THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Scientific Revolution- AKA- “The Age of Reason”

Sci. Rev. = new way of examining the world logically

Began in 1600s. Height = mid-1700’s Paved way for Enlightenment.

Geocentric Theory

Earth is the center of the universe Idea came from Aristotle – Greek

Philosopher Ptolemy – Greek Astronomer expanded

the theory Christianity

Scientific Revolution

A new way of thinking about the natural world based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.

Heliocentric Theory The sun is the center of the universe Polish cleric Nicolaus Copernicus

Tycho Brahe – recorded

movements of the planets

for years, lots of

data and observations

His assistant, Johannes

Kepler continued his work, great mathematician

Galileo Galilei

Italian scientist & new theories about astronomy

Telescope Starry Messenger – astronomy

observationsJupiter had 4 moonsSun had dark spotsEarth’s moon is rough & unevenLaws of MotionsSupported Copernicus & shattered Aristotle

Conflicts with the Church

Galileo’s findings scared Catholics & Protestants

Went against church teachings & authority

Start questioning the church…. Galileo confessed agreeing with

Copernicus, almost tortured, retraced his statement, and then was on house arrest for the rest of his life.

The Scientific Method

Thanks to Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo

Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideasProblem or Question, from observationHypothesisExperimentAnalyze DataTheory

Francis Bacon

English statesman and writer, had a passionate interest in science

Attacked medieval scholars for relying on Aristotle

Urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions

EMIPIRICISM

Rene Descartes

Developed analytical geometry

Rejected old assumptions and teachings Relied on mathematics and logic

“I think, therefore I am”

Newton Explains the Law of Gravity Isaac Newton – English scientist Single theory of motion By 26, knew that all physical objects were

affected equally by the same forces Same force ruled motion of the planets

and all matter on earth and in space Law of Universal Gravitation

The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them

Scientific Instruments

Zacharias JanssenDutch maker of eyeglassesFirst microscope

* Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings and examined red blood cells for the first time

Scientific Instruments

Evangelista Torricelli (1643)Galileo’s studentFirst mercury barometer, a tool for

measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather

• Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass in 1714

• Anders Celsius created another scale for the mercury thermometer in 1742

Medicine and the Human Body

Middle Ages – accepted the writings of Greek physician named Galen as fact

Compared humans to pigs – same anatomy?

Andreas Vesalius – proved Galen wrong First to dissect human corpses and publish

observations

Edward Jenner – created vaccine to prevent small pox

Discoveries in Chemistry

Robert Boyle – used scientific method in chemistry

Modern founder of chemistry, challenged Aristotle

Boyle’s Law – explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect one another.

16) _____ believed that mathematical laws cause planets to move in elliptical orbits around the sun.

17) _____ was the first European to create the heliocentric theory.

18) _____ believed that all humans are naturally wicked and give government the power to control them by entering into a social contract.

19) _____ found scientific evidence with his telescope (moons of Jupiter, etc.) to prove that the heliocentric theory was correct.

20) _____ argued that the purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of people. If government fails to protect these natural rights, citizens have the right to over throw it.

21) ________ invented the scientific method.

22) _____ developed the theory of gravity based upon his own observations and then created the mathematics to describe it – calculus.

All names will be used!

A. Copernicus

B. Galileo Galilei

C. Johannes Kepler

D. Rene Descartes

E. Thomas Hobbes

F. John Locke

G. Francis Bacon

H. Isaac Newton