tracked by GPS satellites continuously

By use of GPS coordinates, the OBU is automatically switched on whenthe vehicle enters this zone, and switched off when it exits the zone

Payment mode is by pre-paid or post-paid method

Enforcement by camera which take picture of violating vehiclesonly by

random enforcement

In use on German Autobahns for charging freight vehicles (not for ERP)

Questions:

Accuracy of GPS? In particular in city or built-up areas

What augmentation method is suitable?


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3.4 Main Technologies Comparison Matrix Table

Technologies Microwave/IR

OBU

RFID Tag AVDC ECS

DSRC High Price NA O O

RFID NA Low Price O O

Video Tolling NA NA NA O

GPS Very High Price NA NA O


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OBU On-board Unit

AVDC Automatic Vehicle Detection and Classification

ECS Enforcement Camera System

3.5 Comparison for Automatic Vehicle Detection and Classification (AVDC)

The AVDC technology can have a very simple and basic one, such as the embedded

loop system, to very high end ones such as the laser scanner system. The comparisons

in terms of performance, price and the subsequent operation & maintenance cost are

summarized as follows:

4 Technical Considerations

The following factors are to be considered while making the technical decision:

Open Standard to ensure interoperability

CEN TC278 for DSRC microwave systemexpensive; or

Passive RFID ISO 18000 6Ceconomic


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OBU

1 - piece (Thin client) - cheap, or

2 - piece with pre-paid cash card (Thick client)expensive?

Payment method Front-end payment with pre-paid Cash Card, or

Back-end Payment with pre-paid back-end account, or

Post-paid, or

A mixture

Secure Payment Modes, especially with the Front-end payment with Pre-paid

Cash Card

Must be able to be supported by the existing infrastructures

Evaluation of various technologies to select the most ideal one that suites the

environment

System Reliability to minimize leakage and increase usersconfidence, which

means the system is well-proven, or if not, intensive testing is needed

Low Operation and Maintenance Costs

User acceptancesystem is simple to use and understood

Management of occasional users, i.e. owners of foreign vehicles (not

registered with the local authority)

5 Design Considerations

Support Operation & Business Requirements

Business Model

Functional Requirement Specification

Existing Infrastructures


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Tier-Architecture (Front-end, Back-office)

Specific function at each tier

Front End Primary Support Toll Collection & enforcement (RSE)

Back Office Supports Front End Operation (CCS)

Front End is able for Standalone Operation in the Events of

Communication breakdown between the RSE & CCS, or back-end failure

Clearly Defined Interface Requirements

Interface Control Document (ICD) agreed by all parties to ensure

seamless integration of different components or sub-systems

Support Security Requirement

Financial security framework is necessary as monetary transaction,

whether on-line or off-line, is involved

Keep Simple

Design and implement a simple system that can meet your needs

6 RFID/Video-tolling Business Models

6.1 Central Clearing House System

A common-card system for all modes of transportation A Central Clearing House System is needed at the high level to distribute the

revenue according to the business rule


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6.2 Proposed Business Models

Provide RFID tag Freeto car owners

Freewith condition to set up a back end pre-paid account with the

operator with a predetermined amount (prevent wastage)

One RFID to one Vehicle (Non-transferable)

Headlamp RFID strips for Motorcycle

Windscreen RFID for all other vehicle

Permanently stick to vehicle

RFID shall program with :

Vehicle Registration number (non-transferable)

Vehicle Classification (charging class)


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Different ERP charges for different vehicle class of vehicle

Complementary with License Plate Recognition( LPR) for occasional user

(without RFID)

All passage vehicles shall be subject to:

Take image with LPR capability

Vehicle classification

Image with vehicle license plate shall also be used as proof of passage

Account shall be transferred to new owner if the vehiclesownership is

transferred


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6.3 RFID ETC Charging Model (Simplified)

6.4 Payment Model

Backend Pre-paid in general

Virtual account is maintained by ERP HQ

Various Top-up Channels to top-up Virtual account

Top-up fund is kept in Trust account

Money is deducted at ERP points identified by RFID tag

Notification shall be generated to owner if virtual account fund falls low

or is insufficient

Fund shall be transferred to ERP account once transaction is taken

placed

Image with vehicle number plate is captured as evidence of passage

Non-RFID vehicles shall be charged based on vehicle number plate,

needing to pay higher charges to encourage installation of RFID tag.


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6.5 Important Factors to Consider

Good RFID take up rate

Provide Freeto car owner

Higher ERP charges for vehicle without RFID Fine for local registered vehicle without RFID after some date

Tie-up with new car sales agent to install RFID upon new car

registration

Strict and Effective Enforcement Action for non-payment case

Heavy fine for cheating case

Heavy fine for unpaid ERP charges

Compulsory vehicle inspection to check any outstanding dues

Road block / spot check using handheld device

Convenience to Use

Lots of installation centers for RFID installation

Easy for car owner to use the system

Easy and lots of ways to top up the account

Reliable ERP Systems

Good and accurate RFID read rate (> 99.9%) Good and accurate LPR read rate (> 90%)

Good and accurate Vehicle Classification rate (> 90%)

Documents

013 2012 August 21 Technical Note 4 - (Para 2 Personas)