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CCNA BOOT CAMP

CCNA 1PART 1

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Data Networks

2

Businesses needed a solution that would successfullyaddress the following three problems:

Duplication of equipment and resources Implementation of effective communication Network management

Businesses realized that networking technology could

increase productivity while saving money.

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What are the components of a network ?

3

Main OfficeBranch Office

HomeOffice

MobileUsers

Internet

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Devices in Data Networks

4

End-user devicesDevices that provide services directly to the user.(computers, printers, scanners, etc.)

Network devicesDevices that connect the end-user devicestogether.(routers, switches, hubs, etc.)

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Network Interface Card

5

A NIC card is a printed circuit board that providesnetwork communication capabilities to and from apersonal computer.

Also known as LAN adapter.

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Network Topology

6

Network TopologyDefines the structure of the network.

Network Topology Types

Physical TopologyActual layout of the wire or media.

Logical TopologyDefines how the media is accessed by the hostsfor sending data.

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Physical and Logical Topology

7

Media Type Physical Topology Logical Topology

Ethernet Bus, Star, Point to Point Bus

FDDI Ring Ring

Token Ring Star Ring

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Bus Topology

8

Uses a single backbone cable that is terminated at bothends.

All the hosts connect directly to this backbone.

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Ring Topology

9

Connects one host to the next and the last host to the first.

This creates a physical ring of cable.

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Star Topology

10

Connects all cables to a central point of concentration.

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Extended Star Topology

11

Links individual stars together by connecting the hubsand/or switches.

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Mesh Topology

12

Implemented to provide as much protection as possiblefrom interruption of service.

Each host has its own connections to all other hosts.

Although the Internet has multiple paths to any onelocation, it does not adopt the full mesh topology.

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LANs, MANs and WANs

13

One early solution was the creation of LAN standardswhich provided an open set of guidelines for creatingnetwork hardware and software, making equipment

from different companies compatible.

What was needed was a way for information to moveefficiently and quickly, not only within a company, butalso from one business to another.

The solution was the creation of metropolitan-areanetworks (MANs) and wide-area networks (WANs).

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LANs

Operate within a limited

geographic area

Allow multi-access to highbandwidth media

Control the network privatelyunder local administration

Provide full-time connectivity

to local services

Connect physically adjacentdevices

14

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WANs

Operate within a large

geographic area

Allow access over serialinterfaces operating at lowerspeeds

Provide full-time and part-time connectivity

Connect devices separatedover wide, even global areas

15

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VPNs

16

A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public

network infrastructure such as the global Internet. Using VPN, atelecommuter can access the network of the companyheadquarters through the Internet by building a secure tunnelbetween the telecommuters PC and a VPN router in theheadquarters.

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Bandwidth

17

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Measuring Bandwidth

18

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Why do we need the OSI Model?

20

To address the problem of networks increasing in sizeand in number, the International Organization forStandardization (ISO) researched many network schemesand recognized that there was a need to create anetwork model .

This would help network builders implement networksthat could communicate and work together

ISO therefore, released the OSI reference model in 1984.

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Dont Get Confused.

21

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

OSI- Open System Interconnection

*IOS - Internetwork Operating System

To avoid confusion, some people say International

Standard Organization.

*As of June 2010, the trademark of the term iOS nowbelongs to Apple.

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The OSI Reference Model

22

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link1 Physical

The OSI Model will be usedthroughout your entirenetworking career!

Memorize it!

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OSI Model

23

Data FlowLayers

Transport

Data-Link

Network

Physical

Application(Upper)Layers

Session

Presentation

Application

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Layer 7 - The Application Layer

24

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network


Deals with networkingapplications.

Examples:EmailWeb browsers

PDU: User Data

Question: What is a PDU?

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Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer

25

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network


Responsible for presenting thedata in the required format whichmay include:

Code FormattingEncryptionCompression

PDU: Formatted Data

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Layer 5 - The Session Layer

26

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network


This layer establishes, manages,and terminates sessions between twocommunicating hosts.

Creates Virtual Circuit

Coordinates communicationbetween systems

Organize their communication byoffering three different modes:

SimplexHalf DuplexFull Duplex

PDU: Formatted Data

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Half Duplex

It uses only one wire pair with a digital signal running in both

directions on the wire.

uses the CSMA/CD protocol to help prevent collisions and topermit retransmitting if a collision does occur.

If a hub is attached to a switch, it must operate in half-duplexmode.

Half-duplex Ethernet (typically 10BaseT) is only about 30 to 40

percent efficient because a large 10BaseT network will usuallyonly give you 3 to 4Mbpsat most.

27

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Full Duplex

28

Full duplex, in twisted-pair cabling, uses two pairs of wire forsimultaneous transmission and reception.

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Layer 4 - The Transport Layer

29

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network


This layer breaks up the data fromthe sending host and thenreassembles it in the receiver.

It also is used to insure reliable datatransport across the network.

Can be reliable or unreliable

Sequencing, Acknowledgment,Retransmission, Flow Control

PDU: Segments

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Layer 4 : Transport Layer

30

Distinguishes betweenupper-layer applications

Establishes end-to-endconnectivity betweenapplications

Defines flow control

Provides reliable orunreliable services fordata transfer

N

etwork

IPXIP

Tra

nsport

SPXTCP UDP

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TCP vs UDP

31

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TCP Segment Format

32

Source Port (16) Destination Port (16)

Sequence Number (32)

HeaderLength (4)

Acknowledgment Number (32)

Reserved (6)Code Bits (6) Window (16)

Checksum (16) Urgent (16)

Options (0 or 32 if Any)

Data (Varies)

20

Bytes

Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

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UDP Segment Format

No sequence or acknowledgment fields

33

Source Port (16) Destination Port (16)

Length (16)

Data (if Any)

1Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

Checksum (16)

8Bytes

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Port Numbers

34

TCP

PortNumbers

FT

P

TransportLayer

TE

LNET

DN

S

SN

MP

TF

TP

SM

TP

UDP

Application

Layer

21 23 25 53 69 161

RI

P

520

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TCP Port Numbers

35

Source

Port

Destination

Port

Host A

1028 23

SP DP

Host ZTelnet Z

Destination port = 23.

Send packet to my

Telnet

application.

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TCP Port Numbers

36

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TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open Connection

37

Send SYN(seq = 100 ctl = SYN)

SYN Received

Send SYN, ACK(seq = 300 ack = 101 ctl = syn,ack)

Send ACK(seq = 101 ack = 301

ctl = ack)

Host A Host B

SYN Received

1

2

3

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Reliable Service

38

Synchronize

Acknowledge, Synchronize

Acknowledge

Data Transfer

(Send Segments)

Sender Receiver

Connection Established

O i Cl i C i

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Opening & Closing Connection

39

Wi d i

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Windowing

Windowingin networking means the quantity of data segments

that a machine can transmit/send on the network withoutreceiving an acknowledgement.

Example:

There are two window sizesone set to 1 and one set to 3.

When youve configured a window size of 1, the sendingmachine waits for an acknowledgment for each data segment.

If youve configured a window size of 3, its allowed to transmitthree data segments before an acknowledgment is received.

40

TCP Si l A k l d t

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TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Window Size = 1

41

Sender Receiver

Send 1Receive 1

Receive ACK 2Send ACK 2

Send 2Receive 2

Receive ACK 3Send ACK 3

Send 3 Receive 3

Receive ACK 4 Send ACK 4

Wi d i

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Windowing

42

TCP S d A k l d t N b

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TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers

43

Source

Port

Destination

Port

Sequence Acknowledgment

1028 23

Source Dest.

11

Seq.

101

Ack.

1028 23

Source Dest.

10

Seq.

100

Ack.

102823Source Dest.

11Seq.100

Ack.

102823

Source Dest.

12

Seq.

101

Ack.

I just got number11, now I need

number 12.

I just

sent number11.

T t L R li bl D li

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Transport Layer Reliable Delivery

44

Fl C t l

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Flow Control

Flow control is used to ensure that networking devices

dont send too much information to the destination,overflowing its receiving buffer space, and causing it todrop the sent information

45

Fl C t l

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Flow Control

46

SEQ 1024SEQ 2048

SEQ 3072

AB

30723

U D t P t l (UDP)

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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

47

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the connectionless transportprotocol in the TCP/IP protocol stack.

UDP is a simple protocol that exchanges datagrams, withoutacknowledgments or guaranteed delivery. Error processing and

retransmission must be handled by higher layer protocols.

Popular UDP protocols:

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) DNS (Domain Name System)

La er 3 The Net ork La er

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Layer 3 - The Network Layer

48

7 Application6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

Sometimes referred to as theCiscoLayer.

End to End Delivery

Provide logical addressing forbest path determination

Internetwork Communication

Packet Filtering and Packet

forwarding

PDU: Packets

Layer 3 : Network Layer

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Layer 3 : Network Layer

49

Defines logical sourceand destination

addresses associatedwith a specific protocol

Defines paths throughnetwork

Network

IP, IPX

Data-Link

Physical

EIA/TIA-232

V.35

802.2

802.3

Layer 3 : (cont )

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Layer 3 : (cont.)

50

DataSourceAddress

DestinationAddress

IP Header

172.15.1.1

Node orHost

Network

LogicalAddress

Network Layer End-Station Packet

Route determination occurs at this layer, so a packet must include a source

and destination address.

Network-layer addresses have two components:a network component for internetwork routing.a node number for a device-specific address.

The example in the figure is an example of an IP packet and IP address.

Layer 3 (cont )

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Layer 3 (cont.)

51

11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

BinaryMask

BinaryAddress

172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0

172 16 122 204

255

Address Mask

255 0 0

Network Host

IPv4 Packet Format

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IPv4 Packet Format

52

Version(4)

Destination IP Address (32)

Options (0 or 32 if Any)

Data (Varies if Any)

1Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

HeaderLength (4)

Priority &Typeof Service (8)

Total Length (16)

Identification (16)Flags

(3) Fragment Offset (13)

Time-to-Live (8) Protocol (8) Header Checksum (16)

Source IP Address (32)

20Bytes

Protocol Field

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Protocol Field

Determines destination upper-layer protocol

53

TransportLayer

InternetLayer

TCP UDP

ProtocolNumbers

IP

176

Internet Control Message Protocol

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Internet Control Message Protocol

54

Application

Transport

Internet

Data-Link

Physical

Destination

Unreachable

Echo (Ping)

Other

ICMP 1

Device On Layer 3 Router

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Device On Layer 3 --- Router

55

Broadcast control

Multicast control

Optimal path determination

Traffic management

Logical addressing

Connects to WAN services

Type of Transmission

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Unicast

Multicast

Broadcast

56


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57

Layer 2 The Data Link Layer

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Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer

Preamble DMAC SMAC Data length DATA FCS

58


5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

Performs Physical Addressing

This layer provides reliable transit ofdata across a physical link.

Combines bits into bytes andbytes into frames

MAC address

Error detection, not correction

LLC and MAC

PDU - Frames

The Ethernet FRAME

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The Ethernet FRAME

59

DataSMAC FCSLengthDMAC

Variable266 4

0000.0C xx.xxxx

VendorAssigned

OUI

MAC Layer802.3

*Preamble

Ethernet II uses

Type here

8

* synchronizes the sender and the receiver** in terms of bytes

Layer 1 - The Physical Layer

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Layer 1 - The Physical Layer

60


5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

This is the physical mediathrough which the data,represented as electronic signals,is sent from the source host tothe destination host.

Move bits between devicesEncoding

PDU - Bits

Physical Layer

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Physical Layer

61

Defines

Media type

Connector type

Signaling type

802.3

Physical

802.3 is responsible for LANs based on the carrier sense multiple accesscollision detect (CSMA/CD) access methodology. Ethernet is an exampleof a CSMA/CD network.

Physical Layer: Ethernet/802 3

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Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3

62

Hub

Hosts

Host

10Base2Thin Ethernet10Base5Thick Ethernet

10BaseTTwisted Pair

Data Encapsulation

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Data Encapsulation

63

Transport

Data-Link

Physical

Network

Upper-Layer Data

Upper-Layer DataTCP Header

DataIP Header

DataLLC Header

0101110101001000010

DataMAC Header

Presentation

Application

Session

Segment

Packet

Bits

Frame

PDU

FCS

FCS

Data Encapsulation

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Data Encapsulation

64

Cisco Icons and Symbols

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Cisco Icons and Symbols

78

Devices associated in Each Layer

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Devices associated in Each Layer

Layer Device Broadcast Domain Collision Domain

3 Router ? ?

2 Switch ? ?

1 Hub ? ?

79

Broadcast Domain

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Broadcast Domain

Encompasses a group of devices receiving broadcast

frames initiating from any device within the group.

Routers do not forward broadcast frames, broadcastsare not forwarded from one broadcast domain to

another.

80

Collision Domain

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Collision Domain

The network area in Ethernet over which collision of

frames are expected to transpire.

extended by hubs and repeaters.

divided by switches, routers, or bridges

Q: Which is better, a network with 10 collision domains ora network with 1 collision domain?

Q2: a network with 3 broadcast domains or a networkwith 10 broadcast domains?

81

Collision

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Collision

The effect of two nodes sending transmissions

simultaneously in Ethernet.

When the electrical signals meet on the physicalmedia, the frames from each node collide and are

damaged.

Q: What is the role of communication?

82

Device Used At Layer 1

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Device Used At Layer 1

83

A B C D

Physical

All devices are in the same collision domain.

All devices are in the same broadcast domain.

Devices share the same bandwidth.

Hubs & Collision Domains

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Hubs & Collision Domains

84

More end stations means morecollisions.

CSMA/CD is used.

Devices On Layer 2 (Switches & Bridges)

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Devices On Layer 2 (Switches & Bridges)

85

Each segment has its own collision domain.

All segments are in the same broadcast domain.

Data-Link

OR1 2 3 1 24

Switches

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Switches

86

Each segment is itsown collision domain.

Broadcasts areforwarded to allsegments.

Memory

Switch

Router

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ou e

87

Routers are used to connect networks together

Route packets of data from one network to another

Cisco became the de facto standard of routers because of theirhigh-quality router products

Routers, by default, break up a broadcast domain

Internetworking Devices

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g

88

How They Operate

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y p

89

Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains:

1 4 4 4Broadcast Domains:

1 1 1 4

Data Flow Through a Network

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g

90

Network Structure & Hierarchy

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y

91

Distribution

Layer

Core Layer

AccessLayer


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y

92


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y

93

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94

Why Another Model?

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y

95

Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, thehistorical and technical open standard of the Internet is TransmissionControl Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make datacommunication possible between any two computers, anywhere inthe world, at nearly the speed of light.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP referencemodel because it wanted a network that could survive anyconditions, even a nuclear war.

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

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96

7

6

5

4

3

2

5

4

3

2

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data-Link

Physical1

Application

Transport

Internet

Data-Link

Physical1

Application Layer Overview

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97

*Used by the Router

Application

Transport

Internet

Data-Link

Physical

File Transfer- TFTP*- FTP*- NFS

E-Mail

- SMTPRemote Login

- Telnet*- rlogin*

Network Management- SNMP*

Name Management- DNS*

Transport Layer Overview

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98

Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP)

User DatagramProtocol (UDP)

Application

Transport

Internet

Data-Link

Physical

Connection-Oriented

Connectionless

Internet Layer Overview

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99

In the OSI reference model, the network layercorresponds to the TCP/IP Internet layer.

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control Message

Protocol (ICMP)

Address ResolutionProtocol (ARP)

Reverse Address

Resolution Protocol (RARP)

Application

Transport

Internet

Data-Link

Physical

Address Resolution Protocol

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100

172.16.3.1

IP: 172.16.3.2

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111

172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

I heard that broadcast.

The message is for me.

Here is my Ethernet

address.

I need theEthernet

address of

176.16.3.2.

Reverse ARP

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101

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111IP: 172.16.3.25

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

What is

my IP

address?

I heard that

broadcast.

Your IP

address is

172.16.3.25.

IEEE 802 Standards

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IEEE 802.1: Standards related to network management.

IEEE 802.2: General standard for the data link layer in the OSIReference Model. The IEEE divides this layer into two sublayers --the logical link control (LLC) layer and the media access control(MAC) layer.

IEEE 802.3: Defines the MAC layer for bus networks that useCSMA/CD. This is the basis of the Ethernet standard.

IEEE 802.4: Defines the MAC layer for bus networks that use a

token-passing mechanism (token bus networks).

IEEE 802.5: Defines the MAC layer for token-ring networks.

IEEE 802.6: Standard for Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) 102

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103

Origin of Ethernet

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104

Found by Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in 1975

Original designed as a 2.94 Mbps system to connect 100computers on a 1 km cable

Later, Xerox, Intel and DEC drew up a standard support 10MbpsEthernet II

Basis for the IEEEs 802.3 specification

Most widely used LAN technology in the world

10 Mbps IEEE Standards - 10BaseT

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105

10BaseT 10 Mbps, baseband, overTwisted-pair cable

Running Ethernet over twisted-pairwiring as specified by IEEE 802.3

Configure in a star pattern

Twisting the wires reduces EMI

Fiber Optic has no EMI

Unshielded twisted-pair

RJ-45 Plug and Socket

Twisted Pair Cables

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106

Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP)

most popularmaximum length 100 mprone to noise

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4Category 5

Category 6

Voice transmission of traditional telephone

For data up to 4 Mbps, 4 pairs full-duplex


For data up to 16 Mbps, 4 pairs full-duplexFor data up to 100 Mbps, 4 pairs full-duplex


Twisted Pair Cables

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107

Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP)

Used for backbone cabling, adds severallayers of protective layer used to counterthe effects of EMI

Maximum length = 25 m

STANDARDS in TWISTED PAIR

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Pin EIA-TIA 568A EIA-TIA 568B

1 WG WO

2 G O

3 WO WG

4 Bl Bl

5 WBl WBl

6 O G

7 WBr WBr

8 Br Br

108

Baseband VS Broadband

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109

Baseband Transmission Entire channel is used to transmit a single digital signalComplete bandwidth of the cable is used by a single signal The transmission distance is shorter The electrical interference is lower

Broadband Transmission Use analog signaling and a range of frequenciesContinuous signals flow in the form of waves Support multiple analog transmission (channels)

Modem Broadband

TransmissionNetwork

Card

Baseband

Transmission

Straight-through cable

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110

Straight-through cable pinout

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111

Crossover cable

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112

Crossover cable

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113

Pin 1 ---------------------------------- Pin 3

Pin 2 ---------------------------------- Pin 6

Pin 3 ---------------------------------- Pin 1

Pin 4 ---------------------------------- Pin 4Pin 5 ---------------------------------- Pin 5

Pin 6 ---------------------------------- Pin 2

Pin 7 ---------------------------------- Pin 7

Pin 8 ---------------------------------- Pin 8

Rollover cable

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114

Rollover cable pinout

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115

Straight-through or Crossover

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116

Use straight-through cables for the following cabling:

Switch to Router Switch to PC or server Hub to PC or server

Use crossover cables for the following cabling:

Switch to switch Switch to hub

Hub to hub Router to router PC to PC Router to PC

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Which type of attack is characterized by a flood of packets

that are requesting a TCP connection to a server?

a. denial of service

b. brute force

c. reconnaissanced. Trojan horse

117

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Which type of attack is characterized by a flood of packets

that are requesting a TCP connection to a server?

a. denial of service

b. brute force

c. reconnaissanced. Trojan horse

118

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Which of the following are associated the application layer of

the OSI model? (Choose Two)

a. ping

b. telnet

c. ftpd. tcp

e. ip

119

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Which of the following are associated the application layer of

the OSI model? (Choose Two)

a. ping

b. telnet

c. ftpd. tcp

e. ip

120

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Which troubleshooting a network connectivity problem, atechnician observes steady link lights on both the workstation NICand the switch port to which the workstation is connected.However, when the ping command is issued from the workstation,the output message Request timed out is displayed. At whichlayer of the OSI model does the problem most likely exist?

a. The session layer

b. The protocol layer

c. The data link layer

d. The access layer

e. The network layerf. The application layer

121

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Which troubleshooting a network connectivity problem, atechnician observes steady link lights on both the workstation NICand the switch port to which the workstation is connected.However, when the ping command is issued from the workstation,the output message Request timed out is displayed. At whichlayer of the OSI model does the problem most likely exist?

a. The session layer

b. The protocol layer

c. The data link layer

d. The access layer

e. The network layerf. The application layer

122

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Which topologies are using the correct type of twisted pair

cables? Choose Two.

123

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Which topologies are using the correct type of twisted pair

cables? Choose Two.

124

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An administrator issues the command ping 127.0.0.1 from the

command line prompt on a PC. If a reply is received, whatdoes this confirm?

a. The PC has connectivity with a local host.

b. The PC has connectivity with a layer 3 device

c. The PC has a gateway correctly configured

d. The PC has connectivity up to layer 5 of the OSI

model

e. The PC has the TCP/IP protocol stack correctly

installed

125

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An administrator issues the command ping 127.0.0.1 from the

command line prompt on a PC. If a reply is received, whatdoes this confirm?

a. The PC has connectivity with a local host.

b. The PC has connectivity with a layer 3 device

c. The PC has a gateway correctly configured

d. The PC has connectivity up to layer 5 of the OSI

model

e. The PC has the TCP/IP protocol stack correctly

installed

126

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What are some of the advantages of using a router to

segment a network?

a. Filtering can occur based on Layer 3 information

b. Broadcasts are eliminated

c. Routers generally cost less than switchesd. Broadcasts re not forwarded across the router

e. Adding a router to the network decreases latency

f. Addresses licensed to enterprises or ISPs by an

internet registry organization

127

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What are some of the advantages of using a router to

segment a network?

a. Filtering can occur based on Layer 3 information*

b. Broadcasts are eliminated

c. Routers generally cost less than switchesd. Broadcasts re not forwarded across the router*

e. Adding a router to the network decreases latency

f. Addresses licensed to enterprises or ISPs by an

internet registry organization

128

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Which of the following statements are true regarding bridges

and switches? (Choose 3)

a. Switches are primarily software based while bridges

are hardware based

b. Both bridges and switches forward layer 2

broadcasts

c. Bridges are frequently faster than switches

d. Switches have a higher number of ports than most

bridges

e. Bridges define broadcast domains while switchesdefine collision domains

f. Both bridges and switches make forwarding based

on layer 2 addresses

129

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Which of the following statements are true regarding bridges

and switches? (Choose 3)

a. Switches are primarily software based while bridges

are hardware based

b. Both bridges and switches forward layer 2

broadcasts

c. Bridges are frequently faster than switches

d. Switches have a higher number of ports than most

bridges

e. Bridges define broadcast domains while switchesdefine collision domains

f. Both bridges and switches make forwarding based

on layer 2 addresses

130

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Why will a switch never learn a broadcast address?

a. Broadcasts only use network layer addressing

b. A broadcast frame is never forwarded by a switch

c. A broadcast address will never be the source of a

framed. Broadcast addresses use an incorrect format for

the switching table

e. Broadcast frames are never sent to switches

131

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Why will a switch never learn a broadcast address?

a. Broadcasts only use network layer addressing

b. A broadcast frame is never forwarded by a switch

c. A broadcast address will never be the source of a

framed. Broadcast addresses use an incorrect format for

the switching table

e. Broadcast frames are never sent to switches

132

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Which of the following statements describe the network

shown in the graphic? (choose two)

a. There are two broadcast domains in the network

b. There are four broadcast domains in the network

c. There are six broadcast domains in the networkd. There are four collision domains in the network

e. There are five collision domains in the network

f. There are seven collision domains in the network

133

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Which of the following statements describe the network

shown in the graphic? (choose two)

a. There are two broadcast domains in the network

b. There are four broadcast domains in the network

c. There are six broadcast domains in the networkd. There are four collision domains in the network

e. There are five collision domains in the network

f. There are seven collision domains in the network

134

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At which OSI layer is a logical path created between two host

systems?

a. Session

b. Transport

c. Networkd. Data link

e. Physical

135

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At which OSI layer is a logical path created between two host

systems?

a. Session

b. Transport

c. Networkd. Data link

e. Physical

136

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What functions do routers perform in a network?

a. Packet switching

b. Access layer security

c. Path selection

d. VLAN membership assignmente. Bridging between LAN segments

f. Microsegmentation of broadcast domains

137

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What functions do routers perform in a network?

a. Packet switching

b. Access layer security

c. Path selection

d. VLAN membership assignmente. Bridging between LAN segments

f. Microsegmentation of broadcast domains

138

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At which layers of the OSI model do WANs operation?

(Choose two)

a. Application

b. Session

c. Transportd. Network

e. Data link

f. Physical

139

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At which layers of the OSI model do WANs operation?

(Choose two)

a. Application

b. Session

c. Transportd. Network

e. Data link

f. Physical

140

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Why does the data communication industry use the layered

OSI reference model?

a. It divides the network communication process into smaller andsimpler components, thus aiding component development, design,and troubleshooting

b. It enables equipment from different vendors to use the same

electronic components, thus saving research and developmentfunds

c. It supports the evolution of multiple competing standards, and thusprovides business opportunities for equipment manufacturers

d. It encourages industry standardization by defining what functionsoccur at each layer of the model

e. It provides a means by which changes in functionality in one layer

require changes in other layers 141

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Why does the data communication industry use the layered

OSI reference model?

a. It divides the network communication process into smaller andsimpler components, thus aiding component development, design,and troubleshooting

b. It enables equipment from different vendors to use the same

electronic components, thus saving research and developmentfunds

c. It supports the evolution of multiple competing standards, and thusprovides business opportunities for equipment manufacturers

d. It encourages industry standardization by defining what functionsoccur at each layer of the model

e. It provides a means by which changes in functionality in one layer

require changes in other layers 142

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Which of the following is true regarding the use of switches

and hubs for network connectivity?

a. Switches take less time to process frames than hubs

take.

b. Switches do not forward broadcasts

c. Hubs can filter frames

d. Using hubs can increase the amount of bandwidth

available to hosts

e. Switches increase the number of collision domains

in the network

143

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Which of the following is true regarding the use of switches

and hubs for network connectivity?

a. Switches take less time to process frames than hubs

take.

b. Switches do not forward broadcasts

c. Hubs can filter frames

d. Using hubs can increase the amount of bandwidth

available to hosts

e. Switches increase the number of collision domains

in the network

144

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The network administrator must complete the connection

between the RTA of the XYZ company and the service

provider. To accomplish this task, which two devices could

be installed at the customer site to provide a connection

through the local loop of the central office of the provider?

(choose two)

a. WAN switch

b. PVC

c. ATM switch

d. Multiplexere. CSU/DSU

f. Modem

145

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The network administrator must complete the connection

between the RTA of the XYZ company and the service

provider. To accomplish this task, which two devices could

be installed at the customer site to provide a connection

through the local loop of the central office of the provider?

(choose two)

a. WAN switch

b. PVC

c. ATM switch

d. Multiplexere. CSU/DSU

f. Modem

146

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Acknowledgements, sequencing, and flow control are

characteristics of which OSI later?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 5

e. 6

f. 7

147

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Acknowledgements, sequencing, and flow control are

characteristics of which OSI later?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 5

e. 6

f. 7

148

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Which of the following are types of flow control? (choose

three)

a. Buffering

b. Cut through

c. Windowing

d. Congestion avoidance

e. Load balancing

149

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Which of the following are types of flow control? (choose

three)

a. Buffering

b. Cut through

c. Windowing

d. Congestion avoidance

e. Load balancing

150

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Refer to the exhibit. Two buildings on the San Jose campus of

a small company must be connected to use Ethernet with a

bandwidth of at least 100 Mbps. The company is concerned

about possible problems from voltage potential differences

between the two buildings. Which media type should be

used for the connection?

a. UTP cable

b. STP cable

c. Coaxial cable

d. Fiber optic cable

151

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Refer to the exhibit. Two buildings on the San Jose campus of

a small company must be connected to use Ethernet with a

bandwidth of at least 100 Mbps. The company is concerned

about possible problems from voltage potential differences

between the two buildings. Which media type should be

used for the connection?

a. UTP cable

b. STP cable

c. Coaxial cable

d. Fiber optic cable

152

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What TCP/IP stack configuration features can DHCP provide,

in addition to assigning an IP address? (choose three)

a. Default gateway

b. DNS servers

c. FTP server

d. Helper address

e. Subnet mask

f. TFTP server

153

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What TCP/IP stack configuration features can DHCP provide,

in addition to assigning an IP address? (choose three)

a. Default gateway

b. DNS servers

c. FTP server

d. Helper address

e. Subnet mask

f. TFTP server

154

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Host 1 sends a request for a file to remote server 1. Which

destination does Host 1 place the packet containing the

request?

a. The MAC address of the NIC in server1

b. The IP address of server 1

c. The MAC address of the s0/0/0 interface of router R2

d. The IP address of s0/0/0 interface of router R1

e. The IP address of fa0/0 interface of router R1

155

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156

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Host 1 sends a request for a file to remote server 1. Which

destination does Host 1 place the packet containing the

request?

a. The MAC address of the NIC in server1

b. The IP address of server 1

c. The MAC address of the s0/0/0 interface of router R2

d. The IP address of s0/0/0 interface of router R1

e. The IP address of fa0/0 interface of router R1

157

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Host 1 sends an ICMP echo request to remote server 1. Which

destination address does Host 1 place in the header of the

frame containing the ping packet?

a. The IP address of server 1

b. The MAC address of the NIC in server1

c. The IP address of fa0/0 interface of router R1

d. The MAC address of fa0/0 interface of router R1

e. The MAC address of the s0/0/0 interface of router R2

f. The IP address of s0/0/0 interface of router R1158

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159

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Host 1 sends an ICMP echo request to remote server 1. Which

destination address does Host 1 place in the header of the

frame containing the ping packet?

a. The IP address of server 1

b. The MAC address of the NIC in server1

c. The IP address of fa0/0 interface of router R1

d. The MAC address of fa0/0 interface of router R1

e. The MAC address of the s0/0/0 interface of router R2

f. The IP address of s0/0/0 interface of router R1160

R1 f d k t f H t 1 t t S 1 Whi h

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R1 forwards a packet from Host 1 to remoter Server 1. Whichdescribes the use of a MAC as the frame carrying this packet

leaves the s0/0/0 interface of R1?

a. The frame does not have MAC addresses

b. The source MAC address in the frame is the MAC address ofthe NIC of Host 1

c. The source MAC address in the frame is the MAC address ofthe s0/0/0 interface of R1

d. The destination MAC address in the frame is the MACaddress of the NIC of Server 1

e. The destination MAC address in the frame is the MACaddress of the s0/0/0 interface of R2

161

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162

R1 f d k t f H t 1 t t S 1 Whi h

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R1 forwards a packet from Host 1 to remoter Server 1. Whichdescribes the use of a MAC as the frame carrying this packet

leaves the s0/0/0 interface of R1?

a. The frame does not have MAC addresses

b. The source MAC address in the frame is the MAC address ofthe NIC of Host 1

c. The source MAC address in the frame is the MAC address ofthe s0/0/0 interface of R1

d. The destination MAC address in the frame is the MACaddress of the NIC of Server 1

e. The destination MAC address in the frame is the MACaddress of the s0/0/0 interface of R2

163

H t 1 i fil f t 1 Whi h MAC

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Host 1 receives a file from remote server 1. Which MAC

address appears as the source address in the header of the

frames received by Host 1?

a. The MAC address of the NIC in Host 1

b. The MAC address of the NIC in server 1

c. The MAC address of the Fa0/0 interface of router R1

d. The MAC address of the s0/0/0 interface of router R2

164

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165

H t 1 i fil f t 1 Whi h MAC

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Host 1 receives a file from remote server 1. Which MAC

address appears as the source address in the header of the

frames received by Host 1?

a. The MAC address of the NIC in Host 1

b. The MAC address of the NIC in server 1

c. The MAC address of the Fa0/0 interface of router R1

d. The MAC address of the s0/0/0 interface of router R2

166

Host 1 has just started up and requests a web page from web server

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Host 1 has just started up and requests a web page from web server2. Which two statements describe steps in the process Host 1 uses

to send the request to web server 2? (choose two)

a. Host 1 addresses the frames to the MAC address of router R1

b. Host 1 looks in its ARP cache for the MAC address of routerR1

c. Host 1 addresses the frames to the MAC address of webserver 2

d. Host 1 sends the packets to router R1 to be forwarded toweb server 2

e. Host 1 sends a broadcast ARP request to obtain the MACaddress of webserver 2

167

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168

Host 1 has just started up and requests a web page from web server

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Host 1 has just started up and requests a web page from web server2. Which two statements describe steps in the process Host 1 uses

to send the request to web server 2? (choose two)a. Host 1 addresses the frames to the MAC address of router R1

b. Host 1 looks in its ARP cache for the MAC address of routerR1

c. Host 1 addresses the frames to the MAC address of webserver 2

d. Host 1 sends the packets to router R1 to be forwarded toweb server 2

e. Host 1 sends a broadcast ARP request to obtain the MACaddress of webserver 2

169

A window size of three has been negotiated for this transfer

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A window size of three has been negotiated for this transfer.

Which message will be returned from the receiver to the

sender as part of this TCP/IP transfer?

a. Send ACK 1 to 3

b. Send ACK 3

c. Send ACK 4

d. Send ACK 4 -6

e. Send ACK 6

f. Send ACK 7

170

A window size of three has been negotiated for this transfer

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A window size of three has been negotiated for this transfer.

Which message will be returned from the receiver to the

sender as part of this TCP/IP transfer?

a. Send ACK 1 to 3

b. Send ACK 3

c. Send ACK 4

d. Send ACK 4 -6

e. Send ACK 6

f. Send ACK 7

171

What two results would occur if the hub were to be replaced

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with a switch that is configured with one Ethernet VLAN?

(choose two)

a. The number of collision domains would remain the

same

b. The number of collision domains would decrease

c. The number of collision domains would increase

d. The number of broadcast domains would remain the

same

e. The number of broadcast domains would decreasef. The number of broadcast domains would increase

172


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with a switch that is configured with one Ethernet VLAN?

(choose two)

a. The number of collision domains would remain the

same

b. The number of collision domains would decrease

c. The number of collision domains would increase

d. The number of broadcast domains would remain the

same

e. The number of broadcast domains would decreasef. The number of broadcast domains would increase

173

How does a DHCP server dynamically assign IP addresses to

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hosts?

a. Addresses are permanently assigned so that the host usesthe same address at all times

b. Addresses are assigned for a fixed period of time. At the

end of the period, a new request for an address must bemade, and another address is then assigned

c. Addresses are leased to hosts. A host will usually keep thesame address by periodically contacting the DHCP server to

renew the lease

d. Addresses are allocated after a negotiation between theserver and the host to determine the length of theagreement

174


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hosts?

a. Addresses are permanently assigned so that the host usesthe same address at all times

b. Addresses are assigned for a fixed period of time. At the

end of the period, a new request for an address must bemade, and another address is then assigned

c. Addresses are leased to hosts. A host will usually keep thesame address by periodically contacting the DHCP server to

renew the lease

d. Addresses are allocated after a negotiation between theserver and the host to determine the length of theagreement

175

What is the purpose of using the traceroute command?

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a. To map all the devices on a network

b. To display the current TCP/IP configuration values

c. To see how a device MAC address is mapped to its IP

address

d. To see the path a packet will take when travelling to a

specified destination

e. To display the MTU values for each router in a specified

network path from a source to a destination

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a. To map all the devices on a network

b. To display the current TCP/IP configuration values

c. To see how a device MAC address is mapped to its IP

address

d. To see the path a packet will take when travelling to a

specified destination

e. To display the MTU values for each router in a specified

network path from a source to a destination

177

What is the purpose of an ARP request message?

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a. It binds the IP address of a host to the network that it is on.

b. It builds a correlation between an IP address and a MACaddress.

c. It provides connectivity and path selection between hostson a network

d. It encapsulates the layer 3 address and then passes the

packet to layer 2

e. It creates a session by passing a header with the destinationlayer 2 address to the transport layer

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a. It binds the IP address of a host to the network that it is on.

b. It builds a correlation between an IP address and a MACaddress.

c. It provides connectivity and path selection between hostson a network

d. It encapsulates the layer 3 address and then passes the

packet to layer 2

e. It creates a session by passing a header with the destinationlayer 2 address to the transport layer

179

Drag and drop the network user application to the

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Drag and drop the network user application to the

appropriate description of its primary use. (not all options are

used)

180

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181

A receiving host computes the checksum on a frame and

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determines that the frame is damaged. The frame is then

discarded. At which OSI layer did this happen?

a. Session

b. Transport

c. Network

d. Data link

e. Physical

182


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determines that the frame is damaged. The frame is then

discarded. At which OSI layer did this happen?

a. Session

b. Transport

c. Network

d. Data link

e. Physical

183

A network interface port has CSMA/CD enabled on a

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shared twisted pair network. From this statement, what is

known about the network interface port?

a. This is a 10Mbps switch port

b. This is a 100Mbps switch port

c. This is an Ethernet port operating at half duplex

d. This is an Ethernet port operating at full duplex

e. This is a port on a network interface card in a PC

184


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shared twisted pair network. From this statement, what is

known about the network interface port?

a. This is a 10Mbps switch port

b. This is a 100Mbps switch port

c. This is an Ethernet port operating at half duplex

d. This is an Ethernet port operating at full duplex

e. This is a port on a network interface card in a PC

185

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Refer to the exhibit. What is the meaning of the output MTU 1500bytes?

a. The maximum number of bytes that can traverse thisinterface per second is 1500

b. The minimum segment size that can traverse this

interface is 1500 bytes

c. The maximum segment size that can traverse thisinterface is 1500 bytes

d. The minimum packet size that can traverse this interfaceis 1500 bytes

e. The maximum packet size that can traverse this interfaceis 1500 bytes

f. The maximum frame size that can traverse this interface is1500 bytes 186

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Refer to the exhibit. What is the meaning of the output MTU 1500bytes?

a. The maximum number of bytes that can traverse thisinterface per second is 1500

b. The minimum segment size that can traverse this

interface is 1500 bytes

c. The maximum segment size that can traverse thisinterface is 1500 bytes

d. The minimum packet size that can traverse this interfaceis 1500 bytes

e. The maximum packet size that can traverse this interfaceis 1500 bytes

f. The maximum frame size that can traverse this interface is1500 bytes 187

Which statement is true about full duplex Ethernet in

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comparison to half duplex Ethernet?

a. Full duplex Ethernet consists of a shared cable segment.Half duplex Ethernet provides a point to point link.

b. Full duplex Ethernet uses a loopback circuit to detectcollisions. Half duplex Ethernet uses a jam signal.

c. Full duplex Ethernet can provide higher throughput thancan half duplex Ethernet of the same bandwidth.

d. Full duplex Ethernet uses two wires to send and receive.Half duplex Ethernet uses one wire to send and receive.

188

Which statement is true about full duplex Ethernet in

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comparison to half duplex Ethernet?

a. Full duplex Ethernet consists of a shared cable segment.Half duplex Ethernet provides a point to point link.

b. Full duplex Ethernet uses a loopback circuit to detectcollisions. Half duplex Ethernet uses a jam signal.

c. Full duplex Ethernet can provide higher throughput thancan half duplex Ethernet of the same bandwidth.

Documents

002 - CCNA DAY 1-a