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Lecture Overview
Definition: geomorphology
Geomorphic mapping
Review: Landslide terminology & classification
systems
Characteristics of landslides
Mapping of landslide types
Examples of geomorphic mapping in landslide studies
2
Linkages
Form
Material
Process
Geomorphology is the science of relief forms, forming materials and the
changing processes.
Rotmoostal /
Gurgler Tal
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Iceland - Photopraphs
Aerial photography of Bldudalur, view
to North
Bldudalur,
Westfjords
(Photo: Matz Wibelund)
Glade & Jensen 2002
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Geomorphological map
Glade & Jensen (2004)
Geomorphic mapping
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Sediment origin
Soil creep / solifluction
Appl. Model
Assumption: 25mm/yr with 0.5m
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Example: Geomorphic mapping in the Turtmann
valley, Switzerland
Otto&D
ikau,
2004
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Example: Geomorphic mapping in the Turtmann
valley, SwitzerlandThematic components of the geomorphologic map of
the Turtmann valley
Otto&D
ikau,
2004
Field observationHatched polygonsNot specifiedSubsurface Material
Field observation,
topographic maps
Line symbols and
polygons
Not specifiedHydrology/
Glaciology
Field observation,
process recognition,material properties,
inferring of past
processes based on
landform geometry
and material.
Coloured polygonsAll scales (active and
past processes)
Process Domain
Field observation,
analysis of DTM and
topographic maps
Line symbolsNot specifiedGeomorphography(steps and breaks of slope,
valleys and drainage
ways)
Field observationLine or point symbolsPartly specifiedSingular Landform
Field observation,
state of activity
according to
indicators (see text)
Point symbols (red or
black)
Activity 1 in the last 5
years (red)
No Activity in the
last 5 years (black)
Geomorphologic
Process
Information sourceMap legend symbolTemporal scaleThematic layers
1Types of activity: continuous, intermittent, episodic, singular
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Example: Geomorphic mapping in the Turtmann
valley, Switzerland
Qualitative sediment flux model of the Brndjitlli hanging
valley
Otto&D
ikau,
2004
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Example: Geomorphic mapping in the Turtmann
valley, Switzerland
Otto & Dikau, 2004
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Example: Geomorphic mapping in the Turtmann
valley, Switzerland
Otto & Dikau, 2004
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Example: Geomorphic mapping in the Turtmann
valley, Switzerland
Otto & Dikau, 2004
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Example: Geomorphic mapping in the Turtmann
valley, Switzerland
Otto & Dikau, 2004
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Example: Geomorphic mapping in the Turtmann
valley, Switzerland
Otto & Dikau, 2004
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Example: Geomorphic mapping in the Turtmann
valley, Switzerland
Otto & Dikau, 2004
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Example: Geomorphic mapping in the Turtmann
valley, Switzerland
Otto & Dikau, 2004
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Example: Sediment storage - Rain valley, Germany
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Linking storage process / Activity of storages
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Geomorphic mapping in landslide studies
Mssingen-schingen
GMK 25
Leser 1972
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Landslide terminology
CrownMain scarpTopHeadMinor scarpMain BodyFootTipToe
Surface of ruptureSurface of separationZone of depletion
Zone of accumulation
DepletionDepleted massAccumulationFlank
Adopted from Cruden& Varnes, 1996
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Landslide classifications
Material: Rock, Soil, Lithology, structure,
Geotechnical properties
Geomorphic attributes: Weathering, Slope form
Landslide geometry: Depth, Length, Height etc.
Type of movement: Fall, Slide, Flow etc.
Climate: Tropical, Periglacial etc.
Water: Dry, wet, saturated
Speed of movement: Very slow, slow etc.
Triggering mechanism: Earthquake, rainfall, etc.
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Landslide classifications (1/3) Sharpe 1938
Material: earth, rock
Movement: flow, slip
Velocity: slow to very rapid
Water/ice content
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Landslide classifications (2/3) Varnes 1978
Material:bedrock, debris, earth
Movement: fall, topple, slide, flow, complex
Secondary: water content, velocity
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Landslide classifications (3/3) Wieczorek 1984
YESF:
Y = Dormant-Young
E = Earth
S = Slide
F = Flow
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Landslide
characteristics:
Morphology
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Landslide characteristics: Vegetation
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Landslide characteristics: Drainage
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Landslide characteristics: Active vs. Non-active
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Mapping Landslide Types
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Mapping Landslide Types
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Field methods topographic measurements
TachymeterPetrahn 1996
Petrahn 1996
Gromann 1983
Keaton & de Graff
1996
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Field methods topographic measurements
Tachymeter Petrhn 1996
Keaton & de Graff 1996
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Natural Hazards/Risk & Geomorphology
Geomorphologic mapping
Identification of distributions of processes
Estimation of temporal occurrence
Analysis of material
Assessment of sediment storage
Basic information for process modeling
Geomorphologic process studies
Verification of assumptions
Estimation of sediment production
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33 Demoulin& Glade 2004
Mapping
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GPS
Demoulin & Glade 2004
Period: Okt 01 Mai 02Okt-Dez: no movement
Jan: 3cm snow melting
Feb: ~30cm heavy rainfalls
March: no movement
Field methods topographic measurements
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Geomorphic mapping
Legend of Terhorst (2001)
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Geomorphic mapping
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Geomorphic mapping
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General geomorphological
Mapping with focus on
landslides
1:50,000
(Kallinich 1999)
Only cuesta and
landslide heads were mapped
Geomorphic mapping in landslide studies
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Geomorphic mapping in landslide studies
Mssingen-schingen
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Geomorphic mapping in landslide studies
Geological profile derived
from geomorphological
mapping
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Geomorphic mapping in landslide studies
Mssingen-schingen
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Geomorphic mapping in landslide studies
Mssingen-schingen
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Geomorphic mapping in landslide studies
Mssingen-schingen
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Elements at risks - Houses
Mssingen-schingen
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Elements at risk Classified regions
Mssingen-schingen
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Elements at risk Classified regions
Mssingen-schingen
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Mapping of Rockfall impact (1/2)
Wieczoreck et al. (2000)
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Mapping of Rockfall impact (2/2)
Wieczoreck et al. (2000)
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Conclusion
Form Geomorphometric features Approximation of age
Topographic measurements (Tachymeter, GPS)
Material Near subsurface material
1m drillings
Process domains
Dominant process spatially distributed
Grade of activity
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References Cruden, D.M. and Varnes, D.J. 1996: Landslide types and processes. In Turner,
A.K. and Schuster, R.L., editors,Landslides: investigation and mitigation,Washington, D.C.: National Academey Press, 36-75.
Demoulin, A. and Glade, T. in prep.: Recent landslide activity in Manaihan,
Belgium.Landslides.
Glade, T. and Jensen, E.H. 2004:Landslide hazard assessments for Bolungarvkand Vesturbygg, NW-Iceland. Reykjavik: Icelandic Meteorological Office.
Glade, T., Kadereit, A. and Dikau, R. 2001: Landslides at the Tertiary
escarpement of Rheinhessen, Southwest Germany.Zeitschrift frGeomorphologie, Supplement Band125, 65-92.
Kallinich, J. 1999: Verbreitung, Alter und geomorphologische Ursachen vonMassenverlagerungen an der Schwbischen Alb auf der Grundlage von Detail-und bersichtskartierungen.
Kndel, K., Krummel, H. and Lange, G., editors 1997: Geophysik. Berlin:Springer Verlag.
Reynolds, J.M. 1997:An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics.Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
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References
Sharpe, C.F.S. 1938: Landslides and Related Features - A Study of MassMovements of Soil and Rock. New York. pp. 137.
Selby, M.J. 1993:Hillslope materials and processes. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
Otto, J.-C. and Dikau, R. 2004: Geomorphic system analysis of a high mountain
valley in the Swiss Alps.Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie N.F. 48, 323-341.
Terhorst, B. and Kirschhausen, D. 2001: Legends for mass movements in the
MABIS-Project.Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplement Band125, 177-192.
Varnes, D.J. 1978: Types of slope movement.
Wieczorek, G.F. 1984: Preparing a Detailed Landslide-Inventory Map for Hazard
Evaluation and Reduction.Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists21, 337-342.
Wieczorek, G.F., Snyder, J.B., Waitt, R.B., Morissey, M.M., Uhrhammer, R.A.,
Harp, E.L., Norris, R.D., Bursik, M.I. and Finewood, L.G. 2000: Unusual July
10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles, Yosemite National Park, California. GSABulletin no.1, 75-85.