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Reading
1 Read the text quickly. Then check () the statements that are true about it. ____ / 0.6 point
a. The text is part of an encyclopedia article. ( )b. It presents information about African literature. ( )c. It discusses the development of written literature. ( )
2 Read the text again. Then match each paragraph with its objective. ____ / 0.8 point
a. Present the colonizing movements that influenced African literature. [ ]b. Inform on the oral tradition of African literature. [ ]
Britannica Student Encyclopedia
[ 1 ] Black Africa south of the Sahara has two distinct kinds of literature. Traditional poetry and folklore, which were transmitted orally, date back to early days of various tribal cultures. Written literature emerged much later and at different times among the diverse groups living in the region – in the 17th century in the Swahili language, for example, in the 19th century in Xhosa, and in the 20th century in Yoruba. Most of the written literature of sub-Saharan Africa has been produced since the 19th century.
[ 2 ] African literature has been influenced by two great colonizing movements – that of Islamic Arabs in the 7th century and that of Christian Europeans in the 19th. Although the number of books written in African languages is growing, many African writers find a larger audience for works written in Portuguese, French, or English.
[ 3 ] Some of the most important themes in African literature chart the effects of European colonization. The earlier published works by converted Christians express religious zeal and acceptance of Western values. Acceptance gives way to disillusionment and a sense of loss in the European-educated writers who followed. Cut off from their traditions, yet not accepted in the Western world, they write about their experiences of culture conflict. Many also reinstate the African oral traditions in their work.
Oral Tradition
[ 4 ] The oldest African myths, stories, and poems have been told for hundreds of years. Sometimes a storyteller or singer memorizes a tribe’s poems and songs for recitation during festivals. African children grow up hearing stories that they later tell to their own children. All these tales are part of an oral tradition that is ritually passed on. Since the 1930s, oral performances have been preserved in books.
Britannica Student Encyclopedia
[ 1 ] Black Africa south of the Sahara has two distinct kinds of literature. Traditional poetry and folklore, which were transmitted orally, date back to early days of various tribal cultures. Written literature emerged much later and at different times among the diverse groups living in the region – in the 17th century in the Swahili language, for example, in the 19th century in Xhosa, and in the 20th century in Yoruba. Most of the written literature of sub-Saharan Africa has been produced since the 19th century.
[ 2 ] African literature has been influenced by two great colonizing movements – that of Islamic Arabs in the 7th century and that of Christian Europeans in the 19th. Although the number of books written in African languages is growing, many African writers find a larger audience for works written in Portuguese, French, or English.
[ 3 ] Some of the most important themes in African literature chart the effects of European colonization. The earlier published works by converted Christians express religious zeal and acceptance of Western values. Acceptance gives way to disillusionment and a sense of loss in the European-educated writers who followed. Cut off from their traditions, yet not accepted in the Western world, they write about their experiences of culture conflict. Many also reinstate the African oral traditions in their work.
Oral Tradition
[ 4 ] The oldest African myths, stories, and poems have been told for hundreds of years. Sometimes a storyteller or singer memorizes a tribe’s poems and songs for recitation during festivals. African children grow up hearing stories that they later tell to their own children. All these tales are part of an oral tradition that is ritually passed on. Since the 1930s, oral performances have been preserved in books.
Britannica Student Encyclopedia
[ 1 ] Black Africa south of the Sahara has two distinct kinds of literature. Traditional poetry and folklore, which were transmitted orally, date back to early days of various tribal cultures. Written literature emerged much later and at different times among the diverse groups living in the region – in the 17th century in the Swahili language, for example, in the 19th century in Xhosa, and in the 20th century in Yoruba. Most of the written literature of sub-Saharan Africa has been produced since the 19th century.
[ 2 ] African literature has been influenced by two great colonizing movements – that of Islamic Arabs in the 7th century and that of Christian Europeans in the 19th. Although the number of books written in African languages is growing, many African writers find a larger audience for works written in Portuguese, French, or English.
[ 3 ] Some of the most important themes in African literature chart the effects of European colonization. The earlier published works by converted Christians express religious zeal and acceptance of Western values. Acceptance gives way to disillusionment and a sense of loss in the European-educated writers who followed. Cut off from their traditions, yet not accepted in the Western world, they write about their experiences of culture conflict. Many also reinstate the African oral traditions in their work.
Oral Tradition
[ 4 ] The oldest African myths, stories, and poems have been told for hundreds of years. Sometimes a storyteller or singer memorizes a tribe’s poems and songs for recitation during festivals. African children grow up hearing stories that they later tell to their own children. All these tales are part of an oral tradition that is ritually passed on. Since the 1930s, oral performances have been preserved in books.
Britannica Student Encyclopedia
[ 1 ] Black Africa south of the Sahara has two distinct kinds of literature. Traditional poetry and folklore, which were transmitted orally, date back to early days of various tribal cultures. Written literature emerged much later and at different times among the diverse groups living in the region – in the 17th century in the Swahili language, for example, in the 19th century in Xhosa, and in the 20th century in Yoruba. Most of the written literature of sub-Saharan Africa has been produced since the 19th century.
[ 2 ] African literature has been influenced by two great colonizing movements – that of Islamic Arabs in the 7th century and that of Christian Europeans in the 19th. Although the number of books written in African languages is growing, many African writers find a larger audience for works written in Portuguese, French, or English.
[ 3 ] Some of the most important themes in African literature chart the effects of European colonization. The earlier published works by converted Christians express religious zeal and acceptance of Western values. Acceptance gives way to disillusionment and a sense of loss in the European-educated writers who followed. Cut off from their traditions, yet not accepted in the Western world, they write about their experiences of culture conflict. Many also reinstate the African oral traditions in their work.
Oral Tradition
[ 4 ] The oldest African myths, stories, and poems have been told for hundreds of years. Sometimes a storyteller or singer memorizes a tribe’s poems and songs for recitation during festivals. African children grow up hearing stories that they later tell to their own children. All these tales are part of an oral tradition that is ritually passed on. Since the 1930s, oral performances have been preserved in books.
Britannica Student Encyclopedia
[ 1 ] Black Africa south of the Sahara has two distinct kinds of literature. Traditional poetry and folklore, which were transmitted orally, date back to early days of various tribal cultures. Written literature emerged much later and at different times among the diverse groups living in the region – in the 17th century in the Swahili language, for example, in the 19th century in Xhosa, and in the 20th century in Yoruba. Most of the written literature of sub-Saharan Africa has been produced since the 19th century.
[ 2 ] African literature has been influenced by two great colonizing movements – that of Islamic Arabs in the 7th century and that of Christian Europeans in the 19th. Although the number of books written in African languages is growing, many African writers find a larger audience for works written in Portuguese, French, or English.
[ 3 ] Some of the most important themes in African literature chart the effects of European colonization. The earlier published works by converted Christians express religious zeal and acceptance of Western values. Acceptance gives way to disillusionment and a sense of loss in the European-educated writers who followed. Cut off from their traditions, yet not accepted in the Western world, they write about their experiences of culture conflict. Many also reinstate the African oral traditions in their work.
Oral Tradition
[ 4 ] The oldest African myths, stories, and poems have been told for hundreds of years. Sometimes a storyteller or singer memorizes a tribe’s poems and songs for recitation during festivals. African children grow up hearing stories that they later tell to their own children. All these tales are part of an oral tradition that is ritually passed on. Since the 1930s, oral performances have been preserved in books.
Britannica Student Encyclopedia
[ 1 ] Black Africa south of the Sahara has two distinct kinds of literature. Traditional poetry and folklore, which were transmitted orally, date back to early days of various tribal cultures. Written literature emerged much later and at different times among the diverse groups living in the region – in the 17th century in the Swahili language, for example, in the 19th century in Xhosa, and in the 20th century in Yoruba. Most of the written literature of sub-Saharan Africa has been produced since the 19th century.
[ 2 ] African literature has been influenced by two great colonizing movements – that of Islamic Arabs in the 7th century and that of Christian Europeans in the 19th. Although the number of books written in African languages is growing, many African writers find a larger audience for works written in Portuguese, French, or English.
[ 3 ] Some of the most important themes in African literature chart the effects of European colonization. The earlier published works by converted Christians express religious zeal and acceptance of Western values. Acceptance gives way to disillusionment and a sense of loss in the European-educated writers who followed. Cut off from their traditions, yet not accepted in the Western world, they write about their experiences of culture conflict. Many also reinstate the African oral traditions in their work.
Oral Tradition
[ 4 ] The oldest African myths, stories, and poems have been told for hundreds of years. Sometimes a storyteller or singer memorizes a tribe’s poems and songs for recitation during festivals. African children grow up hearing stories that they later tell to their own children. All these tales are part of an oral tradition that is ritually passed on. Since the 1930s, oral performances have been preserved in books.
Britannica Student Encyclopedia
[ 1 ] Black Africa south of the Sahara has two distinct kinds of literature. Traditional poetry and folklore, which were transmitted orally, date back to early days of various tribal cultures. Written literature emerged much later and at different times among the diverse groups living in the region – in the 17th century in the Swahili language, for example, in the 19th century in Xhosa, and in the 20th century in Yoruba. Most of the written literature of sub-Saharan Africa has been produced since the 19th century.
[ 2 ] African literature has been influenced by two great colonizing movements – that of Islamic Arabs in the 7th century and that of Christian Europeans in the 19th. Although the number of books written in African languages is growing, many African writers find a larger audience for works written in Portuguese, French, or English.
[ 3 ] Some of the most important themes in African literature chart the effects of European colonization. The earlier published works by converted Christians express religious zeal and acceptance of Western values. Acceptance gives way to disillusionment and a sense of loss in the European-educated writers who followed. Cut off from their traditions, yet not accepted in the Western world, they write about their experiences of culture conflict. Many also reinstate the African oral traditions in their work.
Oral Tradition
[ 4 ] The oldest African myths, stories, and poems have been told for hundreds of years. Sometimes a storyteller or singer memorizes a tribe’s poems and songs for recitation during festivals. African children grow up hearing stories that they later tell to their own children. All these tales are part of an oral tradition that is ritually passed on. Since the 1930s, oral performances have been preserved in books.
Britannica Student Encyclopedia
[ 1 ] Black Africa south of the Sahara has two distinct kinds of literature. Traditional poetry and folklore, which were transmitted orally, date back to early days of various tribal cultures. Written literature emerged much later and at different times among the diverse groups living in the region – in the 17th century in the Swahili language, for example, in the 19th century in Xhosa, and in the 20th century in Yoruba. Most of the written literature of sub-Saharan Africa has been produced since the 19th century.
[ 2 ] African literature has been influenced by two great colonizing movements – that of Islamic Arabs in the 7th century and that of Christian Europeans in the 19th. Although the number of books written in African languages is growing, many African writers find a larger audience for works written in Portuguese, French, or English.
[ 3 ] Some of the most important themes in African literature chart the effects of European colonization. The earlier published works by converted Christians express religious zeal and acceptance of Western values. Acceptance gives way to disillusionment and a sense of loss in the European-educated writers who followed. Cut off from their traditions, yet not accepted in the Western world, they write about their experiences of culture conflict. Many also reinstate the African oral traditions in their work.
Oral Tradition
[ 4 ] The oldest African myths, stories, and poems have been told for hundreds of years. Sometimes a storyteller or singer memorizes a tribe’s poems and songs for recitation during festivals. African children grow up hearing stories that they later tell to their own children. All these tales are part of an oral tradition that is ritually passed on. Since the 1930s, oral performances have been preserved in books.
c. Present the different types of literature from sub-Saharan Africa. [ ]d. Present themes in African literature. [ ]3 Read the text once more. Then answer the questions. ____ / 1.2 points
a. What are the two different types of African literature developed south of the Sahara?_________________________________________________________________________.b. When did written literature start to be produced in Africa?_________________________________________________________________________.c. Which two colonizing movements influenced African literature?_________________________________________________________________________.d. When the European-educated writers became disillusioned, what did they start to write about?_________________________________________________________________________.e. How long have the oldest African myths, stories and poems been told?_________________________________________________________________________.f. How is oral literature passed on to African children?_________________________________________________________________________.
Vocabulary4 Complete the crossword puzzle with five English words of African
origin. ____ / 1 point
Across2. A musical instrument similar to a guitar.4. A type of music of African origin developed in the U.S.5. An African primate with black or brown fur.
Down1. A nut from the kola tree.3. A root vegetable that looks like a long potato.
Across2. A musical instrument similar to a guitar.4. A type of music of African origin developed in the U.S.5. An African primate with black or brown fur.
Down1. A nut from the kola tree.3. A root vegetable that looks like a long potato.
Across2. A musical instrument similar to a guitar.4. A type of music of African origin developed in the U.S.5. An African primate with black or brown fur.
Down1. A nut from the kola tree.3. A root vegetable that looks like a long potato.
Across2. A musical instrument similar to a guitar.4. A type of music of African origin developed in the U.S.5. An African primate with black or brown fur.
Down1. A nut from the kola tree.3. A root vegetable that looks like a long potato.
Across2. A musical instrument similar to a guitar.4. A type of music of African origin developed in the U.S.5. An African primate with black or brown fur.
Down1. A nut from the kola tree.3. A root vegetable that looks like a long potato.
Across2. A musical instrument similar to a guitar.4. A type of music of African origin developed in the U.S.5. An African primate with black or brown fur.
Down1. A nut from the kola tree.3. A root vegetable that looks like a long potato.
Across2. A musical instrument similar to a guitar.4. A type of music of African origin developed in the U.S.5. An African primate with black or brown fur.
Down1. A nut from the kola tree.3. A root vegetable that looks like a long potato.
Across2. A musical instrument similar to a guitar.4. A type of music of African origin developed in the U.S.5. An African primate with black or brown fur.
Down1. A nut from the kola tree.3. A root vegetable that looks like a long potato.
5 Complete the sentences with the words from Act. 4. ____ / 0.5 point
a. I love to listen to _______________________! My favorite singers are Nina Simone and Aretha Franklin.b. Does your uncle know how to play the _______________________?c. My grandpa makes a delicious soup with _______________________.d. The _______________________ has a lot of caffeine. It is used in ceremonies in African tribes.e. The _______________________ is a very intelligent animal.
6 Unscramble the letters to complete the sentences. ____ / 0.5 point
a. African ______________ (ULUCTER) is extremely varied, made of a mixture of unique tribes.b. Swahili is a ______________ (ELGGAANU) spoken in different African countries.c. Chinua Achebe is one of the most important authors in African ______________ (RILRUEETTA).d. The Barbier-Mueller Museum in Switzerland has an extensive collection of African ______________
(SKAMS).e. Drums are the basic instrument for most of the ______________ (SICMU) made in Africa.
7 Complete the sentences with the words from the box. ____ / 1 point
a. My aunt traced our family ______________ to tribes in Nigeria, back in the 1800s.b. “African ______________” is a term used to refer to the communities and populations of African
descendants outside the continent.c. My grandparents are very proud of their African ______________. They preserve it with their food,
religion and oral tradition.d. In Brazil, ______________ was abolished in 1888, by a law known as Lei Áurea.e. Many words in Portuguese, such as babá, caçamba and dengoso, have African ______________.
Grammar8 Match the columns to create phrasal verbs. ____ / 0.5 point
a. get ( ) outb. look ( ) upc. go ( ) apartd. speak ( ) throughe. fall ( ) forward to
ancestry • diaspora • heritage • origin • slavery
9 Check () the option that is closest in meaning to the phrasal verb underlined. ____ / 0.8 point
a. When I was a kid, I loved to make up stories with my cousins.( ) invent( ) experience
b. It’s so hot in here! Let me take off my jacket.( ) remove( ) break into pieces
c. It’s hard to bring up a kid in poor countries.( ) take care until he/she becomes an adult( ) be excited about the future
d. Please don’t throw away these bottles. I’ll use them.( ) put in the trash( ) leave
10 Replace each phrase in boldface with a phrasal verb that matches its meaning. Pay attention to verb forms. ____ / 1 point
a. My family and I are feeling happy and excited about our Christmas trip.__________________
b. Mike was so angry with Joanne that he asked her to leave. __________________c. If you have a better idea, please express it. __________________d. My sister’s cardboard house disintegrated after the rain. __________________e. African immigrants experience a difficult time when they arrive in Europe.
__________________
Listening11 Listen to
some information about Africa. Then match the sentence halves.____ / 1.1 points
a. There are more than fifty countries ( ) art, language and music in the Western world.
b. European countries controlled most of the continent ( ) from the 19th century until after World War II.
c. Spain and Portugal are two European countries ( ) that had colonies in Africa.d. After their independence, many African countries ( ) several products with distant countries.e. African countries have relations ( ) before the colonial period.
f. Africa has mines of many ( ) in Africa and on the islands off its coasts.g. The rivers in Africa represent ( ) essential minerals, such as gold and copper.h. There were great kingdoms in Africa ( ) major potential for hydroelectric power.i. African merchants traded in ( ) that has its origin in African music.j. The African culture has influenced ( ) with countries all over the world.k. Jazz is an example of a musical rhythm ( ) struggled with social problems.
Writing12 Write about
a black person you admire. ____ / 1 point
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