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356
APPEN'JIX-I
List of the Local LEi,aders Unqer Stu_d_y,
I. Coimbato~~~unicigality
1. Mr. K. Ranganadhan
2. Mr. H. Pandurangam
3. lvlr. ~ l-laj u Vo
4. . , mr. M • Arumugam
5. Mr. A. Kuppuswamy
6. Mr. M. Chinnappan
7. Iv1r. M. Mani
8. Mr. M. I. I. Shanmuga Sundaram
9. Mr. s. Ramaswamy
10. Miss Ganga Nair
11. Mr. Kerala Sundaram
12. Mr. K.R. Venkatachal am
13. Mr. K.V. Ramamurthi
14. Mrs. D. Kamal am
15. Mr. K. Ramasamy
16. Mr. N. Sundaram
17. Mr. s. Jayaraj
18. Mr. M. Raju
19. Mr. A. Sundaram
20. Mrs. P. Meenakshi
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2!. Mr. v. Krishnamurthi
22. Mr. N.S. Baba
23. Mr. R. Rajagopal
24. Mr. M.S. Abdul Jaffar
25. Ivlr. s. ;·~. Aarumugam Pillai
26. Nlr. s. Sankaran
27. Mr. D. Rangaiyan
28. Iilr • r~1. n. Ramasamy Gowder
29. Mr. A.A. Sukkoor
30. Mr. A. Ashagirisami Naidu
31. l{II'. c.s. Shanmugam
32. lv\r. c. Jeganadhan
33. Mr. C.P. Nagaraj an
34. lv1r. Krishnasamy Naidu
35. Mr. c.s. Thangavelu
36. Mr. c. Ramasamy
37. Mr. C.K. Natarajan
38. Mr. P. Palusamy
39. Mr. C.K. Kannaiyan
40. Mr. C.rt. Muthuswamy
II. Usitam~atti Panchayat
1. Mr. P.V. Karutha Kanna Thevanar
2. Mr. M. Sivankalai
3. Mr. Periya Karuppa Thevanar
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4. Mr. K • ~'-l • Karutha Thurai
5. Mrs. R. Ochammal
6. r·ir. A. Adaikalam
7. lvlr. Andi Thevar
8. Mr. s. Vadivel
9; Mr. H.M. Abdul Azeez
10. Ivlr. A. Natarajan
11. Mr. A. Panneer Selvam
12. Mr. K. Punniya Murthi
13. Mr. P.V. Veerana Thevar
14. Mr. A.M. Raju Thevar
15. Mr. R. Raman
16. Mr. C.i\,1. Sivatheeveeran
III. tv1uvat t_upuzha Iv1uni cipali t~
1 • Iv'lr • K. J . tv1a t h ews
2. Mr. T.S. Ramakrishnan
3. Mr. H. Hameedu Kunju
4. Mrs. K.C. Ammini
5. Mr. P.V. Sayed Muhammed
6. Mr. A.K. Sreedharan
7. Mr. T.K. Balakrishnan Nair
8. Mr. K.R. Sadasivan Nair
9. Mr. O.A. Lakshmanan
10. lvlr. P.3. Sekharan Nair
• 359 11. Mr. M.P. Cheriyan
12. Mr. V.P. Kesavan Nair
13. Mr. P.S. Hassan Rawther
14. Mr. P.N. Harihara Soodan Nair
15. Mr. l·~l. K • Ibrahim
16. Mr. P.K. Bhaskaran
IV. Al\fi?Ye M4.fli<;ip~
1. Mr. P.V. Antony
2. Ivir. P.n.. Aiyappan
3. Mr. K.G. H.avindran Pillai
4. Ivir. J.T. Kayanathu
5. ,. J',lr. P. Seyd Muhammed
6. lVtr s • Ann am Kurien
7. I·ilr. P.O.P. I~air
8. !vir. p .1(. Ramachandran Nair
9. Mr. Thomas Xavier
10. Mr. c.v. Nanoo
11. Mr. l{.V. Bhaskaran
12. lltr. 0. p. Peter
13. Mr. P.A. Pailey
14. Mr. U.J. Thariyan
15. Mr. N. Kamath
16. Mr. T.S. Alikunju
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17. Mr. P.R. Pillai
18. Mr. Jose Manavalan
19. Mr. A.K. Thomas
20. Iv1r. M.A. Ibrahim Kutty
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APPENDIX-II
Cateqories Used for CTqanising Socio-Economic Data (Chapter Four)
1. Party Affiliation
2. Occupational Pattern
3. Income
4. Level of Education
5. Sex
6. Age
7. Family
8. Religion
9. Caste
10. Ivledi a Expo sure
11. Travels
12. Political Recruitment
13. Political Experience
14. Offices Held
15. Major Political Involvements
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APPENDIX-III
Tool-Questions Used for Probing the Imajle of Nation-Building (Chapter Five)
A. Goal Perception
I. Questions Eliciting "Yes" or "No'' Answers
1. Are you aware of the problems of casteism?
2. Do you feel that local industries have a significant place in the development of the nation?
3. Do you agree with the idea that the present pattern of land-ownership is unjust and therefore a redistribution of land is necessary?
4. Do you feel that removal of wide disparities in income is necessary for the success of the Communi~y Development Schemes?
5. Do you feel fuat the linguistic re-organisation of State was a correct step?
II. Open_- Ended Qu~s.t.i.ons, elici tin.g, personal comments
1. \·Jhat do you consider as the most challenging problems of our country today?
2. ~Jhat do you understand by nation-building?
3. dhat, in your opinion, are the major obstacles of national integration?
4. •Jhat are your su::3gestions for solving industrial unrest?
5. ·,~hat are your suggestions for solving the language problem?
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B. Id~loqical Strategy (Only Questions Eliciting "Yes" or "No 11 Answers)
1. Is "0evelopment" to be measured by "per capita income" alone?
2. Do you consider economic equality as an ingredient of ''development"?
3. Do you believe that a capitalist economy will be helpful in removing India's poverty?
4. Do you agree '.Ji th the idea that profit motive as a principle of national economy will only increase mass poverty?
5. Do you agree v1i th the idea that only moneyed people can win elections?
C. Role Perception (Only Questions Eliciting "Yes" or "i-Jo" Ans•.vers)
1. Do you feel that you are an influential oerson in this place?
2. Do you believe that your leadership has any importance beyond this locality?
3. In becoming a local leader, had your party been helpful to you?
4. Do you believe that your party is better and more desirable than all other parties?
5. Do you aim at becoming a national leader some time?
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.Appendix - I.V
I.ndex to the Leaders o:f the Nationalist: Movement and Regio-
1 •
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na.J.ist Politica. in TamiJ. Nadu
Aditan, S.B. DMK J.eader; attained prominence in the choice o:f a Chief !wlinister after Anna.durai' s death; aJ.ong with E.V.Rama.swami Naioker, M.G.Ramaohandran. Sivaji Ga.nesan and G.D. Nai.~ oam;paigned for the seJ.ection o:f Karunanidhi; on becoming Chief Minister Ka.runanidhi appointed S .B. Aditan a minister, aJ.ong with P.u. Shanmugam, K.V. Subbiah and O.J?. Raman.
Aiya.r, v.v.s. A Ta.miJ. extremist who, foJ.~owing the aesaeination o:f R.W. Ashe (Sub-GCJ.J.ector) at: Tuticorin in 1910, went underground into exiJ.e into Pondicherry, e.J.ong with Subramania Bharati; ~ater he started the Shermadevi Gurukul.a.m, a nationalist schooJ. in TiruneJ.veJ.i district.
Al.agesan, 0 • V. A Congress J.ee.der; a member o:f Centra.J. Ce.binet (for PetroJ.eum) in 1965 during the anti-Hindi riots in Ta.miJ. Nadu; advocated a constitutiona.J. amendment, or J.egisJ.a.tion, incorporating Nehru's assurance on the continuance of EngJ.iSh as J.ong el3 the non-Hindi pe op J.e wanted it.
Ana.nthanaya..gi, T • A Congress J.eader; in the 1971 EJ.ections contested fran the MyJ.apore constitutency end defeated th$ DMK candidate, M.P. Sivagnana.m
Anbazhage.n, X: A Tamil. schoJ.a.r; ex.._profess or, and powerful. Speaker; A prominent D.M.:h.J.eader, who was once a member of the DMX: (Genera.J. OounciJ.) a.J.ong with such personalities as O.N. Annadurai, E.V .K. Sampath, V .R. Nedunchezh:iyan, Mathiazhaga.n, Satye.vani Muthu, Asaithambi, T.K.PonnuveJ.u, Era Sezhiye.n, ~ llnge.m, Madurai muthu, and M.G. Ramachandran.
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s.
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12.
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Annadurai, C. N. A skillfu~ agitator, propagandist, organiser and a much respected ~eader of Tami~ Nadu po~itics since 1938, ti~~ his death in 1969; founder of the Drav:i.da I-1unnetra. Xazhe.ga.m in 1949; Chief Minister of the first DMK ministry s:ince 1967 ti~J. death in 1 969 •
.Annadura.i , Rani Wife of C.N. Anna.dura.i. When H.G.Ra.machandran, an intimate associate of Annadurai, founded the Anna DMK in 1 972, Ra.ni Annadurai and the Annadurai fami~ supported I-i.G. Ramachandran.
Annamal.i Pi~~ai, N A J.oc~ J.eeder of J.ow-caste origin from Thiruvanna ma..~ai in north Arcot; after the col.J.e.pse of the non-cooperation movement in 1922, amd as the Rajaji Group and *' Ra.ma.swa.mi Naicker started conso~idating thai r own we.:y, Anne.mal.ad. P i~~a.i, Kame.raj Na.dar and e. few others formed a third distinctive group in Tami~ Nadu ne.tiona~ist movement.
Ara.su , C .P • A Tamil. journalist and DMK l.ee.der. In the 1961 J.eadership crisis of the DMK, supported E.V .x. Sampe.th, al.ong with Aee.i thambi, T • K.Sri.niva.san, Anbashga:n, I~thiazhaga.n and T.X.Ponnve~u.
Arund.a.£. George Organising Secretary of the Home Rul.e Lee.gue(1916), also assistant Editor of .Annie Besant•s New India.
.Aaai the.mbi A DMX ~eader; nephew of Kama.raj and a support a r of E.V .x. Sa.mpath i.n the confl.icts of 1961, over the issue o£ s·ecession.
Ba~e.d.anda.yutha.m, K He.i~ing fran Coimbe.tore district, he emerged as an intel.~ectua.~ from Annema.la.i University; entered p.oll tics. as a member of the Forward B~ock of Subhas Chandra Bose and wa.s a oon arrested and ja.i~d; whi~e in pris on became a communist.
Bhaktavatsa.~, H A Congress ~eader of Ta.mi~ Nadu; a minister for thirty years; Chief l·linister e.t the time of the 1965 anti-Hindi riots; a member of the Tonda.imondal.a Vell~a i"Iud~ie.rs, he is re~ated to the Dl·lK J.eaders Nedunchezhiye.n and Anbazh.a.gan.
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Bharati, Subramania, 0 A nationalist and revolutionary poet of Tamil Nadu• an exiJ.e al.ong with V .v .S.Iyer after the , . the assasi:nation of R.W.Ashe at Tuticor.LnJ he was one of the prominent extremists in Tamil Nadu during 1905-1911.
Bobbili, Raja of A Justice Party leader, who replaced I•luniswami Na.id u as Chief Minister in 1 93 2.
16. Chettiya.r, Raja Sir Ivluthain A prominent non-Brahmin leader and a. wealthy busines·sma.n; a leader of the Justice party, who later joined the Congres.s party.
17. Chinta.n, V .c • Hailing from Kera.la., emerged as a veteran trade unionist o:t l.J!a.dras, in the 1 9501 s, a. member of the executive committee of the Communist P·arty of Tamil Na.du.
18 • Dasan, Bha.ra. t i A Tamil poet of high reputation who was one of the oJ.dest writers to support the Dra.vida Novement; a stat.ue of his was placed on the beach road in Madras on the occga:i.on of the second Inte:rnationaJ. Tamil Conference in 1 968.
19 • Dharma1ingem, An.biJ. One of the f:i.~t two Dr.1X men to be elected to the Parliament, the other being E.V .X.Sampath.
20 • Duraiswami, "Thond.ar" An associate of Xa.maraj during the freedom struggle; hailing from a. poor family in Sivakasi, he earned the name of "Thonda.r" through his selfl.ess and dedicated service of the people; later a. communist; regarded as the "Vinoba Bhave of the Communist Party" for his puritanical habits.
21. Ganesa.n, Sh:i.vaj:i An actor, who became famous through his participat :ion in D!YIX pl.e.ys and films, beginning with the fiJ.m Parasakti litbich waJ6 written by N.Xa.ru.nanidhi as a p;ropa.gand.~ picture of the Party ( 1952) J in the success/f"s:truggle after Annad.urai' s death in 1969, supported M. Karuna.nidh:i., a.ga.inst_Nedunchezhiyan.
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26.
27.
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29.
30.
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Hakk:im, Abdu~ . ( 19ox6) Founder of the I1uallm ::ProgressJ.ve :Party .., al.ong with Abdul. Lateett Farouki.
Ha.nde, H. V. . . A ~eader of the Swail:&ntra ::P a:rtty who J OJ. ned the Anna DMK in 1973; the first 131rahmin pol.i tician who emerged s13 a key l.ead.er of the Dravidian movement •
Hasan, Ye.kub A co-founder of the :f.iadras branch of the 1-lusl.im :League and one of the architects of the Lucknow Pact of 1916; born in Nagpur and married to a ~rkiah woman, he strongl.y p.l.eaded for communal. demands and soon got around a l.arge fo~~owing during the Kh:il.afat movement.
Iama.il., l-!obAmmed A l.eader of the :r.1us J.im League; p,res ided over the Madras conference of the League in September, 1960
Iyer, V. Kria:hnaswam:i A Congress ~eader of the Moderate faction in Madras, passed away in 1 9H1-
J anarthana.m, T • R. Student Je ader; the l.eader of the Anti-Hindi Agitation Counci~ (1968), a DMK sympathi.ser and protegee of Karuna.nidh:i.., f•rceed to resign in the context of the Anti-Hindi and Pro-Aecession agitation of 19 67-1 968.
Jaya.ke.ntha.n, D A journa.l.ist and liberal. communist; winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award for tre best book pub~ished in Tami~ in 1971.
J eeva.nandam, P Once a Ga.ndhian, running a Gurukul.a.m, and then a key figure of the Sel.f-Resp~t move;ent; but l.ater bec~e antagonistic towards the Justice Party, which he vowed to eradicate fran Tamil. Nadu 1 am.d final.l.7 became renowned a.s a powerfu~ pub~cist of the Communist Party.
Ka.kka.n, P A l.ea.der of the non-Brahmin (Adi-Dra.vida) Commuhist• a minister m the CongJ:•ess cabinet of Bhaktavatsa~; whi~e in office, promoted the we~fa.re of the Ha.rijans by putting Harija~ in high pl.aces.
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Ke.~ya.nasundaran · 19-x9• A Trade Union ~eader; became a Comm~st J ,
became President o£ the South Indian Ra.i~way Labour Union in 1946; a victim of' pol.ice repressions in 1948; l.ater Secretary of' the State Unit of the CPI in Tamil. Naau.
Ka :ta nas und. a.rarf!Jll V ( Thiru V • Ka. • ) 3 2 • {aprominent Oo~gress l.ea.der a:r:d a. l.iterary man o£
distinctions·; in 1917, l.aunched the paper Desabhakta.n, which attracted some of the e.b~est ~amil. writers o£ the day.
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Kannada.S en A poet and cinema. song writer; from 1945, an ardent admirer o£ Annadurai and an active agent. in the Sel.f-Raspect movement, but l.ater got di~l.usioned with the DI•H{ l.ee.ders; a.B a journallst and editor o£ a Tamil journal., ThenraJ. he supported E • V • K.Sa.mpa.th during 'tthe 1961 ~ aders b.ip crisis; a.S a. Congress spokesman, strongly campaigned against Annadura.i in the 1962 el.ectiobs; in 1968, organised a si~ent procession of' 50,000 to protest aga.:i.:z:*tt~ the JPOl.i.ce l.athi-charge upon the Congress demonstrater in I•!adras •
Xe.nna.n, R. K. A lvlarxi.st intel.l.ectua.J. :from Anna.me.J.a.i University; a member of the Provincial. Communist Party in 1947; an editor o£ Jana.sakt.i; transl.ated several. Mar.xist works into Tamil.; J.a.t er settl.ed in Mo.s cow, working as a transl.ater. (he is the brother o£ R. K. Pandurangam) •
Ka.runttnidhi, Ivi A powe rf'ul. writer, ore.tor as 'lrfel.l. as one of' the shrewdest DMK l.eaders:; Chief Hinltster of Tamil. Nadu after Annadurai1 s death, til.l. his ministry was dismissed by the.President in 19 76, on c~rges o£ corruption.
Kasturi Range. Iyengar, s. One o:f the moe t prominent extremists of the "Egmore cl.ique" (1894)~ in 1905, gave up ~egal. profession to edit the Hindu newspaper and made it the foremost natione.l.ist d~ly in Madras; presidency; pl.a.yed. a l.eading rol.e in the ne.tiona.l.ist movement in the years following ; in 1 915 presided over the protest meeting in lJ!a.dra.s against tle Rowl.at Act; apposed non-cooperation in 1920; :favoured eventual. return to Councils in 1923.
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Krishnan Nair, M A Justicite from Mal.aba.r; one of the few Justice ~ea.ders to ·dissociate fran the Coimbatore resoJ.utions and to express a wiJ.J.ingness to work with the Simon Commission; appointed Le.w Member in the il!dUI Subba.rayaJft.. Ministe"'tf( in 1 928.
Kr ishna.swami, K Brother of Ms.thiazha.gan; during the leadership crisis of 1968, he argued in favour of e. coJ.J.ective ~ea.dersbip, after Annadure.i • s time, of Nedunchemh:i.yan, Anba.zhage.n, Satyava.ni Mut hu. Karunani.dM and Ma.thia.zhaga.n.
Kuma.rama.ngaJ.aiR, Mohan A son of P. SubDa.reyan, who was a. Ze.mindar who had he~d o,£fice ,_ a Minister in the Madras Presidency under dyarcJ::w-; brought up virtually as an English b03'"; during his )l.igher studies in. Eng~d, became anti-imp..erial:isat; and then a fUll Communist, took up P'a.rt:y work in India; one of the editors of Peop~es• War (PeopJ.es' .Age); l.ater joined the Congrese party under Indira Gandhi.
Kumaraswami Baja, P .s. A J.e ading figure in t~ Te~ugu speaking Raja community in BajePel.ayam; in 1930, Pres :ilient of the Ramnad District Congress Committee with Kamara~ Nadar and K.S. Muthuswami e.a his lleutenen ts.
Madhavan, K DMK ~eader; ~bour minister in cabinet.
Mani, K.v.s. A ~eader of the RepubJ.ican Party; a strong opponent of the DMK policies, especia~J.y for their neg~ecrt; of the untouchability prob~em.
Ma.nikaveJ.u, l•I.A • .A. fo:rmer ~ader of the Commonwea~ Party; in 1952 Rajagopa~chari took him into his Cabinet.
I-Ien.:iamma~
E.V.Ramaswa.mi Naicker's controversie.J. wife, fort~ odd years younger to him (at the time of the marriage E.V .R. was 71, and Ma.niammaJ. 29'); it was over this marriage issue, as a vioJ.e.t ion of the DK campaign for the abolition of uneque.J. marriages, that Annadurai and other!J.eft the DK and foxmed the DMK in 1949.
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Manoharan, X A-mnr ~eader and an associate of M.G. Ramachandran; Finance Minister in the M.G. Ramachandran ministry of 1977.
I'1araima.hiyan, A An author with DMX sympathies; became famous for his biography of Annadurs.i (Perariar Annavin Pervazhvu, MadrasJ Vanatby, 1967)
l'Iaran, Muras o~i Ke.runanidhi 1 s nephew and. pub~isher of Muras o~i, the paper which Ka.runanidhi himse~f started to buiM a fo~~owing for himse~f;: a ~ater theore"'!l ticia.n of the State Autonomy doctrine.
Ma.tlda.zhagan, K One of the top' ~eaders of the DMX in its kq hey day; a supporter of E.V.K. Sanp•th in the ~eadership erie iS of 1961 ; food minister in the Annadurai cabinet of 1967; beceme famous for his concern for r•aring food prices; 1ater a riva~ ef Karuna.nidbi; on being purged from the Karunanidhi ministry, he became speaker of tl::e Tami~ N'adu Legis~tive Assembly; when M.G.Ramachandran formed •he Anna-DMX, he joined the new party.
Mudal.:tar, Dr., A.L. Former Vice-Ch.a.nce~~or of Madras University; an advocate of Eng~ish medium in Co~~eges; Chairman of the five-member panne~ appointed by Xa.rune.nidhi in 1 970 on medium of instzu ction; a~o a member of the three-member Rajama.nnar Committee o:a Centre-State re~tions and State autonomy.
50. Mud~iyar, Arogyaswa.mi, R.N. A non-Brahmin ~eader of the na.tiona1.ist moveme~ in the cabinet of P. Subbare.ya.n of 19 26 in Madras.
51. Mudallyar, c. Natesa One of the founders of the Dra.vidd.an association, 1915; a moderate conservative who turned radical. by #oining E.v.R. Re.maswani Naicker in the 1939 campaign for a separate Dravida Nadu.
52. Muniswa.mi, Naidu, B A Justice Party ~eader ( 1929); Fo~~owing the Provincia~ e~ection of 1930, Qhief I•Iinister tll~ November, 1932, when he was rep~aoed by the Raja of BobbiU:.
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371
Munuswam.i, V DMK Myor of Madras at the time of the EVK episode of 1961 ; a supporter of Samp•th for sometime.
Murtuza Sa.hi b, Syed. . A maulvi from a long-established 1and hold~ng family of Tri chinappally; an imp orta:b.t figure in the Xhilafat Committee (1920-1921) at Trichinappelly; 1a.ter joined the Swarajya party in 1922.
Muthi.ah lvludal.iyar, S A ve11a1ar leader of the Swarajya party (1923); leader of faction fights againt the Subbarayan ministry ( 1926); later Second minister in the cabinet of Subbarayan (1928); leader of the newly fo:r:med Feop1e 1 s :Party formed in 1936.
Muthu, l-i Ka.runa.nidhi 1 s son, whom Ka.runanidhi s-ought to el.evate a.s a. film star, in an attempt to minimize the popu1a.rity of r.I.G. Ramachandran.
Muthu, Madurai. A powerful DMK leader of Madure.i district and a:ne of the lieutenants of K.aruna.nidhi; organizor of the Tami1 Se.na. in response to the Siva Sena. of Maha.rastra , in 1968.
Muthu, Dr. Satyavani One of the ve'ber§_ns of the Self'-Respect moveme:d: and the Dravida Kazhagam and a founder-member of the DI-iK)publlc d~agreements with the DMK leadership in 1974J while atill being a member of the lra.runanidhi cabinet; Karu.na.nidhi retaliated by dismissing her from the cabinet; immediately 10 MLis, 2 MLCs:, and an MP resigned from the DMX in support of Dr. Satyavani 1-Iutbu, and leading to a second s:pllt in the DMK
Muthuranga Mada1iyar A Congress 1eader known for his involvement in the Swa.deshi propaganda in Madras (1930); he had become the TNCC Fresident following the resignation of Srini. vasa Iyengar in 19 29 •
Nuthuswami Iyer, T. The first south Indian Judge of the Madras High Court, appointed 1878, leading to the indignation of the local European Community.
61. Muthuswami, x:.s. An •associate of Kamaraj Nadar, end a key figure in involving the Nadars of Virudu Nagar into the Civil disobedience movement in the late 1920's.
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Nadar, K. Xamaraj A staunch nati onallst: and a national. J.eader of the undivided congress; l.eader of the Oongress(O) after tl1e spl.it; much respected for his integrity, by all irrespective of party differences·; characterised by E.V. Ramaswami Naicker as a True Tamil.ian to become the Chief Ivlinister of the State in 1 954.
Na.idu, G.D. A Ooimbatore industrialist, educator and inventor, who campaigned for Karunanidhi in the l.eadersh ip tuzzl.e after Anne.durai 1 s death in 1969
Nair, Dr. T.I-1. A pr~erous l.awyer and one of the most res:pected figurea: in pubJ.ic J.ife in the I<Iadras Presidency during the formative years of the non-Dravide.n movement; a principal. J.eader Of 1he non-Brahmin movement in the earzy phases; in 1915, it was he, e.l.ong with Dr. C. Na.tesa l'rluda.l.iar and the Raja of P~gal. who formed the Dravidian .Association for forming a Dravidian State, and in 1 917 set up the South Indian LiberaJ. Federation, which 1ater »• came to be known as the Justice Party.
Ne.ras imha Ra ju, C. V. S. A Tel.ugu Ze.mindar of moderate views who had been an Ivl:LO under the :f.'lorJ.ey-Ninto Constitution; l.eader of the United Nationalist Party formed in 1924; l.ead.er of the Congress Party in the Je gieJ.ature in 1926.
Narayan, Vel.ur A young l.awyer, free from ft}ction-fights, :a... ~~-lilt whom Anna.dure:L sel.ected to be the Mayor in the el.ections of 1968 in Madras; e.:f'ter winning the el.ection, he drew up a master pl.e.n :f'or cJ.ee.ning up the city of Had:re.s and thus became known for his efficiency.
Nate.re.je.n, N. V. One of the top leaders of the undivided DHKJ a supporter of E.V .K. Sampath in the leadership crisis of jja4B: 1961.
Natesan, G.A. Editor Of the monthly journaJ., Indian Review, who gave propaganda in :Madras to Gandhi. 1 s work in South Africa; a moderate and an associate. o:f' Annie :Besant in the Home-RuJ.e movement (1919); a~d opponent of Civil. dis obedience movement.
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Na -tham1 ':c. V. A 1eader of the Jus-tice ~ar-ty who recrui-ted Ann.adurai, whi1e s-ti11 a student, into the Just ice Party.
Nedunche~~yan, V.R. Next ,. Annadurai, the mos-t respected 1eader~ of the D:r.'IX; a key figure in organising the Party and training party cadres through camps; se1ected Genera.1 Secretary of the DMX in 1956, replacing .Annadurai; lost to Karune.nidhi in the succession tuzz1e after Annadurai's death; Gener~ Secretary of the DMX at the time of suspending f.1.G.Rs.machandran in 1972; in 1977 founded the Makka1 DMXParty, with the support of X. Rajaram and s. Madavan.
Padayachi, s. Ramaswami Leader of the Tami1 Nadu ~oilers Party; a minister under Ka.mara. j.
72. Panaga1, Raja of Origina1l.y, P. Rame.S"eyaninger who became Raja %8 of ~ onga~ in 1 922; founder of the Dra.vid ian Association, 1915, a1ong with c. Natesa Mudaliyar and Dr. T.l'·1. Nair; later on important Justice Farty 1eader ti11 his death in 1928; remembered for his good administration.
73• ~andura.ngsm, R.X. Trade Unionist and a lwlarxist inteJ.1ectua1; trade union work in l\tettur aid Coi::nbatore; imp·risoned in 1948; released in 1950; in the editoria1 group of Janaakti; Vice-chairman of Coimbatore Municipa1 Council, 1970-75.
7 4• Panniree lvam, A.~. A Justice Party leader and a leader of the faction politit!s in Tanjore ( 1 939) elected ~resident of the Tanjore District Board (in 1930), at the teeth o.f opposition from another faction headed by P.s. Rajan.
75• Pasha, Isme.t: Marxist editor of Samaran (the Warrior), fighting the mena~ce of "DMK Fascism"; Se;mara,n served as an ideo1ogi'oa1 weapon for rank and fi1e workers: of the Communist Party.
76. Pi11ai, Chidambaran, v.o. A VellaJ.ar J.awyer in Tutucorrin; An active parti• c:ipant in the nationalist movement in Madras· during the earl¥ phase, ti11 his transporlation in 1908; in 1 906, he formed the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company to break BritiElh monopoly in navigation; he aid his associate subramania Siva
78.
79·
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were arrested and sentenced to l.ong term imprisonment for having organised a strike in a British
0 wned textil.e mi11. in 1908.
P illai, P • Kesa.ve. • • President of the ~~draa Presidency Aasoc1at1on establ.ished in 1917 by the non-Brahmin Congress supporters to protel!t non-Brahmin interests; an advocate of communal. representation in 1920.
P onnuvel.u, T .K. Leader of the Dravide. I;lanavar I>'Iunnetra Ke.zhagam, who bitterl.y opposed the pol.iQY of l.imiting students' political. activity (1958); supported E.V.K. Sampath in 1961.
Prakasham, T • Congress Chief Minister of Madras in 1946, til.l. he was· rep l.aced by 0 .P. Reddiar in 1 94 7, who was again repl.aced by P.S. Xumaraswami Raja in 1949.
80. Badha, H.R. An actor and an adherent of the Dravide. Kazhe.ge.m who al.l.egadl.y shot at his rivaJ. Ivi.G.Ramachandran in 1 966.
81. Baja, P.S. lfuma.ra.swami Congress Chief I<Iiniste r of Madras in 1949, repl.acing O.P.Reddiar.
82.. Ra.ja.gopal.achari, c. A veteran Congress l.eader of national. standing who becames Chief Minister of J..ia.dra.s Presidency 1936, and continued to be the premier til.l. 1946 ,when T.Praka.sa.m took over; once again Chief Ninister in 1952, but only to resign in 1954, in the wake of Dravida Xazhaga agitations against Hindi, giving w~ to Kama.raj who continued to be Chief X<Iinister till 1963; in 1959 Ra.ja.gopa.l.achari founded the baa•ir%B Swatantra Per~y.
83. Rajagopal.achari, Sir P. President of the Legisl.eti ve Council. of Madras, appointed by Governor 'ilillingt on in 1 920, al.ong with C.P • Rama.en·Tami Iyer as Advocate-General. and l.ater Iaw Ivlember, i~ttempt to counter non-Brahmin infl.uence. ~
84. Rajah, H.C. A Justice Party leader; the most prominent "untouchabl.e" in the Justice Party; in 1923, withdrew from the party, taking a number of untouchable l.eaders with him.
86.
87.
as.
89.
90.
91.
92.
375
Rajamanna.r, Dr. P • V. Chairman of the three-member Committee on Sta.te-A.utonomy,a.ppointed by Ea.runanidhi in 1969.
Ra.ja.n, Sir P.T. A prominent Justice Party ~eader and one cabinet minister; a theoretician of the Sel.fRespect movement.
Ra.ja.n, T.s.s. Started his pol.itical. ca.ree4 as an associate of Ra.jagopa.l.a.cha.ri around 1918; vice-president of the PCC Executive committee in 1920~~-TlroO Secre~ar.y in 1921 and 1930; leader of the Tr~'1i"'opo4'" revol.t in 1936 against Ra.t:navel.u wlio wa.s contest• ing for Chairmanship of Civic Board;- a minister in the Ra.jagopa.l.a.cha.ri cabinet of 1937.
Ramachandran, M.G. Tamil. movie idol. and a. prominent DMK ~egisl.a.tor from 1 96 7 onwards ; over c anfl.i cts t'li t h M. Xa.ru:nani.dhi, fbunded the Anna-DI•IK in 1 972; and became the Chief Ivlinister of Tamil. Nadu in 1977.
Ra.ma.l.inga. Reddi, C. A :prominent Te l.ugu non-Brahmin of I-1ad ra.s ; one ef the dissidents who formed the United Natiobaol.ist Party in 1924 under the l.eade rshi:p of C. V. S • Nara.simha Naidu.
Ra.ma.l.ingam Ohetti, T.A. A l.a.wyer and moneyl.ender of Coimbatore; he was one of the dissident non-Brahmins who under the l.ea.dershi:p of C.V.R. Narasimha Ra.ju formed the United Na.tio:nal.ist Party in 1924; before that he was President of Coimbatore 1 s District Board and Cha.irt.Jan of Coimbat ore Munici:pa~ Council. til.~ he was· rep l.acee by C. S. Ra.tna.sa bha:ga. ti 1-'Iudal.ia.r.
Raman, O.P • The only a.di-Dravida member of the Ka.runanidhi cabinet of 1 96 9.
Ra.ma., V .P • A Brahmin who joined the D:t-1K in 1957, and who ra,pidl.y a..qui:ced a l.ea.dershi:p rol.e, mainly for his being a tal.ented l.a.wyer, fl.uent in Engl.ish, writing articl.es for the Engl.ish press, and for the eymbol.ic val.ue of his being a. Brahmin convert to the D!-lK ; pl.a.yed a. ma.j or rol.e in undermining the D!-1X demand. for a reparate Dravida Nadu.
93.
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376
Ra.ma.na:tha.n, S. ,_ • 1111'-d One of Raje.j:i. 1 s most loyal co-wor"""'ers J..n ~·J.ltl, ras in 1920; but in 1922, along with E.V.Ramaswami Naicker, revolted against Rs.ja.ji and resigned from Secretaryship of the TNCC; in 1925 left the Congress to or~anise the self-respect movement; in 1936, re joi;;,ed the Congress and became a minister in the Cabinet of Raj ago:palachari in 1 937 •
Ramaswami, Erode , V (Feriyar) Revol.utione.ry rationalist who :pioneered the movement for S'ecession of Tamil. Nadu, and staunch fighter ag!inst.religious superstitions, casteism, Brshmindominali~ and the imposition of Hindi; founder of the Dravida Kazhagam.
Bamaswa.mi, Iye:nger, H.S. An e$sociate of E.V. Ra.maswami Na:i.cker in the anti-liquor agitations of 1921 in Madraa.
Ra.maswami Iyer, Sir C.F. One time Secretary of the Home Rule League, 1919, who later became the embodiment of tyrrannical rule in Travancore in the 1940's as the Dewan of the State; in 1920, appointed Advocate-General and the Law I1ember in the Executive Council(Hadras) by Governor Wi.lllngton;i'la. few yeara time ea~the anger of the Justice Farty dor corruption charges.
Ra.maswami, R. A militant agricultural student of Coimbatore who was elected leader of the anti-Hindi Agitation Co'l..tnci11 foll.ol'Ting the resignation of T .R. Janarthanam in January 1968.
Ra:maswami, v.v. A Just ice Farty l.eader and Chairman of the Virudhunagar muni. cipali ty ( 1 934) •
Rangachari, T, A Brahmin extremist bel.onging to the "Egmore C~e", alon~r *ith s. Xa.sturi Range. Iyengar, A. Rangaswami, T.M. Nair! c. Sankara.n Nair etc., Vice-Freside~, a.l.ong witn T • V. Venk.atarama Iyer, o:f the FCC in 1919.
Ranganatha Mudallyar, T. A ~eoso:phist and a long standing follower af Annie Besant;se~ond Hinister in the Subbaraya.n NiniRtry o:f 1926;
101.
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377
Rangaswami Iyengar, A. ; Nephew of Kaaturi Ranga Iyengar; Tami1nads Swara.jist l.eader; a member of the sub-Committee of the Congress Zit& appointed in 1 920 to revise the constitution; edited Swadeshamitan from 1915, til.l. he tookover the Hindu in 1925.
Rangaswami Iyengar, K.V. Benefactor, al.ong with A. Rangaswami Iyengar who gave :financial. assistance to the extremist l.eaders during their exil.e after the assasi.na• tian o:f R.W. Ashe, sub-Col.l.ector at Tuticorin in 1911; he was chosen to be the Vice~resident, e:f' the Nationalist Pe.rty which the historic Madras national.is t convention o:f 1919 decided to :fonn, but did nat need to be created because o:f the growing control. o:f the nationalists over the Congress organisation.
103. Ratnasabhapathi Mudal.iyar, c.s. A Justicl Party l.eader; replaced T.A.Bamal.ingam Chettiari'!President o:f the Coimpatore District Board and as Chairman of Coimbat ore Muni.ci:Pal. Council. in 1923.
~-tJA~ ~ e./nt~. 104.~ ~-·member of-the three•member Rajammannar Committee
on State Autonomy, appointed by Ka.ru.naniahi in 1969.
105. Reddi Naidu, Sir x.v. An An.dra l.eader o:f the Justice Party; after tbe 1920 el.eotions in M~ras, he was made the Minister for devel.opment; but Waft removed :fran this post in 1923; a dissident in the Coimbatore Conference of the Justice Party hel.d in 1927; 1:e came Chief Minister in 1937.
106. Rukme.ni Lalasmipathi, Mra. President of the Madras League o:f Youth who pl.a.yed. a key rol.e in the State Satyagrahe. at Vedaraniyam, 1930.
107. Sa.mpath, E.v .x. A nephew of E • V. Ramaswami and talented propagandist ; a key figure in the formation of the DMX in 1949; one of the top l.ea.ders o:f DMX in the formative years; Left the DMX in 1961 over ideological. conflicts 't'lith the leadership
108. Sankaran Nair, s. A :f.ial.a.yal.i l.awyer who was a member of the extrem:i st grou;p in Madras, known as tm "Egmore Clique 11
•
109.
110.
111.
112.
114·
115.
116.
117.
378
Sastri, v.s. Srinivasa One of' the earl.y Congress workers of' the nat iona.list movement in the Iv'ladra.s Presidency ( 1909) •
Satyamurt i, s. A prominent Congress leader since 1919, belo~ing to the extremist group; Secretary of' the PCC :~.n 1919• Vice-President, under Rajagopalachari, ef' the TNCC in 1931; President of THCC, in 1931 and 1935• launched the MadrasSwarajya Party in 1933t• much'af'ter the model of' the Swarajya Party formed by Da.s and NehrU in 1923.
Seshiyan, Era One of' the top leaders of' the undivided DMK
Shamugham Chett i, R. K. A man of' property and prominence in Coimbat ore who was a supporter of -taiae E.V .Re.ma.swami Naicker, but left him after Naicker started to be a sympathiser of' Communism.
Shanmugam, P • U • A member of the Ka.run.a.nidhi cabinet of 1969
Sharar, Abdul Majid A strong pan-Is.la.mist and editors of' an Urdu newspaper, ~mi Report, who organised fanatical faction of' Muslims in r•Iadras constituency during the Khilaf'at movement since 1920.
Singarevelu Che tt i, M A lawyer from e. fishing caste; gained prominence as a Congress member who organised ha.rtals and demonstrations in Hadras since 1919; he was also instrumental in mobilising the students of' Madras for Party wo:rlt; later he became a Communist worker from the early 192) 's.
~
Sivaswami, Iyer, Sir P.S. A prominent leader of' the I·ladras moderateS; an executive councillor of' Madras before 1914; elected to the Legislative Assembly in the elections of' 1920.
Sound.a.ra Pandiya Nadar, \'{ .P .A. A follower of' E.V.Ramaswami Naicker in his Sel£Respect movement till 1932; afterwards, when Naicker advocated Communism, he Je f't Naicker, as did R.K. Shanmugha.m. Chetti.
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119.
120 ..
121.
122.
379
Sriniva.sa Sa.stri, V .s. Head o£ the Servants of India. Society after the death of its £ounder, Gokha.~e; much respected by Gandhi; but not vice-versa.; a leader of the moderates.
Sri~ivasa Iyengar, s. A lawyer o£ prince1y fortunes; Advocate General. of Madras, 1916-1920; ini.toia.lly a. moderate, but later more an extremist; PreGide:at o£ the Na.dras Prov:i.ncia.J. Conference, held at TinneJ.veli in June 1920; a Swarajist leader by 1926; President of the Consress
(1925); recognised as the most dynamic Congress J.eader of South India during 1925-26; in 1928-29, wins e. seat £or the Central Assembly, against Notila.J. NehrU and joins the more extremist group J.ed by Ja.'t·.ra.harla.1 Nehru ani Subha.s Chandra Bose, and £ought for compJ.ete izd ependence.
Srinivasan An important student leauer in the 1965 antiHindi agitaJcion; later a D!-!K labour unionist; when 28 yee,rs oJ.d, as a student leader, he defeated Kamaraj Nada.r in 1 967, in a Na.dar constituency.
Subba.ra.ma.n, N.N.R. A wealthy young Congressman who led and financed Civil dis obedience movement in Ha.dure.i from 1930. to 1932; treasurer o£ TNCC in 19 31; municipal. Chairman of Ka.durai, 1935•
Sub barayan, P • A. zaminda.r, a non-Brahmin leader, who \'.rae also a Justice Party member ti1l his resignation from the same in 1922; be ce.me Chief Nini.ster of I1adra.s in 1926, as an independent candidate; after the 1930 eJ.ect ions, an activist of the United Nationalist Party; then joined the Congress and became a. minister in the Ra.ja.gopa.J.a.cha.ri cabinet of 1932; J.a.ter he became Governor of Bombay; the iJ.J.ustrious :rvlohan Kumarama.nga.J.a.m we.s one of his s one.
Subbia.h, K. V. A minister in the Ka.runanidhi cabinet of 19 69 •
124. Subramania, Siva ~:strong nationalist and an associate of v.o. Chidamba.:re.m Pil.la.i; he ha.d. been a central. figure in the Tirune~veJ.i disturbances of 1908 and after release from jai1, a. key figure in nationa.J.ist campaigns in I4adura.i 1 924 ani in Madras in 1927.
125.
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127 •.
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380
Subramaniam, C. . r A veteran Congress ~eader of Tam~~ ~adu; he was a member of the Centr~ Cabinet as
Minister for Steel. at the time of tb9 AntiHindi agitation of 1965; after the Con~ress sp~it a prominent member of Congress(RJ and one of :l;ndira's Ga.ndhis cl.osest advisors; l-1inister for Finance during Indira's l.ast years in office, til.l. l-1a.rch 1 977 •
Sun4aram, K During the Coimbatore :Mi~J.s crisis of 1968, Chairman of the Southern Mi~~ Ol'lners' .Association; during the 1968 anti-Hindi agitations, he
convened a. "Citizens' Commi.ttee" of l.eaders a£ po~itic~ parties, heads of educations~ institutions, parents, businessmen, and re~igious l.eaders, in an effort to put an end to the students' agitation.
Thevar, Maya The ADMK candidate in the Dindi gul. :Lok Sabho. by e l.ectione of 19 73; his was the first e~ectore.l. victoey of the newl.y formed ADMX, pol.:U,ng 52 per cent of the total. votes in D.indigul..
Tye.garaya, Chetty, P • A Tel.ugu Devange. Businessman; ~ea.der o£ the Justice Party after Dr. T.l-1. Nair's death in 1919.
Usman, Muhammad A rel.ative of the Prince of Arcot and a J.eader of one section of Mual. ims in the Madras Presidency, acti v.i. ng as a l.oyalls.t group during the Kb.il.afat Movement (1920) apposing the Lucknow Pact of 1916 between the Congress and the Musl.im Iee.gue.
Ve.radaraju~u Nai.du, P. A Home Rul.e agitator who was under tria~ for sedition in 1818; from 1920, edited a paper Tamil. Nadu from Sal.emt a convicted in 1921, a~ong with Abdul. Majid Sharar and s:evera.l. othere; for agitations; TNCC President in 1934.
Vaidyane.tha Aiyar, A A Madura.i 1a.wyer ani a cl.ose ass oc:ia te of Rajagopal.achari during the days of his rise to power; an active participant in the sal.t satyagraha, 1 930 •
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V e eramani , X. Editof of Viduthal§i; advocated the theory ( 1969 tha.ra. strong cl.ass ana.l.ysis woul.d. aJ.ienate many of the el.i te non-Brahmin supporters af the Dravida Ka.zhagam.
Vel.l.~ngiri Gounder, v.c. One of the founders of the Gounder Caste Association; an active participant in the anti-l.iquor campaign of 1922; presidedover the Madras Presidency JWotwari Landllol.der' s Conference organised by the United National.ist and Congressmen in January 1934.
Venkatachal.am Chetti, s. Leader of the Congres·s in t~e Iegisl.atue after Narasinhara.ju; An actltWZ...:participant in the Sal.t Satyagraha of 1930.
Vij~arghavachari, c. Leader of the Sal.em Extremists and the Hindu hero of the anti-MosJ.em riots in 1882; he buil.t up a school. of young national.ists, mostl.y Brahmins, imbued wit~ostil.ity to the British rul.e; among these were c. P~jagopal.achari, the l.eading Gandhian in !amil. Nadu l.ater; b.e was chcs en to be the President of the proposed National.~ t party by the natiom.l.ist Conference of 191 9(attended by 250 del.egates) in I-ladras - but thiS party was not formed, thanks to the growing control. of the nationalists over the Congress organisation after 1919.
1 •
6.
382 Appendix - V
Index to the Leaders of the Na.tional.ist Movemerit
and Regione.l.ist Fol.itics of Keral.a
Abd1Ul.&, T.A. :t-1ember of the Trava.ncore Reforms Committee( 1947) al.ongwith T.l4:. Varghese, A.J. John, c. Kes:avan, F.S. Nataraja Fi.llai, S.P. Pand.ia Nadar, Mannath Pa.dmanabha PiJ.l.&i, Pettam Tha.nu PiJ.J.a.i am M. Govindan ," a member of the T • K. NarayaDa Pillai Ministry which took office of the new Trava.ncore-Cochin State in 1949.
Aboobacker A poor peasant boy who was ca.ught by the poJ.ice in the Kayyur Peasant Uprisal. of 1941, and hanged on l~rch 20, 194:5, a~OJ:IB with .Appa., Kunja.mbu Nair and Oh:trukandan.
Achuta Menon, CheJ.at Constitutional. Reform Movemem in Cochin/ foJ.J.wwing the eJ.ectora.J. victory of Cobhi.D. Congress,• P'repared the s:ocio.economic study a.nd pl.an for action in the wake of the 1957 eJ.ectione 1 l.ater Chief Minister of Ksral.a s inca 1969 till 197'/, J.eading the o~ ministry that could compJ.ete its term.
Aohutan, A. New member added to the crisis Ministry of P att om Tha.nu P iJ.l.ai in 1 9 48
Achutan, K.T. Member of the Cochin legisJ.ative Council. in 19451 agitation for constitutio:na.J. reform in 1945
.Anagha.raya.n A hero of the Vaya.J.a.r-Funna.pre. uprisaJ., at 14, he displ.aJred great courage and fought the miU*a.r.Y till he was s;hot dead.
And.rewe,~.v. A Co~st l.eader who was one of the first to be arrested in the Civil. Disobedience movement of 1939, a.J.ong with F.M. Thomas, Prof. George, M.S. Kumaran and c. Achuta. Menon.
383
8 • Ann:i.e !·1ascarene
9. .Appu
A member ef the Werking Committee gf the Travancore State Congress (19,8). In the agitation for reap onsibJ.e Government, in 1938, she was robbei., burgJ..areci and assau~teci by Sir C.? • Ramaswamy :Iyer•e men; a member of the new ministry formed after the merger of Cochin with Travancore, a~ong with A. J • John, E • :Ikkand.a We.rrier, ? ana.mp illi Govi.ncie. Menon, E. John Phil.:tppose, X.A;y-yappan, N.Xunjurame.n, and headed by T.X. Narayana Pi~~ai.
A boy caught by the po~ice in the Kayyur uprise.~ of 1941, and hanged at the Cannanore Centra.J. Ja.i~ on March 20,1943 a~ong with Xunjambu Nair, Chirukandam and Aboobacker.
10 • .Apputty, Va.tavothe A tapper who hosted the first secret meeting of the soci~sts in November 19,9, ~eading to the formation of the Communist Party of Kera4. The pa.rti.ci.pants were E .M.S., A.X.G., P. Krishna Pi~~ai, P. Narayan Nair, X.P .R. Gopa.J.an, N.E. Be.l.a.ram, E .P. Gopa.~an, P. V. Xunnunni Na.ya.r, C .H. Ka.na.ran, Cha.ndroth Ku.nhirsman Nair, M.X. X"e~u, William Sne~ex, Ja.nardana. Shenoy, A.V .Kunjambu, P .X.Bal.akris bna.n, George Chad.aya.mmuri, P • Ga.ngs.dha.ran, T.X. Raju and K.P. Gopal.a.n (president)
11. Aaan, Simon One of the participants in the Erama.llur meeting of 1940, ~eading to the formation of the first unit of the Communist Party in Travancore; other p:e.rtioipantei inc~udedl T.V. ThOII:laS, X.V.PS.throse, c.o. Mathew, x.x. Xunjan, P.K.Padmanabha.n, Andappan ~looppan and X.N.Dutt
12. A\y'yappan, X A member of the first popular ministry of Coohin headed by Pana.mp:i~~i Govinda Menan, a~ong with C.R.Iyyunni, and T.K.Nair, in 1946; e. member a:J..ao i.n the second Ministry formed in 1948 a.nd. a member in the ministry of the new Sta.te of TravanooreCoohin in 1 949.
1 3 • Be.l.a.kri.S hna. Men on , X Member of the Coohin Legislative Counci~, representing Cheruthuruthi-(1945); the agitation for constitutions.~ refcrm in Cochin, 1945{ member of the T.X.Nair Cabinet, a~o:ng "Tith Pe.rambi Lonappa.n, formed in 1947 foU.oving the ~athi-charge at Rajendra Ma:ide.n, Erne.kul.a.m on October 18,1947.
384
14. Bal.a.k.ri shna P i1J.ai, Kesari A prominent worker and critic in Ma1aya1aJil; a1so a prominent figure in the £:ie~d of po1itica~ j ournallsm in Kera1a; started his career as an editor of a po1itica:L-oum-lltera.~ journal. known as Xesari, and became known as the father of Scientific llterary criticism.
15 • Bhe.Skara Menon, V .K. Member of the Coch:in- Legis~tive Counci~ from Cranganore and an active fifUre in the agitation for Constitutions.~ Refo:rms \1942).
16 • Buch, Nel•1a Chairman af the Integration Commi.ttee for Travancore and Cochin, appointed by the Government of India on Jpri~ 2, 19491 other members were v.o.~mrkose
(minister from Eera1a) and Panampi~~i Govinda Menon (minister from Coch:in).
1 7 • Chacko, P • T • .Leader of the Congres-s in the State Assemb~ during the E.M.S. Iw!inistry; voW.e~, Oh Ju1y 18, 1958, "to is ol.ate and then to annihi1ate the unpatriotic Communist Party through democratic means"; Home Minister in the Patt om Thanupi~J.&i cabinet formed on February 21, 1 960, aJ..S o Home Minister in the R. Sankar Ministry ~ 8ctober 9, 1962, fo~1owing the appointme:rrl; of Patt-om Thanu Pi~~ai as Governor of Punjab •
1 8 • Chada.yammuri , George An organiser of trade union movement in Ma~abar during the 1930e;, a~ong with P • Ge.nga.dha.ra.n, P.S. Na.mboodiri, N.C. Shekha.r, M.A. Kakku, P • Krishna Pil.l.ai, Ka K. Warrie r and A.K.Gopa.~a.n.
19. Cb.a.ndra.senan,M.T. A 1eader of the Vaya.hr-Punna.pra uprise.~ of 1946.
20. Cha.ndroth, Sa.rkar Leader of the Hunger Ja.dha to Madras in 1937
21. Cha~y,Jolm President o£ the Civi.c Rights League, founded in 1919, fighting for equa~ rights for a~~ c~e.sses.
22. Chandy,LM. Genera~ Secretary of the Congres·s Party in 1967
23.
385
Chi.rskanda.n, A poor peasant boy who was oa.ught by the police in the Xayyur Peasant Uprisa.l. o:f 1941 ,a.nd hanged on March 20 1 1943, al.ong with Abboba.cker, .A;ppu and Kunja.nbu Nair.
De.mod.a.ran, K A Theoretician o:f the Communist Movement in Ka~a;~om 1935, initiated di.6cussion on the socia.l.ist ideol.ogy in tbe col.umna o:f the P ra. bha._!.sm.
25 • Dem od a.ra.n, K. A. Formerl.y Ga.ndhisn, 1e:ft the Congress a.nd :founded along with Ka:La.ppa.n, the Ki.san Me.zdoor Pra.ja Party o:f Kera.1a. in 1950.
26. Deevar, P. L A nominated member in the Cochin Legisl.ative Council. at the time o:f the agitation :for C onst i tu t i onal. Re :f o:rms.
27. Devadas ,M.S. A marxist leader; made editor of the party organ Desabhimani in 1 942,~ be fore that, as· a Iecturer working ~ Singappur, he used to col.l.ect money for Party :funds •
28. EJ.ankathu, K.R. A member of the ministry headed by T.K.Nara.ya.na Pi1~i, formed a:fter the resignation o:f Pattom Thanu;p il.lai. in 1 948.
29. Francis, T Member of the Co chin Legi:s:l.ative .Assembly( 1 946) She p·resented a resol.ution in the house which demanded the immediate trans:fer to the represents~ tives of the peopl.e the portfol.io o£ Lev a.nd Order and Fina. nee.
30 • Ge orge , K. C • Trade Union Movement in Mal.aba.r during the 1930's.; one o£ the State leaders a.l.ong with Sakha.vu KriShna. Pil.J.ai snd E.M.S. Na.mboodi.ripa.d, of the V~al.ar-p unnapra uprisa.l. of 19461 a minister in the E.M.s. Cabinet o£ 1957.
31. George ,x:.M. Founder-President of the Kera.J.s; Congress, which lit ..
wa.s founded in 1964l a. minister for a. short while i.n the Achuta. !>!enon ministry of 1969, and once again in 1976, til.l. his death in 1977.
386
32 • Gopal.a.n,A.X. One of the founding fathers and thereticians of the Communist Movement in Kere.~a; Member of the Namboodripad Ministry of 1957, a~ongwith T.V. Thomas, c. Achuta Menon, V .R. Krishna Iyer, T .A. Ma.jeed, P .x. Chattan, X.R. Gouri, X.C .Geerge, Joseph Mund.asseri and Dr. A.R. Menon; represented the radica~s in the Moscow de~egation of 1958; participated in the Tena1± Convention of the leftists in Ju~,1964. On September 8,1964 whi~e being the ~eftiet ~eade:r of 32 Communist deputies in the Lok Sabha, formed the CPI(M) as an independent pa.r~amenta~ party.
33 • Gopa.~an, X.P • Participant in the Sa~t Satyagraha in Ca~icut, 1931; interned in the Ca.nna.no:re Centra.~ JaU, a~ong with other ~eaders like Kel.a.ppa.n; Abdur Rahman, Moyarath Sanka.ran, L.S. Prabhu, R. V. Sha:rma, Madhavanar Krishna Swami Iyer and P. Krishna PiJ.l.ai; President of the first secret meeting t:£ socia~ists at Pinaray in November 1939, ~eading to the formation of the Communist Party of Kera~e..
34. Gop~n,K.P.R. A grass. root Communist worker; an active participant in the "hunger jadhe. 11 to Me.draa.( 1 937) ; Arrested e.lJd sentenced to death in the Morazha. Case oft. 1940, but the sentence was ~a.ter commuted to ~i:fe iun;>~ris o:nmexi:; • He was the Se cretar.v of the Centre.~ Agitation Committee far the Morazha strugg~e of 1940.
35 • Gov:Lnds. Menon, Pana.mpi~~i Member of the :first popul.ar ministry in Cochin • 1946l Member af the Ikkanda Warrier Ministry of 1948~ Member o:f the Integration Committee of 1949 to work out the detai~ of integration o:f Cocbin State; Member o:f the T.K.Narayana Pi~4i Ministry of 1949, Chie:t Minister of Trave.ncoreCochin in 1955-56•
36. G6vinda Menon,P Member of Cochin Legis~ative Counci~, 1945
37. Govinde.n Nair, M.N. Origine.~l¥ an NSS ~eader/ hter a Jfrade Unionist; Secretary Genera.~ of the Communist Party o:f Kera~a. in 1 957; Leader of the group in Kera~a supported lange •s side in the split of Communist Party in 1 964; Member of E .M.S. Ministry( 1967), Achutha Menon Ministry (1970-77); Member of Par~iament(1977)
387
38. Gouri, K.R.
39.
40.
41.
42.
44·
45.
Member of the first Communist Ministry 1957 j joined the CPM faction in 1964.
Ibrahim, K.M. Agitation for ConStitutional. Reforms in Coohin, 1945; demanded the widening of franchise.
Ikkanda Warrier Congress Chief Minister of Coohin (1948); Member of the T. K. Narayana P iJ.l.a.i Hinistry of Travancore-Cochin, 1949.
Iyyu, C.V. Member of the Cochin LegisJ.ative Council. in 1945) agitation for Constitutional. Reform in 1945; demanded that the practice af noty..inatin.g members to the LegisJ.ative CounciJ.~~~)U. )~,~-
Iyyunni,C.R. A member in the first popuJ.ar ministry of Cochin, aJ.ong with K. J\yyappan and T.K. Nair under the Chief Ministership of Panampa.J.li Govinda Menon in 1946.
John, A.J. President of the Travancore LegisJ.at ive Council. in 1948; a member of the T.K. Narayana PiJ.J.ai ministry of 1948, aJ.ong with v.o. Markose, N. Kunjurama.n, K.R. EJ.anga.th, and Dr ••• K.Madha.van; a. member in the T.X. Narayana Pillai ministry of the newJ.y formed Travancore-Cochin State in 1949, a.J.ong with Ikkand.a Warrier, Pana.mpiJ.ll Govinda. Menon, E. John PhiJ.ipose, K. ~appan, K.Kunjuraman, Annie Mascarene, and T.A.Abdul.l.ahJ Chief Minister of the ministry formed in 1951 in Travancore-Cochin State, foJ.J.owing th• General EJ.eotions.
John Phil.ipose J.. member in the new ministry under T.K.Narayana. PiJ.J..a.i, formed immediatel.y after the merger o.f Travancore and Cochin in 1949.
Joseph Petta.h A member (fran A dur) in the Coohin LegisJ.ative Council. during the t :iJne of the agitation for Constitutional. Reforms in the State0945).
46.
47.
388
Kakker, M.A. Leader of Labour Movement and the Congress Socia.J.ist Party( 1934). AJ.ong with X. X. Warrier, organised the protest meeting against the Congress High Commend' a disactone disallowing ithe use of Congress fJ.ags in PrinceJ.y States in 1937
Ka.:oa.ran, C .H. Communist Leader in the Congress Parly ( 1935) who was instr'Ulilental. in spreading Marxism among the Ezhava.s.
48. Xa.n.nan, Thidil.a.n A peasant who WaJS kiJ.J.ed in the police firing during the KarivaJ.J.oor peasant uprisa.J. of 1946.
49. ifrH• Xelappan, K
Congress J.eader of the untoucha.bil.ity movement in XeraJ.a in 1 924; J.eader of the Gu.ruvay oor Satyagraha in 1931; in 1950, when Amlarya Kripal.:ini fou3ded the X:izan Mazdoor Prajs. Party, J.eft the Congress al.ong with X.A. Damodaran, and founded the KeraJ.a branch of the XMPP
50. Eesava Menon, X.P. Secretary of the first District Committee of the Congress in Malabar, 1915.
51 • Xochukuttan, X Deputy President of tle Cochin Legisl.a.tive Assembly in 1948,• deputy Speaker of Assembl.y in the Travancore Cochin in 1949
52. Xore:h, Lrll. A member of the enJ.arged Patt an Thanu;pillai ministry of 1948.
53 • Xoya. , C. H. Mohammed Leader of the NusJ.im .League LegisJ.ati ve Party in 1961 , .. got eJ.ected as the Speaker of tb:l .Assembly :in the same year.
54. Xoya, P • Ummer A member in the Pattom T.ha.nupiJ.J.a.:i ministry of 1960; aJ.s o a member in the R. Sankar ministry of 1962
55. Krishna Iyer, V.R. A member of the first Communist Ministry of Xeral.a. in 1957.
56.
57·
58.
59.
60.
389
Krishna. Swamy l:yer, T.R. An organiser o£ the SaJ.t Satyagraha in CaJ.icut, 1930, aJ.ong with F. Krishna Fi11ai, R. V. Sha~, and Mohammed Abdur Rahman
Krishna FiJ.l.ai, F ( Sakha.vu) s 1 906-1948 One o£ the founding fathers o£ the Communist Moveme:d:t in Ke ra.J.a.l joined the Ci vi1 Di.s obedience Movement in 1 930; organised Trade Union movement in Cal.icut, and A11eppey ,· died o£ s-nake bite in 1948, as a hero o£ Fopu1ar movements in KeraJ.a..
Krishnan Nair, Nanna. th An organiser o£ the Tenants unions in Mal.a.bar during 1930's, a1ong with K.lt.Baman Xenon, G. Sankaran Nair, M.M. Kunjirame.n I-1enon, Hoyara.th Sankara.n, and K.V. Krishnan Vakil..
Xuma.ran Ezb.uthasse.n A member o:f the Cochin LegisJ.ative Council. during the agitation £or Constitutional. Re:for.ms(1945)
XUmaran Fannicker, c.x. llong with T.V. Thomas, a mass J.eader o£ the Punnap.pra-Va~ar Upris.al. o£ 19 46
61. Kunhikanna.n, Keexeri A peasant boy'b15, who was ki11ed in poJ.ice :firing during the Xa.riva11oor peasant struggle o:f 1946·
62. Kunjs.mbu, K A member eli in the Pattom Tb.anupillai ministry o:f 1 960. (Hari.ja.n upllf't); alJso a member i.n the R. Sankar ministry o£ 1962 (Harijan Wea£are)
63. Kunjambu Nair A poor peasant boy caught by the p.oJ.i. ce in the Xa.yyur Uprisa1 o£ 1941, and 1ater hanged by the poJ.ice at the Cannan ore CentraJ. JaiJ. an March 20, 1943, a1ong with Appu, Chirukanda.n and Abooba.cker
64. XUnjan, K.K. One o:f the founding 1eaders o:f the *za:.X Trade Union movement in AJ.J.eppey; an underground 1eader during the Vaya.J.ar...Punnapra up.risa.J. o£ 1946.
65 • XUnju, P. K. A member in the Fa.ttom Tha.nupiJ.J.a.i ministry o:f 1954, a.J.ons with P.s. Nataraja PiJ.J.ai wnd A.Chutan: deputy J.eader o:f the PSP Leg:is1ative party in 1961, when he was suspended :from the party.
66.
390
lW.nju Baman, C • V • A d~st~ngu£shed discip1e of Narayana Guru (founder of the SNDP): a.J.so a Poet, LiterarY Critic, Prose Writer and a Po1itica1 Journa1ist of distinction; editor for sometime, of Kera1a Ka.umud.i, as we11 as Ma1a..yal.a. Ra.jya.m.
6 7 • lW.nju Raman, N A member in the T.K. Narayana Pi11ai ministry of 1948 in Tra.va.nco re: a1eo a member in the T.K. Narayana. Pi1l.ai ministry of tl:e new1y formed Trava.ncore-Cochin State in 1949•
68 • EU.nju Panikker A member of the Sri t·1u1a.m P opu1ar Assemb:cy-, representing SNDP in 1921; fougb:t for the abolition of "Theenda1" or "Socia.1 Po11ution" advocated by the Brahmins.
69. lW.rukka.1, N.B. A 1eading Communist worker in Tra.vancore during the 1930's a1ong with Ponna.ra Sreedha.ran and N.C • Shekha.r
70 • Madhava. Warri.er, M.R. Editor of the Newa Paper Mala._ya.ll; assa.u1ted by the men of Sir CePe Ramaswa.mi. Iyer for taking part in the agitation for responsib1e government in 1938
71 • Madhavan, E. Ke A member in tl:e T.K. Narayana Pillai ministry of 1948 in Tra.va.ncore.
7 2. Mammen Ma.p:£1J.a; i Editor of Ma~ya1a Manorama and a. distinguished popular 1ea.der who championed the cause of respona ib1e government during t:te repress ion da.ye of Si.r C .P. Ramaswamy Iyer.
73 • Ma.rakka r, Kunja.l.:i. A Mus lim he~ of Ca.1:icut and a. staunch na.tiona.1ist who was,~ the;; Indian to put up an armed fight against foreign ru1e/ fran 1599, he waged a war of res·istance, non-stop for nesr1y a de ca.de , against Portuguese over-1ordship; fina~ he and his men were treacheroua-1y betrayed by their King Zamurin, and was hanged in Goe. by the Portuguese.
76.
391
Markose, V .o. A member o£ the third Cabinet in Travancore, headed by T. K. Narayana Fi~J.ai, a~ong with A.J. John, N. IWnjraman, K.R. Elangath and Dr. E.K. Madhavan (October,1948); a member o£ the Integration Committee headed by N.M.Buch
(.Apri~, 1949).
Mathai, V.J. ( A member in the Cochin Legis~ative Counci~ repre-senting Fl.anters) during the agitation efor constitutions.~ reforms, from 1941 ~ advocated immediate gr~ng of responsib~e government.
Mathew, c.o. A ~ader of the AJ.~eppey Strikes in 1939; rema:i.ned underground with the pseudo-nym "Xutte.n".
Me.thew,~omas Mutha~i Ed:i.tor of Malabar Advocate; subjected to a.s.sau~ts, a.~ong with M.R. Madhe.va Warrier, editor of Ma~e.Ye.li for taking part in the agitation £or responsib~e government in 1938
78. Menaa (Dr.) A.R. Minister, succeeding Ambat S~varama Menon in 1938 in the Coohin Ministry o£ the Coohin Congress Fa.rty.
79 • Menon, Da.modaran K.A. A member in the Fattom Tba.nupilla.i ministry of 1960 and alt3 o in the R. Sa.nkar mi.nistry of 1962.
8Q,.. Menon, V .. K. Krishna. Architect of the non-a~ignment po~icy, e.~ong with Nehrul Minister for Defence at the Centre during the Chinese attack of 1962/ fierce fighter against .American Imperia~ism, and an .Advocate of the ~ird Wor~d interests.
81 • l-ie non, V .P • Negotiator from the Government side on the Integration o£ the Indian States in 1949; advocated the merger o£ Tre.vancore and Co chin in 1949; se rvea as the negotiator bet'\'Teen the ru~ers o£ Trave.ncoreCochin at the time of the merger o£ the two States in 1949.
82.
392
Moni, C .K.S • A member (nominated) in the Cochin legislative Council. during the time of the agitation for constitutional. :refo:r:ms, from 1941
83 • Moosan Kutty A key figure in the underground set up of the Communist Party during the anti-British Protest day cl.ashes at Morasha. (15 Sept.1940).
84• Moothedan A.V. Member of the Cochin Legislative Council, froQ Chal.akkudi, and an active participant in tb:t agitation for constitutional. reform in Cochin ( 1 941)
85. Nambiar, E.c.K. A poor peasant boy in his early tee~ who was caught by the police in the Xa.yyur Peasant uprisal. of 1941 f sentenced to death, along with .Appu, Aboobacker and :RU.njambu Nair, but l.ater commuted to 1ife im.prisanmer.tt.
86. Namboodiripad, E.l·1.S. One of the founder l.eaders of the Communist movement in Keral.a, snd a. prominent I>larxist theoreticit;l.n of India; Chief Minister of the first Communist Ministry in Kera.l.a. (1957-1959); Chief I>linister of Keral.a al.B o in 1 967; Prominent l.eader of the CPM Party a.t the national. 1evel.; el.ected General. Se creta.ry of the CPX.I in 1977.
8 7. Narayana Guru, Sree A. Phil.osopher-Sage from a.n ordinary Peasant stock, Who sought to purify a.z:d. unify the caste-ridden society of Xera.l.a. through his cl.a.:.ion call, "One Caste, One Rel.igion, One God for man" • He unified and gave dignity to the Ezhava.s·, who constituted the numerica.l.l.y biggest chunk of the most socially oppressed section in Kera.l.a. ana inspired them to fight for socio-economic equality.
88. Narayana Menon, P .An active pa.rticiparl: in the agitation for oons:ti tutiona.l. refonns in the Cochin Legisl.ative Council., 1 941
89. Narayana. Pil.l.a.i, A A key figure in the format ion of the Travanc oreStat• Congress in 1938; prosecuted ani convicted by Sir C .p • Bamaswa.mi Iyer in 1' 938 on charges of sedition and creation of communal. hatred.
90.
91.
92.
393 Narayana. Pil.l.a.i K.P • . .
A strong advocate of popul.a.r rl.ghts; J.n the Sri. Mul.am Assembly of Travancore in 1922f advocated the nul.l.ification of the preferential. tratmel'lf; for Eu.r~ea.n Residen:ts in Tra.vancore.
Narayana P illai, T • K. An ardent advocate, during Sir C.P • regime in Tra.vancore, of reap onsibl.e governmerli ; jlw*k• Prime Minister of Tra.vancore in 1948, fol.l.owing the fa.l.l. of the Pattom Th.anu;pil.l.a.i ministry; Chief Minister of the New ministry formed ~ 1949, fol.l.owing the integration of Travancore and Cochin; resigned office on February 24, 1951
Narayanan Nair, P A key J.ea.der of the Communist movement in Ma.J.abar during 1930's.
Narimsn, K.F. Advocate for the accused A. Nara;ra.na Pil.l.a.i in the 1938 "sedition" ca.sej he '\'TaB refused permission to appear in the court to de fend his cl.ient.
94• Na.taraja Pil.l.a.i, P.S. A minister for two days in the enl.a.rged cabinet of Pattom Tha.nu.pil.lai in 1948; resigned office under popul.a.r prihtest.
95 • Na.yar, T • X. Agitation for Constitutional. Reforms in Oochin, 1941; member of the Legisl.a.tive Oo~cil., from Pazhayannur during the same period; appointed lfinister fol.J.owing the resignation of Dr.A.R.Menon, on February 25, 1942; resigned on Jul.y 11, 1945; member of the firs.t p:opula.r ministry in Cochin (Sept.9, 1946), a.J.ong with Pan.a.~il.l.i. Govinda Menon, C.R. :Iyyunni and K. qy.e.ppant :f'lll.lowing the controversy over the ~t4~~q~rge on October 18, 1947 at Ra.jendra Maidan,~a new minis~~ under his Chief M:inistership. d
96 • UiJ.a.ke.nta Pil.l.a.i, X.P • Joint Secrete.xy of the Travancore State Congress at the time of the agitation for responsibl.e movemezrt in 1 938; under the repressive measures of c.P. Ra.maswami. :Iyer, he was mercil.essly beaten for participating in Popul.ar agitations for responsibl.e government •
97. Ousep, C.A. A member in ~~sx first Congress ministry of Cochin, headed by E. :Ikkanda Warrier in 1948.
98.
99·
100.
101.
102.
104.
394
Pa.dmanabha., Kuk.il.lya, U A retired Chief Justice who was asked to be the President o£ the Legisl.a.tive Assembly of the Travanco:re-Cochin State in 1949.
P a.dma.nabhan, Manna th A l.eader of the Nair Community :fighting against untouchabil.i.ty in 1924; a l.esder of the "l.iberation struggl.e" against the E .r-r.s. ministry in 1959.
Padmanabha.n, P .G. An important leader of the Vayal.a.r...Punna.ppra. Uprisal. of 1 946, working underground •
Pal.pu, (Dr.) A leader of the Tiya Community: organised the "Ezhava.s- Memorial." signed by 13,176 Ezh.avas: on September 3, 1896, demanding responsibl.e government and social. reforms. The Ezhava MemorieJ. running over 10 pages was submitted to S. Sankara. Soobier, the Dewan of Tre.vancore, whil.e Dr. Pe.l.pu was .Msistant Surgeon in the Mysore Government Service.
Pe.ni.kker, K.S. ~itation :for Constitutional. Reforms in Cochin (1945); demanded fUl.l. responsibl.e government :for the people.
Para.meshwaran Pil.la.i, L Cha.nganessery A l.eader of the struggl.e :for resp onsi bl.e government in Travancore, :from 1 91 9; an active member of the Civic Rights :Iea~ founded in 1919 , to promote equal. rights for al.l. cl.as-aes.
Parameshwaran P il.l.e.i , G A l.eader of the popul.ar agitation against the mal.e.dministration during the reign of Sri Mul.am Tirunal. Re.ma Varma ( 1885-1924), in Travancore; :recognized a.S the "Father of P oli ticsl. Agitation in Travancore" (by Keral.iyan); initiated constitutional. agitation in Trava.ncore; a powerful. writer who authored the pamphl.et 11 Travancore :far Travancoreans "( 1889) and the 11Travancore Memorial." (or Mal.ayal.:t Memorial.) signed by 10,038 Travancoree.ns in 1:891.
Pe.throse, K. V • A J.eader working underground during the Va.ye.J.arPunnapra UprisaJ. o:f 1916.
106.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
395
P a.tt om Tha.nu Pi~~a.i Ini.tia.~~Y a. Congress leBder; 1ater joined the PSP. Chief Hinister :in the first ministry of Tra.va.ncore, formed in 19 48; Chief Ninister again in 1954 :in the Congress-?SP ministry; ChiefMinister a.ga.in in 1960;appointed Governor of Punjab, fo~~owing faction fight with co~eagues.
Pau~, M.I. A member (fran Na.rakkal.) in the Cochin Legisl.a.tive Counci~, during the agitation for cons:titd; ion~ reform \19 45); demanded adu~t franchise and a. Counci~ of P opul.ar ministry.
Paul.ose, T.P • Member o£ Cochin Legisl.a.tive Council.. Resolution demanding t 133 appointment o£ a. Committee to draw up a scheme af constitutior.e.l. refa:-ms
(1945).
P :il.l.ai , A • K. A l.eader o£ peasant movement in Mal.a.bar; President of the Parissikkadavu meeting o£ 1934, J.ea.ding to powerful. peasant agitations in North l'lB.l.abar.
Potti, I6modaran A member (PSP) :in the Pa.tt om Th.anu Pil.J.ai ministry of 1960.
Purushottaman, V.K. Trade Union l.eader in Al.l.eppey, alcng with R. Sugathan, P.K. Kunju, and P.N.Kunjan Pil.lai, a.l.l. o£ whome were arrested in 1936 for l.a.bour a.trike.
Pyl.ee, L. 1<1:. Membeio£ the Cochin Legisl.a.tive Council. in 1941, repreaenting the Latin Christians of Erna.kul.am; agitation for constitutional. re£~m in 1941.
Baja, M.K. A member (£ran Mul.akun.."lS.thu Kavu) in the Co chin Legislative Council., during the agitation £or constitutional. reform (1945)
11 4 • Ramachand.ra qya.r, T. A· A member (representing Nel.J.ayi) in the Cochin Legisl.a.tive Council., during the agitation far reaponsib~e government (1942)
396
115. Ramachandran, G. A member in the enl.argei. Pattom Tha.nu Pillai ministry o:f 1948 in Travancore.
116. Rams. Iyer, Ma.njeri President of the :first District Committee of the
Congress in Ma.1a.bar, 1915
117. Raman Menon, c.x. Editor and Proprietor of Kera~a Patrika, pub~iehed :fran Calicut at the time of the setting up of the District Congress Committee in I~~abar (1908); sought to ep read the a:ima and idea~ of the Congress through his newspaper.
118 • Ra.man P i~l.ai , X.P • E~ected membe~f the Travancore LegiSlative Counci~ fran Qui~on between Jul;v- 19, 1922 and October 29• 1923: argued that the executive must be made reap one ib~e t o the people.
119. Raman Pi1J.ai, R .A courageous advocate of res,ponsib~e government in the Sri M~um Poj,u.J.a.r Assembly ( 1922); advocated the substitution of one-man r~e by e. Counci~ of Ministers answerab~e to the pub~ice
120. Sadasivan, C .G. A ~eader of the Vya~ar~w:ma;pra Upriea.l. of 1946, working underground.
121. Sa~em, A.B. An active parUallpant in the Agitation :for Constitutiona1 Reforms in Cochin, 1941
122. Sa~eem, M.B. A ~eader of peasant movement in Ma~abar: along with X.T. Mathew, organised the .Al.1-Xera.1a IW.diya.n Sangham in 19 28.
1 23 • Sa.nkar , R General. Secretary o:f the SNDP in 1947; a member (nominated) in the adv2sir,r committee on constitutional. reforms, appointed by the Maharaja of Tra.va.ncore in 1947, along with T.M. Varghese, A.J.John, C. Xesavan, P.S.Nataraja. Pi11ai, S.J. Pandia Nsdar, Mannathu Padmana.bha Pill.ai; A. Patt an Tb.e.nu Pii.lai (President), T.A. Abdulla, Ra.vi Yarma, P.Vivekanand.a, s. Krishna. Iyer, E.P.Vttrghese, T .M. Chi,dambara.tha.nu Pi11ai and N. :'.ia:qa Ra.ma. Krishna Pi11a.i.-Chief Minister of Keral.a. in 1962.
397
124. Sankaran, Moyarath A ~eader and founding father of the Communist movement in Kerah; participated in the first meeting of the Congress Socialist ~arty in 1934 along with Ee1appan, C.K. Govindan Nair, A.K.~il~i, ~ onne.ra Sreedharan, N .B. Kunnikka~, ~. Krishna ~ i~hi, A· K. Gopal.a.n, Sardar Chandroth, and E.M.S. Namboodiripad~.
125. Sivarama Menon, Ambat
126. a
Leader of the Cochin Congress ~artyJs Minister for Rura~ Development in the Ministry by tle Cochin Congress ~arty in 1938 1 fo~owing the first e~ectioneto the State Legisl.a.tive.
Solomon, ~.A. One of the ear~y Communist workers in ~eppey.
127• Sreedharan, A An active participant in the Vay~a:r.-Pu:nne.p re. Up·risa~ of 1946
128. Sreedharan, ~onnara A ~eader of the sa.J.t Satye.gralia at ~~annur 1930; led a jadha from Trive.ndrum to ~ayyannur to participate in the Salt Satyagraba.
129. Sugathan, R Grass roots Communist Worker and Trade Unionist; a Key figure in the month-~ong strike in A1leppey in October, 1939. • organizer of l.a.bour movement in Travancore e.l.ong with ~ • K. Kunju and P • N. Krishna ~ i~J.ai
1 30 • ~ankamma {Krishna ~ i~lai) Wife of Sakhavu Krishna. ~illai: an in't.imate co~borator with Krishna ~i~i {bef<re their marriage in 1942) during his internment in the Suchindre.m Jai~, 1940-42, foll.owing the Mora~ clash of 1940.
131. Thanu Pill.ai, Mathur. Travanoore State Congress Leader a nd an associate of Krishna Pill.ai (Sakhavu) during 1940's.
132. Thomas, A.M. Ch.a.irman of the Congress Legislative ~arty, following the resignation of T.M. Varghese in 1951
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136.
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138.
139.
140.
398 Thomas, T.V.
A Trade Union leader of lll.eppey; Sp,ea.ker in the State Legisl.ati ve Assembly of Tra.ve.ncore in 1948 :' during the T.K.Ne.re.ye.ne. Pi11e.i ministry; a member in the E.M.S. ministry of 1957; followed the M.N. Govindan Nair faction ( CFI) in the Communist Party split of 1964 when his own wife joined the opposing camp under E.N.S. Ne.mboodiripe.d
Va.dakke.n, Father Rebel Catholic Priest;a leader of Peasant movement in Malabar,.. during the Xere.le. ltJr&ibe ra.ti on Struggle", orga.nisea the a.ntii-Communist nsha.nti-8ena" in 1958
to bring down the E.M.S. ministry.
Varghese, M.K. A member (representing Cra.ngannur) in t~ Cochin Legislative Council during the e.gita.ti:i.on for responsible government (19&6).
Varghese, T.M. A prominent advocate of responsible government in the Sri Mu.J.am ~ sembly from 1938 onwards; a. member along with c. Eese.van, in the first ministry of Eera.1a, headed by Pa.ttom Tha.nu Pill.a.i in 1948~ elected Speaker of the Assembly of the newly formed Tra.va.noore Cochin State in 1949.
Velayudhan, K.A. An active participant in the e.gi tat ion for constitutional reforms in Cochin(1945); advocated a responsible government that woul.d ensure equal rights for e.l.l..
Velu Lrana.va.r, tJI.R. A zealous advocate of responsible government in the Sri r.!u1a.m Popular Assembly (as a. member from Haripad constituency), in 1923.
Velutha.mpi, Da.lwa An e:x-ta.hsilclar who organised a. rising of people of Na.njanad against tyranny and oppressicnf during the reign of Bale. Re.ma. Varma (1798-1810); as: a. result of his revolt against ma.1administra.tion, he was ma.de Dewan ef Tra.va.ncore; revolted against the British in 1808, and on being defeated, committed suicide.
Vijayragha.vachariar, C President of the first Congress political conference in Malabar, 1903•
