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The brain is remarkable in what it can do. This lecture will show that the brain plays an important part in everything we think and do.
Brain, Body and Behavior
CHAPTER 3
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Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain and controls very high level thought processes.
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Front
Right
Rear
Left
The Corpus Callosum is a thin band of tissues inside the fissure.
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Tasks of the Cerebral Hemispheres
The brain is divided into halves. Each half, or hemisphere, controls the opposite side of the body.
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Click on the arrows for more information.
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Corpus callosum
Pituitary
Reticular activating system
Hippocampus
Amygdala
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The cerebral cortex covers, protects, and influences the lower brain structures.
The Lower Brain
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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Corpus callosum
Pituitary
Reticular activating system
Hippocampus
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
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The Lower BrainThe thalamus acts as a relay station to send incoming and outgoing messages to appropriate areas in the brain.
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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Corpus callosum
Pituitary
Reticular activating system
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Cerebral cortex
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The Lower Brain
The hypothalamus controls hunger, pleasure, thirst, rage, and sexual desire.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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Corpus callosum
Pituitary
Reticular activating system
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Amygdala
Cerebral cortex
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The Lower Brain
The cerebellum helps you to stand upright and keeps your movements coordinated.
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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Corpus callosum
Pituitary
Reticular activating system
HippocampusHypothalamus
Thalamus
Amygdala
Cerebral cortex
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The Limbic System is involved with basic emotions and memory. Two important structures include
the amygdala (emotional responses and aggression)
the hippocampus (the formation of new memories)
The Reticular Activating System keeps track of nerve impulse activity and helps regulate how alert or sleepy we feel.
Other Lower Brain Structures
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Brain Communication
A NEURON is a nerve cell. It is the smallest part of the nervous system.
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Brain Communication
Dendrites branch off the body of the neuron and receive impulses from other neurons.
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Brain Communication
Axons gather impulses from dendrites and carry them to other neurons.
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The synapse is the space between the axon of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron.
Brain Communication
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Neurotransmitters are messenger molecules (pain, pleasure, movement)
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Dopamine• involved in movement• a shortage can cause Parkinson’s disease
Endorphins • relieve pain and• increase the sense of well-being (“natural
morphine”)
Acetylcholine• sends information to other nerve cells when some
part of the body moves• can affect memory• production of this neurotransmitter can be shut
down by food poisoning
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The Central and PeripheralNervous Systems
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Central Nervous SystemT he Brain and the Spinal Cord
Som aticVoluntary M usclesand Sense Organs
slow s heartbeatcontracts pupils
stim ulates digestionetc.
Parasym patheticcalm s body after action
dilates eyesaccelerates heartbeat
inhibits digestionetc.
Sym patheticprepares body for action
Autonom icInvoluntary M usclesand Internal Organs
Peripheral System
The Nervous System
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The Endocrine System
Click on the arrows for more information.
Pituitary gland
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
Female gonads (ovaries)
Male gonads (testes) EXIT
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Pituitary Gland• the master gland• controlled by the
hypothalamus• sends a message to other
glands to begin working• determines how tall or
short a person will be
The Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
Gonads
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
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The Gonads• sex glands that produce
either sperm or eggs used in reproduction
The Endocrine System
Female gonads (ovaries)
Male gonads (testes)
Pituitary gland
Gonads
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
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The Endocrine System
The Thyroid Gland• controls metabolism• overactive thyroid may
cause restlessness and anxiety
• underactive thyroid may result in sadness and even depression
Thyroid
Pituitary gland
Gonads
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
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The Endocrine System
The Adrenal Gland• secretes adrenaline into
the bloodstream• blood pressure goes up,
muscles tense, and hands tremble
Adrenal gland
Pituitary gland
Gonads
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
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Summary of Main Topics Covered
Parts of the Brain
The Lower Brain
Brain Communication
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
The Endocrine System
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