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Range in size (microscopic to gigantic) Adapted to nearly every environment on earth
Shared Characteristics: Most have roots or root-like structures All need water Have a cell wall Contain chlorophyll to aid in photosynthesis
Land plant ancestors were green algae that lived in the sea
Exact origin of flowering plants are not known
There was more sunlight and CO2 on land for plants to use during photosynthesis than in the sea
As plants moved onto land more O2 became available for animals to develop
All adaptations enabled plants to survive on land
Cuticle-helps plant conserve water Cellulose found in the cell wall helps plants support itself and provide structure
Structures developed that distribute water, nutrients and food to all plant cells
Plants developed water-resistant seeds or spores to help them reproduce
2 divisions1.Vascular Plants have tube-like structures that carry water and nutrients to other parts of the plant
2 groups in this division Seed vascular and seedless vascular2.Nonvascular plants Do not have tube-like structures Are seedless and have no groups
Developed by Carolus Linnaeus Every plant given a unique 2 word name
Ex: Shasta daisy-chrysanthemum maximum
Do not grow from seeds Few cells thick Rhizoids anchor them to the ground not roots
Grow in places that are damp Do not have flowers or cones Reproduce by spores- waterproof reproductive cell
1. Mosses Grow in damp areas Grow on rocks, trees and ground Some have adapted to live in the desert Pioneer species2. Liverworts Rootless plants Flattened leaf-like bodies3. Hornworts Less than 2.5 cm in diameter Flattened bodies Have only 1 chloroplast in each cell
Reproduce with spores Has vascular tissue which is made up of long tube-like structures
Vascular tissue carries water, minerals, and food throughout the plant
This enables plants to grow bigger and thicker
1.Ferns Largest group Have stem, leaves and roots Leaves are called fronds, where spores are found
2. Club Mosses Related more to ferns than mosses Needle-like leaves Spores are produced at the end of the
stem in structures like pine cones3. Horsetails Spores produced in a cone-like
structure Stem is jointed and has a hollow center Stem contains silica-gritty stubstance Used for polishing objects and
sharpening tools
Peat, remains of moss, is used as a low-cost fuel in Ireland and Russia
Scientists hypothesize peat could become coal
Nonvascular plants help build new soil Parts can be eaten as food, such as
rhizomes and young fronds Ferns used as weaving material Ferns used as landscaping and house
plants Ferns also used as folk medicines
Have leaves, stems, roots and vascular tissue
Produce seeds 2 major groups Most plants are seed plants1.Leaves Organs where photosynthesis occurs Come in many shapes, sizes and colors Epidermis covers and protects the leaf Cuticle-waxy covering
Stomata-openings in the epidermis which allows CO2 and water to enter and exit
Guard cells-open and close the stomata Palisade layer -most of the food is produced by the cells in this layer
Spongy layer -veins containing vascular tissue are found
2.Stems Located above ground and support the branches, leaves and reproductive structures
Vascular tissue in stems moves material from the roots to the leaves
Some are herbaceous-soft, and green Trees and shrubs have hard, rigid woody stems
3.Roots Water and nutrients enter the plant through the roots and the vascular tissue transports the substances to the other parts of the plant
Act as anchors, to keep plants from being blown away
Sometimes all of the roots can be above ground
Can store food Plants in dry areas have roots that store water
Root tissue absorb oxygen to aid in respiration
4.Vascular Tissue Made up of three tissues Xylem: tubes stacked up on top of each to form a vessel
Vessels transport substances throughout the plant
Xylem cell walls help support the plant Phloem: tubular cells stacked to form tubes
Tubes move food from where it is made to the other parts of the plant
Cambium: tissue that produces the xylem and phloem cells
The growth of new xylem and phloem thicken the stem and roots
Vascular plantsProduce seeds, but no flowers or fruit protect the seeds
Leaves are needlelikeMany are evergreensCones are reproductive structuresSeeds develop on female cones
4 divisions1.Conifers (pines, firs, spruces, redwoods) Most diverse group2.Cycads Found in tropical regions3.Ginkgoes Pollution-tolerant Are deciduous4.Gnetophytes (joint fir) More than ½ of species grouped into 1 genus
Vascular plant Flowers and produces fruit More than ½ of known plant species belong to this group
Flowers vary in size, shape and color Some flower parts develop into a fruit Most fruits have seeds 2 groups1.Moncots2.Dicots
1. Monocots Has 1 cotyledon-used for food storage
in the seed We get foods from them, such as
bananas, pineapple Other examples: lilies and orchids Flower parts in multiples of three Leaves are narrow Vascular tissues run parallel to one
another Vascular bundles are scattered
throughout the plant
2. Dicots 2 cotyledon Produces peanuts, green peas,
apples, oranges Trees: maple, oak and elm flower parts are in multiples of four
or five Vascular tissues are in a bundle Vascular bundles occur in rings like
the rings of a tree
Paper and wood come from gymnosperms
Cotton comes from seed plants Fruits, bread, potato chips come from seed plants
Diets of most animals come from angiosperms
Refer to Table 1 Pg 260 for products of seed plants