The Hoe

Inventors of the gardening were almost certainly women of the New Stone Age.

A stick with a truncated crotch makes a hoe

One Neolithic culture: Catal Huyuk in Anatolia, women are buried with hoes and men on the other hand are not.

Inca Hoe: Straight stick fastened to a curved one.

Maria Nunez

The Spade

Important cultivating tool for thousands of years in the New Guinea Highlands.

Spade was previously made out of wood and by the women, and now its made out of metal.

In Ayala’s calendar in Time/Life Book’s First Farmers volume, both sexes worked hard as cultivators among the Incas: women were very important both in the founding of Inca culture and in cultivation.

Maria Nunez

The Plough Is one of the two marks distinguishing agriculture from horticulture.

Women never credited for inventing the plough› Not strong enough

Women were trained for strength.

In the light soils ploughing was not the arduous task it was in the heavy soils, so early “stratch” ploughs did not have to turn the earth, but just scratch a shallow furrow for the seed.

Early wooden ploughs, found by archaeologists were not recognized› References to earliest- hoe-ploughs and ards are scarce

When historians say plough the generally mean the much later and heavier sod-turning ploughs- iron tipped, male-guided, animal-drawn. › “The first cultivating tool was a hoe pushed or pulled by a man or woman.

Later, two oxen were attached and the hoe became a plow.” (Britannica)

Athena and Minerva are credited for inventing the ploughMaria Nunez

Irrigation

Second defining characteristic of full-scale agriculture: reference is to large-scale or “scientific” irrigation› Small Scale irrigation did arose with horticulture wherever early crops

demanded a great deal of water. › Thus, women were the most likely the earliest irrigators.

Two types of irrigation: bringing plants to water, and bringing water to plants› Catal Huyuk in the 7th millenium BCE Bringing plants to water› Palestine, Jericho in 8000 BCE Bringing water to plants

Semi-mythical Semiramis created the first example of overhead irrigation, and inventing tunnels and causeways over morasses.

Malaysia, Dyak women created a system of irrigationMaria Nunez

Domestication & Selective Breeding of Plants

Women cultivated and improved basic food plants: wheat, barley, rice, millet, maize, yams, manioc, squashes, and taro.

During the Neolithic Revolution:› Womankind discovered suitable plants› Appropriate methods for cultivating› Created devise special implements for tilling the soil› Reaping and storing the crop = converting into food

6000 BCE Catal Huyuk had developed bread wheat from emmer wheat and a naked six-row barley from simpler two-row barley› Both of these were hybrids› Women recognized the hybrids at harvest time› So they saved the seeds for planting, gradually increasing them until they formed

the whole seed stock

Maria Nunez

Domestication cont… 150 plant species cultivated for food 30 provide almost

85% of our food by weight & 95% of cal and protein 75 % of human food energy only comes from: wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, sorghum, millet and rye = Domesticated in PreHistory

Women in South America a millennia ago› New Guinea and elsewhere, quinoa, the winged bean, and tarwi where

domesticated › Pre-Incan Peruvians discovered propagation by cutting because they

grew certain sterile squashes and melons impossible to propagate any other way.

Maria Nunez

Gender & Agriculture

Both men and women played a critical role in agriculture, producing, processing and providing the food we eat. › Rural women responsible for half of the world's food

production › Produce between 60 and 80 percent of the food in most

developing countries› Yet women are farmers are overlooked› Gender bias and gender blindness persist

Rural women are the main producers of the world's staple crops › Rice, wheat, and maize

Empowerment of women is key to raising levels of:› nutrition› improving the production› distribution of food and agricultural products› enhancing the living conditions of rural populations.

Maria Nunez

1ST CENTURY TO THE 16TH CENTURY

Nicole Lucas

Fried Chicken:

Aka- Fricassee which is not fried but

simmered in butter & served with creamy sauce.

Nicole Lucas

• Strawberries: • Goes back as far as

Romans and Greeks.

• In 1300’s, it was in cultivation with

Europe.• The plant was used

more for its ornamental flowers rather than food.

Nicole Lucas

FlanLobster

CrabShrimp

French toastTruffles

Nicole Lucas

Lemon (3rd Century):+Presumed it was first grew in

India and China.+ South Asia used lemons as an

antidote for various poisons.+The acidic flavors were

appreciated

Nicole Lucas

• Food historians believed it was used for Lent

• One belief of how pretzels were created was by

Snyder’s of Hanover in the early 600’s.

▫ A monk reminded his brothers of the meaning of Lent (time of

prayer)▫ Resembled the dough to be crossed arms (popular prayer

position during this time).

Nicole Lucas

Oldest record to be found was in a Chinese book written in the 5th Century.

The name “eggplant” was given because in the past the color of it was white and shaped like an egg.

Nicole Lucas

Kimchi: found in the Book of Si-Kyong (Chinese poetry book).

-In the Manchurian region of Korea, kimchi was used to preserve vitamins & minerals in vegetables for the

long, cold winters.

Nicole Lucas

Spinach: Found in Sasanian, Persia.Cultivated by Arab agronomists in the

Mediterranean climate (hot weather which spinach does not grow well in) with irrigation

techniques.

Nicole Lucas

Coffee (9th Century): Story: Kaldi, an Ethiopian goatherd noticed

his herd dancing from coffee shrub to another. Kaldi tried one himself and soon

frolicked like his herd.

Nicole Lucas

The griddle method of cooking is older than oven baking, and pancakes are an ancient

form. Served with pepper and honey

In Europe, it was made during Easter and Shrove Tuesday (Mardi Gras)

Nicole Lucas

The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first use of the word "pie" in 1303.

Assumed created by Arab cookingThe derivation of the word may be from

magpie, shortened to pie. Earlier pies were large with pastry tops

Nicole Lucas

The beginning of all sushi making was a method of pickling fish practiced first in

Southeast Asia. Mountain people of that region preserved

fish by packing it with rice.

Nicole Lucas

2 methods of preservation & rice cultivation.Nare-zushi: preserving large amounts of fish

at one time so it can be edible later in the year.

Namanare-sushi: small quantities used for festivals or feasts. It was a luxury food.

Nicole Lucas

Salsa: can be traced back to Ancient Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas.

Was used to reduce fevers & other problems.

Nicole Lucas

Originated in North America & the river valleys of Mexico.

Were favored since they were accessible to water ways & easier to shell than other nuts.

Was speculated to be used for “Powcohicora” (an intoxicating drink).

Nicole Lucas

Native to Portugal and BrazilWas introduced to India for soil retainer

purposes to stop erosions on the coasts.Soon swept within the islands and Africa

Also used to help relieve pain.

Nicole Lucas

In earlier times, it was used to churn into butter or cheeses.

The skim fat was discarded and inferior which only the poor consumed.

Nicole Lucas

Teriyaki chicken

Sweet potatoes

Potato salad

Vanilla

Nicole Lucas

producing, processing and providing the food we eat

Rural women are › responsible for 50% of

the world's food production

› produce 60 – 80% of the food in most developing countries

› women farmers overlooked

Jennifer Chen

main producers of world’s staple crop› rice› wheat› maize

= 90% rural poor’s food intake

sow, weed, apply fertilizer & pesticides, harvest & thresh crops

Jennifer Chen

greater contribution to secondary crops› legumes› vegetables› usually grown in

home gardens› provide essential

nutrients› often only food

available if main harvest fail

Jennifer Chen

feed & milk larger animals raise poultry & small

animals › sheep› goats› rabbits› guinea pigs

when harvest is in provide most of the labor for post-harvest activities› storage› handling› stocking› processing› marketing

Jennifer Chen

men search for paid jobs rising mortality due to HIV/AIDs more women are head of households in

developing world

Jennifer Chen

farmers generally perceived as “male” by policy-makers, development planners & agricultural service deliverers

women find it difficult to gain access to valuable resources such as › land› credit› agricultural inputs› technology› training & services to enhance production

capacityJennifer Chen

women’s contribution to agriculture poorly understood

development planning needs ignored

Jennifer Chen

By: Aileen Tang

Lizzie DickelmanCatherine L. GreeneAnn Harned ManningHarriet StrongMagdalena Villaruz

Aileen Tang

Received several patents after WWI1917-Metal building plate1917-Grain storage construction 1920-Ventilated storage warehouse design1926-Heated brooder house

Aileen Tang

Aileen Tang

Born in 1775Married General Nathanial Greene who became an

aide to General George WashingtonSignificant contributor to the invention of the cotton

gin Eli Whitney was her children’s tutorWidely believed that she gave drawings of the cotton

gin concept to Eli WhitneySome say she only suggested the use of metal rollersShe financed and marketed the cotton ginWhitney have said that Catharine have helped her

invent the cotton gin

Aileen Tang

Credited for: mower, reaper, clover cleanerWilliam Manning received patentAfter William’s death, credit for the

inventions were stolen

Aileen Tang

Born in 1844Engineer and entrepreneurBelieved in water conservationHad five different patents.Had patented many different types of dams

and water storage systemsProposed a counter plan for food storageFought for women’s rights and water

conservation

Aileen Tang

Aileen Tang

Farmer in the PhilippinesInvented turtle power tillerIn 1993, a pair of stamps was issued for the

50th anniversary of Philippines’ inventors’ association.

Was awarded with country’s highest recognition in 1995

Aileen Tang

Food Politics

Political aspects of the production, control, regulation, inspection and distribution of food.

Politics can be affected by Ethical Cultural Medical Environmental disputes concerning proper farming, agricultural and retailing

methods and regulations.

Policy Government policy plays a role in production, safety, and distribution of food Food poisoning or other forms of outbreaks call for the government to regulate

the proper storage and preparation of foods. Like the FDA regulates the safety of food

Technology The use of technology advancement to enhance production of food has become a

controversial issue. Factory Farming: Raising farm animals in a confinement at high

stocking density, like a factory Genetically Modified Food: Foods derived from genetically modified

organisms (changes in their DNA by genetic engineering) ex: omega 3 fatty acids in pigs

Maria Nunez

Food Politics Cont…

Security Food security is an important political issue as national leaders attempt

to maintain control of sufficient food supplies for their nation. It can drive national policy, encourage the use of subsidies to stimulate

farming, or even lead to conflict. Ex: Denial of food can be used as a weapon in war, like it was used in WWI.

1974 World Food Summit Defined food security as, “availability at all times of adequate world

food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices.”

Maria Nunez

•In many countries, the charitable giving of food exists.

•Purpose: To give help to the disadvantage.

•Some government programs help with food donations for schools and

the elderly.•EX: National School Lunch Act

Nicole Lucas

Starvation and malnutrition is a persistent problem around the world.

Low agricultural output can cause famine conditions.

The images of starvation gets a huge influence which leads to charitable

intervention.

Nicole Lucas

Buying power of supermarkets pushes producers to have products at lower prices.

Supermarkets get a large profitBuying power allows supermarkets to sell to

different boundariesLeads to more distribution costs which leads to

pollution and traffic.

Nicole Lucas