Upload
manisha-sonkusale
View
219
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
1/20
Globalization
What is it? Global capitalist
economy & diminishing political
power of nation-state governments(Marxists & Right-wingers)
Social relations- stretching
(Giddens)
Culturea sense of global
consciousness (Robertson)
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
2/20
1) Globalization of Politics
- The end of the nation-state?
2) Globalization of Social Relations
- The stretching of social relations
3) Globalization of Culture
- Homogenization: Cultural imperialism
- Culture clashes
- Heterogenization
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
3/20
Globalization of PoliticsNation-state has sovereign power:
- Treaty of Westphalia (1648)- Draws up defined borders
- Each state controls affairs in its ownterritory. SOVEREIGNTY
- Other states cannot interfere in a statesbusiness
Globalization undermines sovereignty of
states i.e. undercuts power of a state tocontrol things in its territory
Martin Albrow: the nation-state is rapidlylosing power
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
4/20
Nation-state IS losing power
Economically:
1) power of TNCS
2)forces of world market
Politically:
1) International bodies and law
e.g. United Nations, European Union
2) Global protest movements e.g. GreensCulturally:
1) Cultural influences from all over world
2) Trans-national mediapublic opinion
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
5/20
Nation-state IS NOT losing power
Hirst & Thompson:
- TNCs do not have total control of
national economies- States still have primary control over
taxes & welfare spending
- International bodies like UN made upof, and dependent on, nation-states
- States developing increasing control ofborders and migration e.g. passports
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
6/20
Globalization of Social RelationsGiddens: the disembedding of social
relations
- social relations transformed from purely
local or national to more global
- communications technologies; travel
technologies
- dispersal of populations across globe:
migrations and diasporas
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
7/20
Ulrich Beck:
Trans-national social connections- public life: trans-national business
relationships
- private life: relatives & friends indifferent countries; inter-marriage
between national groups, etc.
Multiple, non-national affiliations andidentities
Cosmopolitanism: a persons identity is
decoupled from the nation-state
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
8/20
Undermining the idea of Society
John Urry, Ulrich Beck, Roland Robertson
1) Cannot use the idea of society any more
2) Invented in later 19th
century: Durkheim3) Society = bounded unit; a thing
Society = nation-state
e.g. British society, German society, etc4) Reflects out-dated social conditions
5) Need new ideas to reflect global conditions
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
9/20
Undermining the idea of Society
Drop idea of society
Use other ideas from classical sociology
Max Weber: Sociality (social relations)Georg Simmel: Social networks
(Norbert Elias: social chains)
Global networks
facilitated through electroniccommunications networks
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
10/20
Undermining the idea of Society
Ulrich Beck: Cosmopolitan sociology
1) The main focus is not society but the whole world2) Examine multiple, intersecting world-spanning processes
3) Avoid West-centric outlooks
John Urry: Sociology Beyond Societies
1) Global flows
2) Social processes like liquids
3) Liquids pouring rapidly across the world
- Flows unpredictable and uncontrollable
4) Unconstrained cross-border mobility of people and things
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
11/20
Zygmunt Bauman:
Free & chosen mobility for wealthy- transnational business-people
- global tourism
Forced mobility for poor:
- migrant workers, refugees
- ever more controls on mobility of poor
Information mobility: world divides into
information rich and information poor
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
12/20
Globalization of Culture
Emergence of a global culture?
What might this look like?
Positive: whole world shares sameideas and values?
World Cup, Olympic Games
Negative: local cultures destroyed?
Cultural homogenization?
Cultural heterogenization?
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
13/20
Cultural ImperialismWesternisation / Americanisation of the
world
Domination ofAmerican consumerbrands:
McDonalds, Nike, Coca-Cola, Gap
(McWorld - Benjamin Barber)
Global cultural homogenisation
- Same consumer goods everywhere
- Same ways of thinking everywhere
This is bad (left-wing critics e.g. NoamChomsky)
This is good (right-wing critics e.g. FrancisFukuyama)
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
14/20
Cultural Imperialism
Dominance of American mass media
Oligopoly of big media companies:
- Disney, Warner, Sony
Imbalance of cultural flows:
from core to periphery,
not vice versa
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
15/20
Culture Clashes
Benjamin BarberJihad vs. McWorld
- Local identities, nationalisms, religioustraditions
- Develop in opposition to McWorld
- McWorldcreates Jihad
Samuel HuntingtonClash of
Civilizations
- European-Christian, Russian-Christian,
Arabic-Muslim, Chinese, etc.
- All in conflict: symbolically & materially
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
16/20
Cultural heterogenizationRoland Robertson
1) People in local cultures reinterpret global culture
products in light of their own values & interests
2) Global culture is always limited by local cultures
3) Mixtures of global and local cultures:
- process ofglocalization- local becomes global; global becomes local
4) Perceived threats to local identity:
- strong assertion of local identity
Globalization reinforces local cultures
Globalization produces new local cultures
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
17/20
Hybridization & CreolizationAnthropologists: Ulf Hannerz
1)No culture is ever pure
- Always a mixture of influences
2) Previously (relatively) separate cultures come
into contact with each other
3) Globalization = Complex mixtures of cultures
- creole cultures, hybrids
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
18/20
Globalization of religion:
- other options than the local religion
- religious syncretism: mixing and matching
- New Age religions: bits of Christianity, Hinduism,Buddhism, Taoism, Celtic paganism & witchcraft,etc.
Globalization of food:
- fusion cuisine e.g. French-Japanese, Anglo-Indian
Globalization of music:- World music
- Buddhist-techno, Spanish rap, Hungarian rock
Relativization of ones own cultural traditions
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
19/20
Limits of Hybridization Ideas
1) Local cultures commercialised:
Sold to Westerners by media and
big business; fashion trends
2) Enforced hybridization- Western culture imposedon non-West
- Westerners choose non-Western cultures
3) Most people still primarilyenmeshed in local culture?
Global culture has superficial effects?
7/30/2019 004 Global 2
20/20
Points to Consider
Economic Globalization: spread of global
capitalism. Effects?
Political Globalization: decline of nation-
states power. True?
Social Globalization: stretching of social
relations across world. Everyone, equally?
Cultural Globalization: homogenization,
culture clashes, heterogenization. Which?
Which is most important?
How does each of these effect the others?