m INVESTIGATION OP CERTAIN COMPONENTS OP EGO-3TRENGTH

TO DISTINGUISH VOCATIONALLY RKHABILITABLE

AMD NON-REHABILITABLE WORKERS

APPROVEDl

Graduate Committees

, n, JKii Major Professor-/

IoaI h flowaittee Member

A -* i > y'. *•- S . I > H. I-tToiBMitte© Mefeber

Dean of the School of Education

I Dean of the Graduate School

AH INVESTIGATION OP CERTAIN COMPONENTS OF EGO-STRENGTH

TO DISTINGUISH VOCATIONALLY REHABILITABLB

AND NON-REHABILITABLS WORKERS

DISSERTATION

Presented to the Graduate Council of the

North Texas State University in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree ©f

DOCTOR OF EDUCATION

By

Leo F. Solomos, M* A.

Denton, Teams

June, 1965

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES • . V

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION * 1

Background and Meed for this Study Statement of the Problem Basic Facts About Goodwill Industries of Dallas

Hypotheses Definition of Terns Basic Assumptions Limitations of the Study Method Description of Test Instruments Development of Progress Measurement Report Procedure for Treating Data Chapter Bibliography

II. RELATED LITERATURE. 36

Basic Literature on Ego-Strength Indicators of Ego-Strength Ego-Strength and Psychodiagnostic Instruments Chapter Bibliography

III. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA 52

Hypothesis One Hypothesis Two Hypothesis Three Hypothesis Four Hypothesis Five Hypothesis Six Hypothesis Seven Summary Chapter Bibliography

iii

iv

Pag«

Chapter

IV. SUMMART, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AMD RECOMMENDATIONS . 73

Findings Hecommendations and Conclusions Chapter Bibliography

APPENDIX A gO

APPENDIX B $2

APPENDIX C 33

APPENDIX D . » #7

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . <t1

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

I* Number aad Reasons for Dropping Out Certain Subjects fro© the Original Study Group • . . 17

II#' Th© Relationship Between Barron*s tgo-Strength Seals and VocatTOnil Hehabillt ac-tion Success 53

III. The Relationship Between Self and Vocational Rehabilitation success . . . . 55

IV. The Relationship Between Ideal Self and Vocational Rehabilitation Success. 56

V, The Relationship Between Other and Vocational Rehabilitation Success . 57

VI. The Relationship Between Maslow* s Security-Insecurity Inventory and Vocational Rehabilitation Success 59

VII. Th® Relationship Between Estimation of Performance and Vocational Rehabilitation Success• , 61

fill. The Relationship Between Acceptance of Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation Success. 63

IX. The Relationship Between Affective Tolerance and Vocational Rehabilitation Success. * . . 64

I. Th© Relationship Between inaciety Drive Level and Vocational Rehabilitation Success. . . . 66

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Although in recent years, there has been a rapid expan-

sion in th« number of sheltered workshops, the problem of

identifying early in the vocational rehabilitation process

those handicapped persons who are most likely to succeed and

those who are most likely to fail continues to pose a major

challenge (32). A survey of rehabilitation literature

reveals a paucity of research in this area and gives evidence

of a pressing need for suitable techniques of assessment to

predict eventual vocational rehabilitation success (30)•

Traditionally, most rehabilitation sheltered workshops

emphasized the restructure and acquisition of working skills

(7). They considered that attainment of working skills was

sufficient to insure vocational success snd ultimate gainful

employment. In reviewing, however, the vocational adjustment

problems of handicapped workers, it has become evident that a

significant proportion of vocational failures observed,

appear to be related to factors other than physical limita-

tions , types of disability and acquisition of working skills

(14, 43)• This observation revealed tfet the influence of

non-physical factors affected the vork adjustment process,

which appears to be a complex multi-dimensional network

involving psycho-social aspects (14, 27, 29). Furthermore,

rehabilitation specialists have implied that the psycho-

social aspects of work appear to be as important to vocational

success and, in many instances, aay handicap th« vocationally

disabled worker beyond the actual limitations resulting from

disability {10, 31). The relevancy of these implications is

not difficult to understand and accept when one recognizes

that the whole person becomes affected. Disability, whether

physical or psychic, may affect the individual at all levels

of personality integration (3, 6, 17). Since personality

factors nay affect ones* overall work adjustment process end

say act as possible deterrents to the vocational rehabilita-

tion program, some rehabilitation authorities have suggested

that training objectives ?-=© aimed primarily at the psycholog-

ical adjustment of the vocationally disabled. As stated by

Brent, "The aim of rehabilitation of the disabled is the

integration of re-integration of the personality," (6, p. 7$).

In reference to the constellation of emotional limita-

tions inhibiting the vocational adjustment process, the

Institute for Crippled and disabled in New York City,

reported that, "The Institute1s experience with some 40,000

physically handicapped persons has revealed that a great

majority of patients experience emotions.1 stress which is

serious enough to interfere v / i t h t r e a t m e n t and training.

This, in effect, becomes a part of the disability" (29, P» 23)

In a study conducted by Laird investigating the incidence of

emotional disturbance among the vocational clients at west

Virginia Rehabilitation Center, it was reported that 45 per

cent of the group interviewed and tested, with projective

techniques were considered emotionally disturbed (23).

Masterman substantiates the significance of the effect

of the incidence of emotional aspects upon the rehabilitation

process, commenting that, MThe importance of psychological

aspects of disability to rehabilitation cannot be over-

emphasized in m e w of the side spread of emotional character-

istics which can serve as deterrents to rehabilitation

success" (27, p» 73). Jacobs (20) indicated that the

vocationally disabled worker must possess a heelthy and

positive orientation toward his disability, his personal

assets and liabilities toward his job, community and environ-

ment before he could be certain that he is ready to assume

the status of a worker. Syracuse University studies (34),

dealing with this matter, concluded that what is needed is

an adjustable worker, not a specifically trained worker•

Similarly, conclusions advanced by Oellman (15)» Wren (42),

and Feintuch (10) generally indicated that in many instances

vocational failures appear to be related to personality

deficits of the vocationally disabled worker. From the

reported findings the iif luence of personality dynamics on

the vocational rehabilitation process become readily apparent,

Thus, there appears to be a noed for further exploratory

research of theoretical orientations vital for effective

vocational prognosis#

The concepts of ego-strength as a promising predictive

measurement for the disabled worker's subsequent vocational

performance in a sheltered workshop, has been referred to,

indirectly, by rehabilitation authorities (15, 2?, 31 )*

Neff, in his discussion of the determinants of vocational

adjustment commented that, "The condition of being voca-

tionally disabled can be looked at psycho-dynamicslly in

terms of the inability of the ©go to develop appropriate

strategies. . • • where the ego has adopted inappropriate

strategies one can expect to find low ego-strength, defects

in motivation to become productive, poor self-concept, among

ot er things as dominant features of the personality" (31,

p. 227)• Adding to this emphasis and evidence for the

importance for ego-strength in rehabilitation, Grayson stated

that, ^go-strength, the ability to relate to other people

and integration of personality all correlate highly with

success in rehabilitation" (17, p. 16) # Furthermore, Bellak

et al. (5) viewed the vocational rehabilitation process in

psychodynamic terms and stated, "The major task. . . . is the

reconstruction of the client's ego strengths so that he can

be made mentally fit and ready for work and. . . . able to

cope with the emotional and interpersonal factors involved

in starting on and continuing a job" (5, p. 291)•

Recently, Stotsky and Weinberg (33) made application of

the concept of ©go-strength with hospitalised psychiatric

patients to predict their feasibility for rehabilitation

success. They found ego-strength a useful index to predict

successfully the vocational rehabilitation of this population.

In another study, utilising this same theoretical orientation,

Connors et al. (8) found a significant relationship between

psychiatric patients1 level of ego-strength and the criteria

of success vs. failure in a work centered program and in the

degree of work adjustment attained in the community upon

release from the hospital environment.

Although these cited studies are concerned with the

concept of ego-strength, its components and their relation-

ship to the vocational adjustment process of vocationally

disabled workers, this is the exception, not the rule, in the

area of vocational rehabilitation, '•'•he implications of these

studies employing the ego-strength concept appear to be

consistent with the observations and contentions of some

recognized authorities in the area of psychoanalysis. For

example, Freud (13), Hendrick {18}, and Wenninger (2 8 ) state

that one's level of ego-strength is involved in the worker*s

efforts to adjust to the job situation.

Analysis of the literature reported herein imply that the

concept of ego-strength end its components appear to present

a promising avenue of research to the vital problem of

vocational prediction. The vocational implications appear

6

to be consistent with the processes and functions identified,

and associated with ego-strength and its components• It

becomes evident, therefore, that those determinants signifi-

cant to successful vocational adjustment appear to be

inherent in the notions of this concept. Thus, the possible

utilization of this theoretical orientation as a basis for

distinguishing the vocationally rehabilitable and non-

rehabilitable appears to offer a unique approach to the

problem of vocational prognosis•

Statement of the Problem

It was the intent of this study to investigate the

relationship of the concept of ego-strength to the success

in vocational rehabilitation. Specifically, the study was

designed to evaluate in detail certain components of ego-

strength which might be significant in distinguishing

between the successful and unsuccessful disabled workers

referred to Goodwill Industries of Dallas for vocational

diagnosis and training. It has been implied by some

authorities in the field that individual variations in the

ego-strength dimensions may discriminate the vocationally

rehabilitable groups from the non-rehabilitable.

Basic Facts About Goodwill Industries of Dallas

Goodwill Industries of Dallas is a voluntary, non-profit

social service agency incorporated to provide employment,

training, sheltered workshop experience and other related

rehabilitation services for handicapped persons. Its

primary concern is to provide the vocationally disabled

workers with the opportunities for training to attain the

fullest possible vocational development of which they are

capable.

Men and women with nearly every type of disability who

can tee benefited by Goodwill Industries procedures are

accepted up to the limit of service capacity. Typieal

handicaps are orthopedic, mental and emotional, speech and

hearing, social and organic (such as heart disease and

arrested tuberculosis, etc.).

Goodwill Industries provides work experience and

related services through four basic methods!

1. Evaluation, training and employment through the

collection, remaking and sale of contributed household

and industrial discards. Among the thirty trades and

skills taught at Goodwill are furniture repair and

refinishing, upholstering, spray painting, electrical

and metal goods repair, offset printing, dry cleaning,

laundry operations and pressing, sales, bookkeeping,

switchboard operation, cashiering and clerical work.

2. Sales of reconditioned materials. Merchandise is

sold in seven retail outlets in Dallas County and

proceeds are used to pay wages to handicapped clients.

3. Sub-contract work. The Commercial Service Division

provides work for commercial concerns in areas such as

$

light manufacturing, packaging, mailing, package

processing, swatching, parts inspection and others.

4. Placement of trained clients in industry.

The daily hours of work for a. worker in Goodwill are

8sDO a.m. to 4:45 p.m. Monday through Friday with forty

minutes for lunch and fifteen minutes for morning .. nd after-

noon coffee breaks• Thus, the work week is 40 hours. A

time clock is available for punching in and out, and a good

deal of emphasis is put on the customary working rules of

reporting on time and working a full day. The starting

hourly rate in the workshop varies with the type of job

placement. Workers are .paid for hours worked and are docked

for lateness and for time spent off the job because of

personal business.

Rather intensive efforts are made to obtain information

about a prospective applicant before he is accepted by

Goodwill. The following steps are undertaken in this partic-

ular process:

1. The Intake interview. All prospective applicants

are interviewed by the Goodwill Industries employment

interviewer permanently assigned to this function.

On the basis of the employment interview and related

materiel, the interviewer prepares a written esse

history which focuses upon the reasons for referral,

the medical, educational and work experience of the

applicant, his familial and personal relationships.

Tfe® employment interviewer attempts to summarize

his impressions as to the applicant*s work personality

picture end suggests tentative hypotheses on the

strengths and weaknesses of the applicant for voca-

tional rehabilitation.

2. Testing* Only those applicants who are referred

by employment interviewer are given a battery of

entrance tests. These tests include as a minimus

the Wecfaaler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. Sentence

Completion, Progressive Matrices, aptitude and Interest

tests. The purpose of testing is to appraise the

applicants assets for employment and training, to

search out possible areas in which placement may be

made, and to advise the workshop personnel as to the

kind of behavior problems thst may be encountered

during the period of training.

3. Workshop procedures. Accepted applicants are

inducted into the workshop on Mondays to start the

working week. After a brief orientation session, in

which the new worker is informed of the working rules

(the hours of work, provision for lunch, morning and

afternoon break periods, no smoking rule, etc.}, he

is Introduced to his workshop supervisor and put to

work. For the first day or two the supervisor

observes the worker on his assigned working tasks,

notes are kept with respect to his response to

to

training experiences, productivity rate, apparent

attitudes toward work, contacts with co-workers and

supervision.

The general plan for the work of the workshop super-

vision is as follows. Supervision is, of course,, close arid

continuousj but this is not always perceptible to the worker.

During the first two weeks of a worker's stay in Goodwill

Industries the workshop supervisor plays the role of a

generally supportive and accepting authority figure who

instructs the worker in the work tasks and helps him to

carry out the work assigned, but makes no undue demands

other than those required for ordinary application to work.

During the second two weeks, workers begin to be introduced

to certain minimally stressful situations. If output is

markedly below the average of the section, or is Inconsist-

ent, th© workshop supervisor begins to set output goals.

Similarly, if the general work behavior is defective

in one or another areas, e.g. resistance to supervision,

inappropriate reactions to co-workers, lack of energy or

motivation, frequent violations of the basic working rules,

excessive lateness or unexplained absenteeism, the super-

visor begins to work closely with the worker in an effort

to correct these lapses, -after the fourth week in Goodwill,

the worker is Increasingly prepared for further work adjust-

ment responsibilities. The workshop supervisor now attempts

to set production goals which are comparable to ordinary

11

i n d u s t r i a l minims • F i n n l i m i t s a r e s o t ana c l o s e n a s i s tance

i s ? ; i w n i n an e f f o r t t o c o r r e c t i r n s c t i s f a c t o r y work a t t i -

t u d e s , and the w o r k e r ' s ,vork t o l e r a n c e i s t e s t e d by e x p o s i n g

hi/a t o t number o f m o d e r n t o l y s t r e s s f u l s i t u a t i o n s . I t

s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h i s o v e r a l l #o rk p l a n may be m o d i f i e d

t o f i b t he needs o f the i> . i *v i ru».X w o r k e r bu t i s t h e g e n e r a l

f ramework w i t h i n wh i ch M o d i f i c a t i o n s t- ke p l u c e .

Jiii i m p o r t n t f e a t u r e o f workshop o p e r a t i o n s i s t h e

p e r i o d i c e v a l u a t i o n s e s s i o n s h e l d by t h e workshop s u p e r v i s o r

and .'©reman. I n t hese m e e t i n g s , the b e h a v i o r a l and p r o d u c -

t i o n p r o b l s ^ s o f the worke r a re r e v i e w e d , d e c i s i o n s a re made

t o remedy f a u l t y c o n d i t i o n s j/ i fch & v iew tow*rti minimizing

d i f f i c u l t i e s , rhe value- o f t h o s ^ /rr^t. ' i ?u i ? t h a t i t p e r m i t s

c o n t i n u o u s r e v i e w o f \<,oiic b e h a v i o r i n the shop and snakes f o r

great , f l e x i b i l i t y i n chang ing i.ha ^ e n e r u l p l a n f o r t h e work

t o aieat die i n a i v i d u a 1 ae -ds o f the p a r t i c u l a r w o r k e r .

« t t h e end o f the» t h r e e month p e r i o d , l>-,e workshop

s u p e r v i s o r makes oho f i r s t d e t a i l e d p r o g r e s s measurement

r e p o r t o f t h e wo rke r * s s e s y t b :.nc d e f i c i t s «. nd ;<mkes w«'-ge

recoa i i ' e i i . i a l i ons . I t i s a t t he end o f t h i s p e r i o d t h a t t h e

f i r s t >/.;£© r e v i e w o f ' ha w o r k e r i s conduc ted f o l l o w e d l y a

second rf.ge r e v i e y n i n e t y d^ys l a t e r .

hypo theses

C e r t a i n hypo theses were f o r m u l a t e d .-*nd were i n v e s t i g a t e d

by s t a t i s t i c a l • n a l y s i s o f t he -i.-1£ c o l l e c t - a d . These

hypothvjsss were :

12

1. Performance on Barron's ago Strength Scale Is

positively related to vocational rehabilitation success

as found in Vocationally rteh&bilitable and Non-

Eehabilitable workers.

2. There is a positive relationship between Self-

Concept and vocational rehabilitation success.

3. There is a positive relationship between sense of

Personal Security &nd vocational rehabilitation success.

4. There is a positive relationship between Level of

Aspiration and vocational rehabilitation success.

5. There is a positive relationship between Acceptance

of Disability and vocational rehabilitation success.

6. There is a positive relationship between Level of

Affective Tolerance and vocational rehabilitation success,

7. There is a positive relationship between Anxiety

Drive Level and vocational rehabilitation success.

Definition of Terms

Ego.--This term refers to the integrating core of the

personality which mediates between needs and reality.

&go-Strength .—This term refers to the dimensions of

self-concept, sense of personal security, level of aspiration,

acceptance of disability, affective tolerance, and anxiety

drive level. Some authorities have associated these dimen-

sions with the concept of ego-strength and have considered

them important to the individual1s efforts toward adjustment.

13

fjeneric Sheltered &orkshop»-»-Thls term refers to a

rehabilitative workshop program which closely simulates an

industrial atmosphere to facilitate the transition to gainful

employment of vocationally handicapped persons who have been

judged apparently unemployable in accordance with private

business employment standards.

Progress Measurement Report.—This term refers to the

assessment technique devised by the Personnel Services

Committee of Goodwill Industries to appraise periodically

the training and job performance progress of vocationally

disabled workers. This evaluation form is described in

detail in Appendix A*

Vocationally Disabled or Handicapped—This term refers

to individuals who are unable to find and keep employment in

regular industry because of physical, mental, emotional

disabilities or advanced age.

VoGStioflally N on-rie ha b i 1 it able Workers .«•-Operational!

this term refers to those disabled workers who are experienc-

ing difficulty in meeting satisfactorily the requirements

essential to successful vocational rehabilitation. This

particular group represented: (1) those workers who

completed the training program, but who, because of

unsatisfactory Progress Measurement Report ratings, were

found to be ineligible for a wage increment on the first two

14

wage review presentations, (2) those workers who entered the

training program, bat did not complete the training, dropping

out without promise or possibility of outside employment and

(3) those workers who, because of their inadequate and

unacceptable work behavior, were terminated on the recommenda-

tion of workshop supervisor.

Vocationally R«habilitabla workers.--Operationally. this

term was applied to those who were satisfactorily responding

to the anticipated training demands and expectations of the

sheltered workshop vocational program. This category

included: (1) those who successfully completed the training

phase, obtained satisfactory Progress Measurement Report

ratings, and were found to be eligible for a wage increment

on the first two wage review presentations, (2) those who

completed the tr&ining period, received wage increment on

the first two wage reviews and who, either on their own or

with the assistance of the Personnel Department obtained

employment in private industry, (3) those who successfully

completed the training program, were found to be eligible

for wage increment on the first two occasions and eventually

were promoted to more responsible positions within the

Goodwill Industries organisational structure, and (4) those

who moved out of Goodwill Industries before completion of

the program, but found employment outside the rehabilitation

workshop.

15

Basic Assumptions

It was assumed that when a vocationally handicapped

individual was tested for ego-strength in a test situation,

he brought to this setting approximately the same ego-

strength variables th^t he brings to bear upon his training

situation* It was further assumed that the subjects ar® a

representative sample of the working population at Goodwill

Industries of Dallas.

Limitations of the Study

This study was conducted at Goodwill Industries of

Dallas, a generic sheltered workshop for the vocationally

disabled. The vocational handicap of this population was

the factor which directed it to Goodwill Industries for

training. This study included only those individuals who

were able to read and understand at and beyond the seventh

grade level as measured by the reading test of the Wide Range

Achievement Test. This study also included only those

vocationally disabled individuals who in the last three

years, 1961-1964, entered the training program at Goodwill

Industries. The limitations mentioned further limit the

findings and conclusions of this investigation to the popula-

tion being studied or to similar populations found at other

Goodwill Industries.

16

Method

Population

The present study was based on a sample of 152 voca-

tionally handicapped individuals who entered the training,

program of Goodwill Industries in the laat three years,

1961-1964* The subjects were men (H~70) and women

who, because of their handicap were judged unemployable by

private industry end were unable to obtain gainful employment.

Their vocational handicap was the propelling factor which

directed them to the rehabilitation workshop training program.

This group can be considered representative of handicapped

individuals served by a Goodwill Industries* Included were

subjects with many different types of disabilities ranging

from orthopedic restrictions, psychiatric disorders, cardio-

vascular disease, arthritis, amputation, aged, cerebral

vascular accidents, paraplegia to tuberculosis inactive.

The subjects were divided into two major groups,

Rehabilitate and Non-Rehabilitable determined by the

criterion of wage increase or non-increase recommended at

trainee1 s first two wage review presentations. The saiaple

included 7# who were classified Rehabilitable and 74 who were

categorized as Non-Rehabilitable. The ages of the subjects

ranged fro® 17 to 76 years with a mean of 48,30 and standard

deviation of 13.74.

A total of 172 individuals were screened but it was

necessary to exclude 20 from the study because of

17

hospitalisation, refusal to complete test battery, unavail-

ability for testing, relocation to another city, death, and

termination froai workshop training program by supervisor

because of highly inadequate work performance and stability.

Examiner attempted to secure the cooperation of the terminated

workers to complete the test instruments but was unsuccessful

because of their bitterness towards management for administra-

tive discharge*

TABLE 1

1 UMBER AMD EM301S FOE DROPPING OPT CERTAIN SUBJECTS FROM THE ORIGINAL STUDY GROUP

Reason for Droo-Out Number

Hospitalization 1

Refusal to continue with study 5

Unavailability for testing 4

Termination from workshop by supervisor because of inadequate work performance 5

Relocation to another city 4

Desth 1

Determination of Reading Level

The reading test of the Wide Hangs Achievement Test

was administered to all subjects considered for this study.

Those individuals who achieved a seventh and above reading

grade level were considered eligible for this investigation.

10

This level was determined on the basis of information

received from the publishers, who judged the seventh grade

reading level as minimal for understanding the test instru-

ments employed.

Description of Test Instruments

I M S M M S . Achievement Teat.»-The Wide Bange Achievement

(21) was used to assess the subject'a reading grade

level* This instrument was selected because word pronouncia-

tion and deficiency in the mastery of reading mechanics have

been recognized basic, causative factors to reading disability

rather than reading comprehension (21). The reading test

used in this study consists of 120 words correctly pronounced

and examiner discontinues test with ten consecutive failures.

Correlation with the New Stanford Paragraph Reading Test and

the New Stanford Word Heading Test is .31 and .34 respectively,

ggP-Strength Scale {MB) .—Barron's Ego-Strength

3,.f,al.f (2) was used in this investigation to obtain a measure

of one's total ego-strength. It is a separate scale of the

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (KMPI) and

consists of 68 items taken from the total pool of 550 items

fro® the MMPX. It was developed by Barron on the basis of

significant item correlations with improvement in psycho-

therapy, but Barron found later to be related to such

dimensions of ego-strength as personal adaptability,

resourcefulness, vitality, persistence, and emotional

19

outgolngness (2), This instrument was selected because it

hes an objective scoring system and since its original

publication in 1953 has received much experimental verifica-

tion (22, 35* 36, 37| 40) • The odd-even reliability of the

scale in a clinic population of 126 patients was ,?6.

Test-retest reliability after three months was .72. Also,

a correlation of ,91 between two skilled judges in their

independent ratings of subjects relative to degree of

improvement in psychotherapy was obtained. Further studies

with clinic and non-clinic population seem to indicate that

Barron1s Sgo-Stren£th Scale does effectively measure con-

structive forces in the personality (2).

Attitude Toward the Disabled Persons Scale (ATDP) .««•

The Attitude Toward The Disabled Persons Scale was developed

by Xuk«r (43) al. associated with Human Resources Founda-

tion, a research division of Abilities Incorporated in

Albertson, New York. This scale was used in this study

because it shows promise to be a useful instrument t© assess

one#s attitude toward disability. This instrument is a 20

item L ike rt-Type attitude scale whose items are worded so as

to refer to disabled persons in general and phrased so as to

be appropriate and suitable for the measurement of attitudes

of the physically normal toward the disabled, and attitudes

for disabled persons toward themselves. The reliability of

this scale has been investigated with a disabled population

20

and an internal consistency coefficient of .76 was obtained

and a test-retest coefficient of .6? was obtained over a

period of 18 months, Aith a group of 170 physically normal

college students the test had an internal consistency

coefficient of .73*

this instrument shows promise as a research instrument

and it measures the disabled person's attitude toward his

handicap which is related to his acceptance or rejection of

his disability, Onefs acceptance or non-acceptance of his

disability appears to be related to the notion of ego-strength

and attitude toward disability has been indicated to be

closely related to potential ©mployability (44)•

Security-Insecurity Inventory (SI) .—The Security-

Insecurity Inventory (26) was used in this study to Measure

a component of ego-strength which could probably be reflected

by the vocationally disabled person*s security-insecurity

pattern. It is expected that the Vocationally Behabilitabl*

subjects are more likely to reflect a higher degree of

security, acceptance, belongingness, optimism and perception

of others as friendly because of adequacy of ego functioning.

Conversely, the Vocationally Non-Rehabilitable subjects are

acre likely to be insecure and reflect low-ego-strength

through expressions of rejection, isolation, threat and

danger which »ay act as deterrents to their vocational

process.

21

M.eslow developed fcho d-ecurity-Insecurity Inventory as

an outgrowth of clinical vheoretical research 'with the

concept of emotional or j- yc.-jolo icsl security. Valid.-rtion

studies in terms of internal end theoretical -criterii;,

experiments and clinical tests of vali:lafcion proved to he

adeausts and satisfactory {2-.) • ''"bis test is comprised of

75 questions divided into three rroups of 25 each, with each

group of 25 on a single page. Measures of the reliability for

the whole test range from .64 to . 9 1 .

Self-Activity Inventory (Sal).--The Self-ftctivity

Inventory (41) »*as used in this study to measure the subject's

concept of self. This invontory v/as selected because con-

siderable light has been thrown on the nature of the

personality dyac-raics in the nteladjusted by .recent investiga-

tions of the solf-concept (19)• Also, if tho notion of ego-

stren^th c*n be Gsiunsd to be a measure of the potentiality

of the subject to adjust to % stress situation, the perception

of self, whether favorable or unfairorable, high or low

discrepancy between rati us; of self and ide: 1, end. high or low

discr jpi--ncy b^twe^n ratings of self and other could be

considered to be correlator of ego-strength. This inventory

was developed by *"orchel lk"!) and is composed of 54 statements

describing responses to th« arousal of hostility, achievement,

sex, and dependency needs• To measure the intensity of the

responses, the subject ic asked to indie-te on * 5-point

22

scale, from 1 indicating never to 5 indicating always, how

much of the time the activity described is like him (Self),

how he would like to b© (Ideal), ami how it is like other

people (Other). Thus, a low score represents the positive

self-attitude on the adjusted and of the continuum while a

high score represents the negative or maladjusted extreme.

Teat-retest reliability correlation coefficients of the

inventory scores relative to the self, ideal, and other

person were .79, .71 and .78 respectively. All three

coefficients were considered fairly high for this type of

test and were significantly different from zero at less than

the .001 level. These data show that the self, ideal, and

other person rating scores are reliable measures reflecting

consistent attitude responses by the subjects.

Wechslar-Bellevue Digit Symbol Test.--The Weehsler*

Digit Syabol Test (39) was used in this study to

measure one's level of aspiration. This test was selected

because in the notion of ego-strength one1'® ability to assess

reality, set up realistic individual goals are processes

generally associated with ego functioning. Studies by Lewin

(24) Indicate a relationship between adequacy of ego function-

ing and level of aspiration.

The literature on the use of the level of aspiration

technique reveals that a wide variety of tasks both verbal

and motor have been used. Tasks used, for example, include

card sorting, cancellation, addition, peg-boards, bowling

23

games, target tasks, etc. The Wechsler«»Bellevue Digit Symbol

Test- was principally employed because (1) it involves skills

similar to pe rf or ma nc e-t ype, hand-eye coordin^tive work

activities at Goodwill Industries of Dallas, (2) it is not a

game-type task which has been recently criticized by Bamett

et si, (2) as not being closely related to life situations

and as such would be less challenging to adults and (3) the

Digit Symbol Test presented as na test of coordination11

would, prove to be a Meaningful task to vocationally handi-

capped who may be entertaining doubts and uncertainties about

their vocational potential and future occupational goals.

Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS)« The Taylor Manifest

Anxiety Scale (38) was used in this study to assess the

subject*s anxiety drive level. Personality theorists (1, 11,

13) have indicated that anxiety is a significant factor in

the development of maladjustment. Great emphasis is placed

on anxiety as a motivating factor in life adjustment, however,

it has been demonstrated that anxiety beyond a moderate level

acts as a disruptive force and makes the individual less

capable of coping and withstanding stresses. Since anxiety

plays a c ucial role in one's life adjustment process, one

can expect the presence of excessive, undue anxiety to

interfere with the vocational process and reflect ego-strength

deficiency. Thus, the measurement of anxiety seemed appro-

priate for this study.

24

The faylor Manifest Anxiety Scale is a derivative of the

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the items being

selected by judges on the basis of Cameron* s description of

chronic Manifest anxiety. It is a self-report inventory

consisting of 50 manifest anxiety items with measures of

reliability ranging from .82, ,$9 and .81. Corrected

correlation between Ti-ylor Scale and the »»inne Scale of

Neuroticisa yielded .36.

Inventory of Affective Tolerance.—The Inventory of

Affective Tolerance (12) was used in this investigation to

measure one's capacity to deal with affective tensions or

emotional excitements. It is commonly assumed that a

disability, whether physical, emotional or vocational,

augment® frustration which tends to result in an Increased

tension state (9). It is also assumed that with disability

limitation of normal mobility ind activity a frustrating

situation develops, which tends to block normal outlets for

tension, thus, expecting an increase in tensions, ^ince the

adequacy of the ego determines to a large extent one* s

ability to absorb or give appropriate discharge to affective

tensions, this inventory was considered appropriate for this

investigation.

This inventory was developed by Fisher and Watson {12).

It consists of 61 statements each of which may be measured by

one of six possible choices such as "never," "rarely,"

25

"occasionally," etc. The weights of the items were figured

by the t-ratio method. Reliability coefficients determined

by the Spearman-Brown formula were reported as .93» #94, and

-.93.

Development of Progress Measurement Report

The evaluation procedure in a rehabilitation workshop

training program is perhaps on© of the most significant phases

upon which many developmental steps are dep®r.dent. This

procedure helps guide the vocationally handicapped to

vocational independence* £valuation is a continuous process

and as such, must be formalised to be most effective.

During the Spring of 1962 Goodwill Industries of Dallas

reviewed its evaluation program. This review was conducted

by the Personnel Services Committee, which consisted of

members of administration, personnel, operations, and train-

ing. The purpose of this study was to develop and strengthen

the important phase of evaluation. Findings indicated that

the general format of the performance appraisal program of

the vocationally handicapped needed to be formalized and the

evaluation judgments exercised by supervisors standardized.

The Personnel Services Committee recognized the need for a

progress measurement instrument so that the vocational adjust-

ment process of vocational trainees be measured in a more

precise, formalized manner to increase the objectivity of

supervisory judgments relative to performance appraisal and

development.

26

la the Initial study and development of the proposed

performance measurement scale, the Personnel Services

Committee requested the participation and assistance of a

group of eight individuals. This group consisted of repre-

sentatives fro® the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation of

Dalles, Texas Employment Commission, private industry, and

Goodwill Industries of Dallas. An orientation period was

conducted for this group where a thorough explanation of the

suggested project, training program of Goodwill Industries,

its objectives and the need for a standardised job performance

appraisal program was presented and given• Also, this group

was given the opportunity to review performance appraisal

programs of other companies and rehabilitation workshops,

giving special attention to work characteristics measured,

to training of appraisers, to provisions for appraisal review

and to programs for appraisal coaching.

Following this period of orientation, this group of

eight individuals was requested to make a collective list of

basic performance categories for the proposed progress

measurement scale from which the vocationally handicapped

could be rated for performance development and progress.

It was recommended that this list be predicated upon those

categories commonly used in merit rating literature and

acceptable by industry to determines one's employability and

job efficiency, when this list of job performance categories

was completed, it was then given to a five-man group for

27

further refinement on the basis of numerical rating in terms

of how pertinent these job categories were to employability.

This group was requested to assign numerical weight values of

5» 4, 3, 2, and 1 to the prepared list of job categories.

Five represented the highest positive point value in terms of

importance for job success and efficiency and One represented

the lowest point value in this continuum. Each member of

this five-man group was requested to assign independently one

weighted value from 5 to 1 to each category and only those

categories which averaged a point value of 3 and above were

retained. The five-man group consisted of two workshop

supervisors, personnel manager of a private industry,

personnel director of Goodwill Industries, and a workshop

foreman•

Once again, this particular group was asked to indepead-

ently rate the remaining job categories of twenty-five. This

tine the members were requested to assign point values on a

3 point scale. Only those factors given a score value of 2

and 3 were retained. The selection and rating of major job

categories were based upon those factors which were pertinent

to adequate work performance, provided adequate data to

measure employee * s progress, and gave concrete and specific

information for performance and management review. Thus, the

eleven major performance categories of the progress measure-

ment instrument were selected. Each major appraisal category

had six descriptive statements on a 6 point numerical scale

2$

value ranging fro® a minimum of 0 to a fflaxia.ua of 5 which was

the highest positive scoring weight# Both the descriptive

statements nd point values were developed and based upon

recommended practices and procedures of current mtrit rating

literature, Studies in this field hare indicated that the

above procedure tends to minimize halo effect, provides little

more flexibility for rating, gives specific meaningful data

relative to job efficiency,, couches the descriptive state-

ments in language understandable to raters, and avoids the

use of ambiguous, broad traits which tend to result in

inadequate generalisations and snap judgments. In this

particular progress measurement instrument, the total rating

of each performance category was used as an indicator of

one* s level of vocational success and adjustment. The

maximum point values a ratee could receive was 55.

Subsequent to the development of this appraisal

instrument a pilot study was conducted to obtain ratings

between independent rater assessments of vocationally disabled

in training. The production organizational unit was selected

for this purpose because more vocationally disabled were in

training in this area and independent raters could be found

who had daily contact and observation of the employees to

complete the instrument and measure the adjustment process

of the vocationally disabled. Independent raters selected

were production supervisor and department head. Sixty

vocationally disabled workers were selected from the

29

production area. Thirty \;&ra a. weg;orisr.ed as fehcbilitj.fcle

and thirty were classified as Kcn-tlehfcbilitable• The

criterion of classification of these oilot study cubjscts was

determined by concensus involving tho personnel director,

operations director, and supervisor, ?h@se staff individuals

wore selected bectiuso they possessed definite, general

knowledge o.f work perf or&c*nce, work habits, &ud specific

incidents of job performance Tor classification required.

Although the independent raters had sufficient ««nd

reliable knowledge of the vocationally disabled for perform-

urtca rating, these raters had no knowledge as to the

classification of these vocationally disabled ana why this

particular population was selected for the pilot study*

The independent raters were told that this pilot study was

designed to £-ive tnein training with the new appraisal

instrument -.'nd get /heir re&ction to the instrument before

it was j.'oi'iEally introduced* analysis of independent ratings

was conducted and inter-supervisor reliabilities were found

to he ,02 {H=t>G), This inter-supervisor statistic of r

could •- Iso be an indication of the v&lidity of the instrument,

in that it involved two independent rs. ti"-gs of job efficiency,

bpon completion of fhr-> pilot study tr: ining sessions

wor2 conducted for all levels of supervision, 'he purpose

of the a-.; sessions was to explain in detail the ot jec uivos

and importance of :,hc newly -developed inntrumnnt, arive

training in -h;; tur\> of the &*ppr&i8&l pro rair?, sharpen

30

the supervisor1s judgment to job performance categories,

point out the advantages „nd disadvantages of an appraisal

instrument, and provide supervisors with a prepared written

progress measurement manual, these training sessions also

provided the supervisory personnel the opportunity to

participate and practice in job performance rating.

Individual consultation was also made available to answer

questions and provide assistance in filling out properly the

new progress measurement for®.

Eventually# the question of how often the Progress

Measurement Heport was to be administered arose« It was

recommended, based upon standard merit rating procedures,

to rate each new employee first three months of training,

second three months, and every six months thereafter. It

was also recommended that each individual appraisal be filled

out by the immediate supervisor and then the completed rating

of the vocationally disabled be reviewed by workshop foresaan

and personnel director. This approach was introduced to

serve as a check, contribute to standardized appraisals and

conform to the acceptable practices of merit rating*

Since the formal introduction of the Progress Measure-

ment Report, four separate ratin s have been conducted with

the two major groups of this study. The t test, to test the

significance of difference between neafisf was eaployed* la

each of the four separate ratings .01 level of significance

was obtained.

31

Additional studies with the Progress Measurement Report

should be seriously considered by the management of Goodwill

Industries to statistically refine this Instrument to meet

the expansion needs and services of this rehabilitation work-

shop. Research studies could include independent studies of

the major performance categories, total score of the instru-

ment , part score, and validity computations.

Procedure for Treating Data

The tenability of the seven hypotheses of the study was

determined by analyzing the data utilizing chi square• Data

were organized in 2 by 3 tables. The population consisted of

two major groups designated as Vocationally Rehabilitable and

Vocationally Non-Hehabilitable. Sach group was divided into

three levels with Level I representing the upper group,

Level II, the middle group, and Level III, the lower group.

These three levels were determined by the standard deviation

obtained from each test instrument1s normative data.

Specifically, .44 of each instrument1s Sigma, pertinent to

the seven hypotheses of this investigation, was calculated

and this sum was added to and subtracted from each instru-

ment * s mean to establish levels of equal thirds.

32

CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY

1» Allport, Gordon >#, "The Trend in Motivational Theory," ^ SrtiwpBvcMatry. XJIIII

2. Barrett, G„ Handelsman, L,, Stewart, L. H., a,nd super, i*» t?The Occupational Level Scale as a f w S T 10 °riVC'n P s y c h o l o g i c a l Monofcr&pht * LXVI

3# Barron, Frank, ,?An F,go-Strength Seal® which Predicts Simponm to Psycho-therapy/' Imm&l of Consulting Psychology. IVII (1953), 327-333.

4. Bartlett, Harriet M., "Emotional Elements in Illness: Sesponsibilities of the Medical Social Worker" S M Family, III {1940}, 39*47.

5. Beli^»uL»i,^lack, B. J., Lurie, A., and Miller. J, 3,

6. Brent, Sidney, Z., "Personality Integration A Concept

7* Chouinard, bdward L», "Current Trends and development *V£LYork?hSpi.* in Workshops for the Disabled 4 .S.iteMliMtioia flt'&Olirce t Ra'haMl i t.«<M an , . - „ ,,, — — •» idward L# Chouinard and James F. Garrett, Washington, fl» C#t Superin-tendent of Document8, 1958.

Connors, J# 1,, Walkson, G, H., Haefner, 0. P., and utotsky, B. A,t "Outside of Post-Hospital Rehabilita-tive Treatf&ent of Mental Patients as a Function

VII ?1960naI?S-2 PgycbologT.

9. Dollard, J, L,, Boob, *», Miller, N. B., Nowrer, 0# H.,

10# Feintuch, Alfred, "Improving the Employability and Attitudes of DXf iTicult *»to-»Plac# Persons *n PsychoXost-leal Monographs. UIX (1955), Ho. 392. ~ 1 ***

33

11 Fenichel, Otto, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. lew fork, W» *. Morton ana Company, 19X5*

12. Fisher, V, E., and Watson, Robert I«, "An Inventory of Affective Tolerance," Journal of Psychology,. XII (1941), 149-157*

13. Freud, sigmund, The Problem of Anxiety. New York, ¥. W, Norton and Company"if367"

14. Gellnan, W., "Components of Vocational ^djustasent," Personnel and Guidance Joumalf XXXI (1935)» 536-539.

15. Gellman, 'a'., Adjusting People to Work, Chicago, Monograph!.o. 1, Jewish Vocational Service, 1957#

16. Gough, H,, "A lot® on the Security-Insecurity Test," Journal jgf Social Psychology* XXVIII (1948), 257-261,

17. Grayson, Morris, Power, Ann, and Levi, Joseph, "Psychiatric Aspects of Rehabilitation," New York, Rehabilitation Monograph 2, Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1952.

16. Hendricks, I., "Work and Pleasure Principle," P>ychoanalvtic Quarterly. Ill (1943)» 311-329.

19. Hillson, J. S.# and worehel, Philip, "Self Concept and Defensive Behavior in the Maladjusted," Journal of ^ — - - ' ig Psychology> XII {1957)# 83-88#

20. Jacobs, Abraham, "Conseling for Job Readiness," Journal of Rehabilitation. XXIV {195^), 6-11.

21. J~stak, Joseph, Manual, yide timm A.ohiey®roe.at Teat. Wilmington, Charles L. Story Coapany, 1$46.

22. Ionian, Maurice, "Ego-Strength and Conflict Discrimina-tion* An Experimental Validation of the figo-Strensth 294X2^a ~ ggafMl.lai Psychology. XXI? (19

23. Laird, James T., "5motional Disturbances Among the Physically Handicapped," Personnel and Guidance Journal. XXVI C19571# 190-191. '

24. Levjin, Kurt, "Psychology of Success and Failure," OccupationB. XIV (1936), 926-930.

25. Lindquist, S, F., A First Course in Statistics, Boston. Houghton-Mifflin, 1942. ~~

34

26. Maslow, A, H., Manual for the Security-Insecurity Inventory, Palo Alto, Consulting Psychologists Press, Incorporated,, 1952.

2?. Kssterm&n, Louis Psychological Aspects of Rehabilitation - ^ofaow^U'ia Stadj®!? Kansas City, Community Studies, Incorporated, 1961.

28# Wenninger, Karl, "Work as oublimation," Bulletin of the Menaiager Clinic. ¥3 (1942), 170*192.

29* McCoy, Georgia P., and ausk, Howard A.. An Evaluation of a@habillt6.tion. New fork, The Institute for Physical Medicine and lehabilitation, 1953.

30. Neff, « . -o.t "The Use of the Rorschach in Distinguishing

31« . "The Rehabilitation Workshop as a Therapeutic Medium,* Journal of Jewish Coraaunal Service. XXVI (1959), 225-^31.

32. Novis, F, W., Ma::ra, J. L., Roose, A. A., end Tooles, W.B., "A Comparative Study oi Methods Used in Evaluating Vocational Rehabilitation Potential," Personnel and Guidance Journal.. XL (1961), 236-28e.

33. Stotsky, B. a, and .vsinberg, N., "The Prediction of the Psychiatric Patient*s Work Adjustment," Journal Counseling Psychology. Ill (1956), 3-7.

34. Syracuse University, in T&e Mentally rtetarded and Th«lr Vocational Rehabilitation - A Hosource Handbook. editea by William a. ^raenkeT, tfew tork, National association for Retarded Children, Incorporated, 1961.

35. Taft, E. A., "The Validity of the Barron Bgo-Strength Scale and the Islsti AspcjftT todex," SL Consulting Psychology. XII (1957)* 247-249.

36. Tamkin, A. S.# "An Evaluation of the Construct Validity of Barron's ^go-Strength Scale," Jonraa.l of Clinical Psychology. XXTl (1957), T55=T5S»

37. Tamkin. A* S.. and Klett, C. J.4.ffBarron»s lgo#fefti^

Sclle: I replication of an evaluation Of Its Construct Validity," Journal of Consulting; Psychology. XXI (1957), 412.

35

3$. Taylor, J-net, "Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale," Journal 8£ VStmxX*lng Psychology. Zltll h^L), L%^TW7

39• Wechslei*, i)avid, fht faeasureaent of Adult Intelligence. Third Edition, Baltimoref Williams anTT3TTHasTT^U*

40. »virt, S. D», "Further Validation of the Ego»Strangth Scale," Journal of Consulting Parchology. XIX ( i w ) , 444*

41* Worchel, P., "Development of a Self-Concept Inventory for Predicting Maladjustment," School of Aviation Medicine. USAF, Randolph AFfi, Texas, Report No. 56-62. 1957.

42, Wren, C. G,, "Counseling Methods,n Annual Review of Psychology, edited by C. P. Stone, Stanford, Annual a©views, incorporated, 1954*

**%• Yuker, H. £»•, Block, J# K., snd Csinpbell, w. J«| "A Scale to Measure Attitudes Toward Disabled Persona." Hwan Resources Study No. 5« Hew York, Division of Abilities, Incorporated, 1960*

44« Iuker, H. Block, J. B,,f and Campbell, W, J,, "disability Types and Behavior, Human Resources 3tudy No. 6, lew York, Human Resources fountation, division of Abilities, Incorporated, 1962.

CHAFra II

REUT&i) LITSSAfllES

Historically# ^o-strsngth Is a psychoanalytic concept.

The question now arises, particularly from the critics of

psychoanalytic theory, wh«th«r such & concept is capable of

exp«riraental application and faeasureraent • It has b«#e stated

by Kri» (41) and others, that constructs like ego-strength,

which basically are psychoanalytic concepts, art incapable of

such application. Thus, to attempt to do so would seem

rather difficult• Although the me.surement of any concept

is difficult, its usefulness or adequacy in the explanation

or understanding of diverse phenomena can be determined. For

example, it is on this basis that the lobal concept of

intelligence hea been accepted and vechsler haa effectively

appr&iaed intelligence t© provide 'ae«nlngfttl neaaurwMnts and

data (59)« this kind of consideration m f also be extended

t<# t'rns concept of ©^©-strength and to it® problem of atasar#-

mm%0 Intelligence, being a concept, is not «»®nable to

direct »#<saur®»®iit» However, it has been operationally defined

end its manifestations have been sjeasurod quite successfully.

Similarly, objective measurement of psychoanalytic concepts*

such a® repression (60), displacement (43), regression (49)

and fixation (47) have been repo ted by Lundin ( 4 5 ) #

36

37

In 193e> .wellc-1 k ana t>sjith (o) eonJucted cn Interesting study

on the '/cilidation of the psycho&nelytic process to determine

the degree with which theoretical formulation fits empirical

data. The quantitative results of thic. study showed a high

defroe of agreement among fcho judges who participated end

also among the predictors.

These studies demonstrate that the concept of ego-

strength which is basically psychoanalytic in origin can be

conceived of as something flolx-I and an op«rati on--; 1 approach

a,:a be employed to measure its components and effectiveness•

basic Literature on £go-Strength

In the course of the uevelop&tcmt of psychoanalysis &s a

theory and therapeutic technique, various aspects of the

personality structure have been in the foreground of interest

and investis tiom First the id, then the superego, and in

racent years the entire field of ego-psychology (2, 17, iH,

21, 31, 52, 55). In fact, with modern dynamic psychology,

assessment of the ego, ego-strength arse defenses, assets t<nd

liabilities of the person-J ifcy have assumed increasing

recognition an;,: concern (?, 12, 13, 16, 19, 25, 42}. Bolger

suggests, "fhet the propor field of* projective psychology, its

character, its xorwetion ;.ni itf manifestations, and that the

theoretical em-hasi;-, iasofar as it is psychoanalytic, should

be the psychology ef thw .;"o iri not the psychology of the

id*' {11, p. 4)» oonsoiic-.nt v.'i u v.his emphasis and with

33

modern theoretical -developments in ago psychology -nd psycho-

analysis Hartmann (37) dchoier ($6)and Ksdern {20) :>lso have

indicated the significonco or B-Q processes and u^o-strength*

Perusal of early psycho-a^Iytic lioer&ture indicates the

tbaencej y£ reference to the* concept of ego-strength before

1926. the very first wention that the ego can he strong as

well as we.sk was «i«de v:l di the publication of Tho ii.go and

•The Id by Freud (27) • In another* p;.per by Freud, (2B) he

hypothesized that as long us there is a fairly close and

workable relationship between ego •• nu id, ego and superego,

the ego is strong.

Numberg (51) in 1 S31 »;mph«? siis«*i i*.ha synthetic function

of tlv- ego sad suggested that the ego9 s capacity to construct

&ad create tends to ia&ke bhv actual operation of the e-fo more

adequate and effective. The author further indicated how in

psychosis the iiitegxrtf-e function at* the epo weakens

considerably due to the destruction of personality patterns#

duhoequent to this erophasis, pc. pars by Fenichel (22},

Alexander (1}, French (22, 24), t-nd dalint (5) brought out

clearly for the first time th&t psycho&naltyic&lly oriented

therapists wer-; becoirdn,'; const: intly concerned with the

adequacy of tho e;:;o .„-nd began to see ego building „„nd

strengthening as one of the i'unds-.-.entv 1 tber&peutic aims®

This shift towards ego emphasis t.-e;;;an to give more prominence

to tho concept of sr.o-strangth in the psychosnc.lytic structural

therae uhich previ w„yly w«.s priiuarily concerned with

39

instinctual forces and their derivatives. Studies by Beres

(9), Hart.uann (37), and Novey (50) highlight and focus this

emphasis upon ego psychology.

Ego-strength again received attention in 1936 Symposium

on the Theory of Therapeutical 'Results (10). Bibring (10)

delivered a paper and pointed out the need for strengthening

that part of the ego which had some strength left. Anna Frrud

in one of her publications (26) crystallized many aspects of

ego-strength. She traced the development of the ego and the

wsakness of the infantile ego was emphasized. Further, this

author indicated the inconsistency of the ego*8 ability to

deny reality and its ability to evaluate and test reality.

The International Psychoanalytic Congress in Paris in

193# had a symposium on the strength and weaknesses of the

ego and stimulated the development of two important lines of

thought. The first was crystallized in Nunberg's classic

paper ($1) which stressed the synthetic functions of the ego

and concluded that ego-strength is related to the relative

strength of the drives toward life and death. The other

approach, suggested by Hartmann (3$) considered the adaptive

aspects of the ego. This author introduced the important

concept of the "conflict - free ego - sphere" and pointed

out how in psychoanalytic theorizing the tendency was to

consider the ego only in terms of conflicts either in avoid-

ing dangers or in gratifying drives. Hartmann added that

there was a need in the development of the ego to accept the

40

tenet that t.ere were areas which were free of conflict and

which would produce oome insight into ego-strength and weak-

nesses in terms other than conflict.

Finally, a recent comprehensive review of the psychology

of tli® ego, including sections of ego-strength and weaknesses,

has indicated additional literature developing and discussing

the concept of ego psychology and ©go-strength in the areas

of learning (3), psychotherapy (31), personality disorders

(4), psychodiagnostic testing (36), social case work (33),

occupational choice (57), work activity (44), and rehabili-

tation (29) •

Indicators of %o-Strength

ligo-strength as a separate concept was first postulated

by Freud in 1926 (27). Since that time it has been consider-

ably extended and has undergone modification. Correlates of

ego-strength and the jaajor indicators of this concept will

be discussed in this section.

One indication of ego-strength is the ego1s ability to

repress material (30). Regarding this, the infant*s and

child1s ego are considered weak. The ego must first develop

the functions of judgment and intelligence (21) and this is a

gradual process. Once the ego has passed the primitive,

archaic stages and has reached a certain level of maturation,

it must manifest a certain amount of control. Ego-strength

is indicated by the extent to which impulses and excitement

41

are controlled (22) • In this article Fenichel characterized

ego-strength in terms of control over varying amounts of

excitement. He outlined the developmental process of the

ego <nd how, in neurosis, the normal ego was superseded by

archaic form images. In the normal developmental process,

maturation provided for an ever increasing strength of the

ego so that the effects were mastered. Fenichel concluded that

the mature and strong ego was able to defend itself against

noxious stimuli, absorb the impact, and integrate towards a

better concept of reality. Cattell <15) indicated that this

particular function of the ego can be carried to an extreme

and the balance between ego-strength and weakness could be

destroyed when the ego attempts to repress drives which are

too strong.

Another indicator of ego-strength was the extent to which

an individual feels himself adequate to deal with nor el

situations. Harms (35) dealt with this quite effectively in

contrasting ego inflation and ego deflation. He suggested

that ego deflation could be brought about by the overpowering

strength of id drives earlier in development which could

result in reduction of original ego-strength.

A further indicator of ego-strength was suggested by

oymonds (5^). He contrasted the degree of rigidity with

the extent of elasticity in the personality structure. He

stressed that optimal ego-strength wee shown somewhere

between the two extremes. Control over impulses should

42

therefore not be so complete as to shut out all tendencies t©

act impulsively occasionally, Cattell (14) defined his

factor of rigidity as a relative inability to modify old

habits and develop new ones# He proposed that a high

rigidity factor was symptomatic of defective ego development

resulting either from an environmental history of trauma or

conflict or froa a constitutional origin.

The last indicator to be considered, and perhaps the

most Important one, was concerned with the synthesizing

ability of the ego. This function was recognised by Nunberg

(53) who asserted that ego synthesis simplifies and econoalzes

the ego,s operations and related this synthesizing function

to the individual's efforts toward self-preservation.

Leowald (43) traced the synthetic function of the ego from

the point where the ego set up boundaries between itself and

the external world in infancy. He maintained that the ego

Integrates, unifies, compromises, modifies and mediates

because there is constant temptation to escape reality and

regress. The better able the ego was to integrate and escape

from the pleasure principle towards the reality principle,

the stronger was the ego.

Some of the major indicators of ego-strength have been

discussed. These included the ability to repress, the degree

to which an individual feels adequate in a given situation,

the extent of rigidity versus the extent of plasticity, and,

finally, the degree to which the ego is capable of synthesis.

43

3go-Strength end Psychodiagnostic Instruments

One of the crucial questions surrounding ego-strength

is whether the dimensions of this concept may be expressed

and assessed by psychological instruments in a readily

discernible and quantifiable manner* Certain representative

clinic instruments will be considered and the manner ego-

strength is measured by each.

Kgo-strength in the Rorschach Test (6, 361 40, 56) is

considered to be most closely associated with the factors of

F+, perception of human movement (m), color reactions# animal

movement responses, inanimate movement responses, and shading

reactions. These responses may indicate an individual's

imaginative capacities, his manner of dealing with reality,

the control of impulses, his synthesizing ability end

organization of the blot material which present a clear

insight into the ego resources of the individual. Thus, the

Rorschach Test appears to represent an important measuring

instrument for ego-strength.

The notion of e^o-strength has also been explored by

Pascall and Suttell {54) in their work with the Bender-

Gestalt Teat. To them the degree of reproductive accuracy

of the nine designs reflects the level of ego-strength and

a satisfactory life adjustment. Observations made by these

authors have indicated an age-accuracy correlation continuum

between children1s reproductions and those of mature individ-

uals . Also, these writers have indicated a significant

44

decrease in reproductive accuracy with the organic ally

involved ami psychologically disturbed individuals. Such

observations tend to reflect the degree of ego-strength one

possesses and which one usually identifies with the develop-

mental aspects and adequacy or inadequacy of the ego*

Recently Butt and Briskin (39) in their clinical use of the

Revised Benaer-Gestslt Test support the manifestations of

ego-strength expressed in this clinical scale.

Implications of ego-strength are also indicated in

Machover* s Draw»A-Person Test (46), According to Machover

the head is generally accepted as the center for the self.

As such, it is considered that important area for intellectual

achievement, control and communication. It is suggested

that the ego lacks strength to the extent that the head is

drawn out of proportion and deviates significantly from the

rest of the body (34). Machover has observed that young

children will occasionally give a drawing of the head as the

complete figure. Likewise, individuals affected by organic

brain disease will tend to exaggerate the size of the head.

Machover suggests this is an indication of low ©go-strength.

The three psychodiagnostic instruments considered to

measure ego-strength were the Rorschach Test, Sender-Gestalt

Test, and Machover's Jraw-A-Person Test. Seemingly, these

clinical instruments offer tangible evidence that it is

possible to translate, measure end quantify the notion of

ego-strength into a working concept.

45

Summary

A review of the p3ychoan"lytic literature indicated that

before 1926 there was no reference to the concept of ego-

strength* This notion was first postulated by Freud in 1926

and since that time it has bean considerably extended and

developed. £go~strength appears to be manifested in the

efficiency shown in handling external and internal stimuli,

in accepting the reality principle and the willingness to

delay ima^diate gratification of impulses for later

gratification.

The major indicators of ego-strength were shown to be:

1* Ability to repress.

2. The degree to which an individual feels adequate

in a given and novel situation.

3» The extent rigidity versus the extent of plasticity

of the personality structure,

4» The extent to which the ego is capable of synthesiz-

ing and integrating environmental stimuli both internally

and externally.

The question of measurement and axperimental ap plication

of ego-strength was discussed. It was concluded that this

notion could be measured operationally.

Finally, the question of whether the notion of ego-

strength could be measured by representative psychodiagnostic

instruments was mentioned. It was pointed out that the

accuracy of perceiving form relationships in the Rorschach

46

Test (F+$)t perception of human movement, reaction to color

were soae of th® indices of ego-strength. The Bender-Geatalt

Test was discussed and considered ego-strength in terms of

satisfactory life adjustment reflected by the qualitative

reproductions of the designs. The more accurate the repro-

duction the higher level of ego-strength manifested.

Finally, Machover1s Dr&w-A-Person Test was considered and

generally the size of the head in proportion to the rest of

the body gave indications of ego-strength efficiency.

hi

CHAPTSR BIBLIOGRAPHY

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2, A11port, G, W», "The Ego in Contemporary Psychology,n

Psychological Review. L (1943), 451-478,

3* Ausubel, D, P., "Ego Development and the Learning Process,' Child Development 4 XI (1949)» 87-95•

4.

13.

5. Balint, M,, "Changing Therapeutic Aims and Techniques of

6. Beck, S, J., "Rorschach F Plus and the Ego in Treatment," • "" American Journal $£. Orthopsychiatry. XVIXI (1948),

395-340.

7# Bellak, L,, "A Study of Limitations and Failures: Toward an Ego Psychology of Projective Techniques," Journal of Projective Technique. XVIII (1954), 279-293.

8. Bellak, L,, and Smith, M. B,, "Experimental Exploration of the Psychoanalytic Process," Psychoanalytic Quarterly. Ill (1956), 385-415.

9. Beres, D,, "Ego Deviation and the Concept of Schiso-

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12, Bychowski, G,, "Therapy of the Weak Ego." American Journal of Psychotherapy. IV (1950), 40"7«-4l8,

, in Specialised Techniques in Psychotherapy, edited by Gustav bychowski and J. Louise Despert, New fork, Grove Press, Inc., 1952,

4a

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1 5 ' g P g r s o a ^ I i t y and M o t i v a t i o n S t r u c t u r e and Measurement« Mew York« ' . ror ld faook Company, 1957.

16# C h r i s t e n s o n , J . A . , J r . , " C l i n i c a l Assessment of Ego S t r e n g t h ^ ^ I n t e r n a t i o n a l Ee.eord Medic ine . CLXIV C1951/i 037-688.

17. C l a r k , L . P . , MA C o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e E a r l y development of t h e SgO|H American J o u r n a l of P s y c h i a t r y . XI ( 1 9 3 2 ) , 1160-1180• "

1S. U i s e n d e r f e r , A „ , "Ego S t a t u s i n P s y c h o a n a l y s i s , " P s y c h i a t r i c # m r % e r l y . VI I I {1934) , 515-524*

19« i-nds, E* J , and Page , C. W., nA S tudy of F u n c t i o n a l R e l a t i o n s h i p s ^aong Measures of A n x i e t y , lv*-o

M

20. F a d e r n , P . , Esq Psychology and P s y c h o s e s . Mew f o r k , b a s i c Books, 1953.

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«— r > 2 M f £ 5 p t e i a M M Theory M N e u r o s i s . Sew Y o r k , tf. Norton and Company, W4l3.

23 . F rench , T . M., "Defense and S y n t h e s i s i n t h e F u n c t i o n of t h e 2%o,fr P s y c h o a n a l y t i c Q u a r t e r l y . ¥111 (193$) , 537-553.

, , "Ego A n a l y s i s a s a Quid® t o Therapy,»* P s y c h o a n a l y t i c Q u a r t e r l y , XIV ( 1 9 4 5 ) , 336-349 .

25. F r i e d , 3 * , "Ego F u n c t i o n s and Techniques o f Ego S t reng then ing , 1 * American J o u r n a l of P s y c h o t h e r a p y . IX { 1955) $ 4 0 y #

22.

26. f r a u d , Anna, The j£g£ M .the Mechanisms of Defeq ae f hew I o r k , i n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t i e s r r e s s , "1946.

2 7 . F r e u d ^ S . # The figo and t h e I d , London, Hogar th P r e s s ,

,,,.» tb® -Problem of -anx ie ty . Sew York, W,W, Morton and Company, 1936.'

49

29. Gellman, 'tf., "Components of Vocational adjustment." Personnel and Guidance Journal . 1X1 (1953)» 536-539.

30# Gero, G., "The Concept of Defense," Psychoanalytic Quarterly, XI (1951), 62-71.

31. G i l l , M, /•!., "Ego Psychology and Psychotherapy," hsvchoanalvtic Quarterly. XI (1951)$ 62-71•

32. Goldberger, £#, "The Id and the £go: A Developmental I n t e r p r e t a t i o n , " Psychoanalytic Review. XLIV {1957)> 139-145.

33. Hamilton, G», in £.go Psychology and flynaaie Casework. edi ted by Howard J •'"Farad, "Hew Tor i , Family' Service Association of America, 195$.

34. Hammer, P.» in The Cl in ica l Aral lcat loa of Project ive Drawings, edi ted by Emanuel F , Hammer, S p r i n g f i e l d , /harles C. Thomas, 195$.

35* Harms, t r u e s t , "Ego-Inflat ion and a go-Deflation,??

The Hervoug Child. ¥1 (1947), No. 3» 234-300.

36. Harr i s , a . E t > in geymfr MgpjgJf 1& gMffMl . lS Psychological Test ing, edited by Molly Harrower, Charles C, Thomas, 1950.

37. Hartaann, f . ( M teMff S & A M t i t e - , t i o n . hew York, In te rna t iona l Univers i t ies Press , 1958.

38. Hartaarm, H., "Technical Implications of Ego Psychology," Psychoanalytic Quarterly* XIX (1951)» 31-43.

39. Hutt , Max L . , and Briskin , G. G,, The CjyMqiJ, j the tevlaed Joender-Gestalt Teat . New York, Grune and S t r a t t on , 1960.

40. Klopfer, B. , a l . , DeyXowasnta og the Rorschach Technique. Vol. I , Kew f o r k , W l I T o o k s , 1 $54*

41. Kris , £ . , "Nature of Psychoanalytic Proposition and Their Validat ion," in fpMfa f . and » J Presented to Horace Jf. Kallen. I t h a c a , Cornell Universi ty Press , 19X7.

42. » "Ego Psychology and In t e rp re t a t ion in Psycho-analyt ic Therapy," Psychoanalvtic Quarterly. I I (1951), 15-30.

50

43. Leowald, H, W,, "SJgo and Reality," International Journal of Psychoanalysis, XXXII {1951 ) 7 i w l .

44* Lewis, II. B,, "An Experimental Study of the Role of the Ego in ft'ork* X. The Role of the .Ego in Cooperative Work.* Journal of Experimental Psychology, 111? (1944), 113-1267" * * * '

45. iundin, R« tf»« Personality on Experimental Approach. lew York, The Macmillan (Jompany, 1961.

46. Machover, D., Personality Projection in £h& Praying si th® Human f jgure. Springfield .Charles C» f nomas,

47. Maier, N. it. F., Glaser, N• K., and Klee, J. B,, "Studies of Abnormal Behavior in the Rut, III. The Develop-ment of Behavior fixations through Frustration."

~ Si Experimental Psychology. XXVI (1940},

46. Miller, I # K,f "Theory and Experiment Relating Psycho-analytic Displacement to Stimulus-Response Generalisation," Journal of Abnormal ajd Sff la; Psychology, XLIII {1948}, 155-1W*

49. Mowrer, G. H., "-~-n Experimental Analogue of 'Regressionr

with Incidental Observations on "Reaction-Formation," isi Social Paycholpfiy» XII?

(1940), 55-87,

50. Novey, S,, "A Re-evaluation of Certain Aspects of the XI - " ' - " • - " • heory of Instinctual Drives in the Light of Modern

51. Kunberg, H,, "The Synthetic Function of the Ego," International Journal of Psychoanalysis. XII (1931)* 123-140,

52. , "Ego Strength and fig© Weakness," African Imago. Ill (1942), 25-40,

53 , . "The Synthetic Function of the Ego," in Fractic« Kervoue

* w j r 4 4 W J . i ^ V i V A U I 1 V V 4 . V U W4- VAU9 * A U

nd Theory of Psychoanalysis, Hew fork, Disease Monograph. 1943, 120-137.

54. Pascell, G, R,, and Suttell, B. J,, The Bender-Gestalt Test. New fork, Grune and Stratton, T93T7"

51

55• Rapaport, D. , "The Autonomy of the Sgo," B u l l e t i n Ueaninmr C l i n i c . X? 0951 ), 113-123*

56. ^chafer, Roy, Psychoanalytic Interpretation in Rorschach Tasting,-Theory"and Appl ica t ion . Sew YorkT Grime and Stratton} 1954.

57* 'Small, L . , "Persona l i ty Determinants - of Vocational Choice," Psychological Monograph. LTVTI (1953)«

5$. ^yoonds, P« M., The Ego and the Self. Maw fork. Appleton-Century^aits , 1$51.

59* Veehsler , D*. TJj£ Maaawrsiynt o£ M u l t I n t e l l i g e n c e . Third Ed i t ion , Balt imore, Williams aria iilkins, 1944*

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CHAPTER III

PRESENTATION AID ANALYSIS OF THE OiTA

This study was an investigation of the relationship of

the concept of ego-strength relative to the vocational

rehabilitation success of vocationally handicapped persona

referred to Goodwill Industries for training. More

specifically, this investigation was designed to emluate in

detail certain components of ego-strength which might be

significant in distinguishing between Vocationally Rehabili-

table and Non-fteh&bilitable subjects.

Since the advent of modern psychology it has become

increasingly recognized that the emotional imps ct of dis-

ability upon the individual may pose one of the serious

hindrances to satisfactory vocational adjustment (3» 7)•

Some specialists in this field of endeavor have indirectly

referred to the significance of personality dynamics as a

possible crucial determining factor to oners vocational

rehabilitation success (2, 16}• Despite these few

indirect references directed toward the interplay of voca-

tional success and personality factors, there have been only

scattered organized scientific efforts made to explore the

validity of the implications reported (2)# To investigate

the major concern of this study an assortment of test

52

53

instruments were utilized to measure some of the basic

dimensions of ego-strength relative to this investigation.

Hypothesis One

It was stated in Hypothesis One that perforna nee on

Barron*s Ego-Strength Scale is positively related to voca-

tional rehabilitation success as found in Vocationally

Rehabilitable and Non-Rehabilitable workers• The present

data support this hypothesis. Data presented in Table II

show the results of the chi square test of independence which

was used to test this hypothesis. The chi square which was

obtained {chi square ** 9.55 with two degrees of freedom)

makes it necessary to reject the null hypothesis because a

value of this magnitude could be obtained only one time out

of a hundred on the basis of chance#

TABLE II

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BARRON'S SGO-STRCNOTH SCALE AID VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS

Level 1 Level II Level III Total

Vocationally Rehabilitable

12 (10.26)

60 <53.38)

6 (18.85)

7$

Vocationally Non-Rehabiiitable

8 ( 9.73)

45 (51.11)

21 (13.14)

74

Total 20 Iffi. 152

Chi Sauare *» 9.55 P « .01

54

The ibsjor groups shown in Table II were categorized into

three levels determined by the standard deviation of Barron**

Ego-Strength Scale. Level I formed the upper third, Level II,

the middle third and Level III, the lower third.

The chi square which wag beyond the #01 level of

significance, indicated that the scores of the two groups

were distributed differently in this area. Barron's Ss

Scale is described as an assessment device neasuring various

aspects of effective personal functioning which are usually

subsumed under the term "Ego-Strength." Characteristics such

as personal adaptability, resourcefulness, emotional out-

goingness, spontaneity, feelings of personal adequacy and

vitality are correlates associated with this concept• Thus,

the Vocationally Rehabilitable, according to the scale,

appear to have greater strengths and constructive forces in

their personality, either manifest or latent» This group

could be described as being spontaneous, emotionally outgoing,

vital, and adaptable. On the other hand, the Vocationally

Non-ftehabilitable as & group could be described as less

adequate, less adaptable- and resourceful, and lacking Much la

the way of spontaneity and vitality.

Hypothesis Two

It was stated in Hypoteesis Two that there is a positive

relationship between Self-Concept and vocational rehabilita-

tion success. This test instrument of self-concept measures

55

three dimensions of Self which consist of Self, ideal Self,

and Other# the data confirm this Hypothesis for the measure®

of Self and Ideal Self, The relationship, however, for the

measure of Other was not significant. The Self-Activity

Inventory (SAI) is a self-rating seel© consisting of 54

statements describing responses to arousal of hostility,

achievement, sex, and dependency needs. The subjects are

instructed to rate themselves, their ileal, and others on a

five-point frequency scale. The data in Table III show that

the relationship for the measure of Self was significant.

The chi square which was obtained for Self (chl square »

11.94 with two degrees of freedom) was sufficient to be

statistically significant.

TABLE; H I

THE RELATIONSHIP BBTWOT SELF AND VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS

Groups Level I Level II Level III Total

Vocationally Rehabilitable

4 {10.26)

14 (17.96)

60 (49.77) 7d

Vocationally 1on-&ehabilitable

16 ( 9.73)

21 (17.03)

37 (47.22) 74

Total 20 87. m _

Chi 3ouare P - .01

11.94

56

Data presented in Table If show the results of the ©hi

square test of independence for th© dissension of I d e a l Self#

The computed c h i square for this relationship (chi square •

with two degree# of freedom) was statistically aigaifi*

c a n t at greater than *05 l e v e l of significance.

TAiUS I?

?iS RELATIONSHIP BSWiEI IBBAL SBLF ESHABILB' ATI0K SVCGBS3

IP TGCATCONAL

Groups level I ; *evel 11 Level I I I : Total

Vocationally Eefaabilit«bl@

7 (13.*5)

9 110.77)

62 153.3^1 ?#

focationally Hom-Sehabilit able

ofi 0 3 . 1 4 )

12 (10.22)

42 (50.63) 74

t m L ™ 21 m • lilt,,

Chi Square ** $,$6 f » *05

Analysis of the c h i square v a l u e s in fable V i n d i c a t e d

t h a t t h e obtained relationship® f o r the measure of Other

( c h i square "* «#|1 with two degree# o f freedom) was no t

statistically significant#

TABLE ¥

til RELATIONSHIP BETWr« OTHER AND VOCATIORAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS

57

©roups Level I Level II Level III Total

Vocationally Eeh&Mlit&bie

24 (25.14)

23 (20,52)

31 (32.32) n

Vocationally Mon-Hehabiiit able

25 (23.$5)

1? (19*47)

32 (30.67) 74

Xsssi . 49 40 .,u „ Ofcl Square » *131 F » lot significant at .05 level

Review of the data of Tables III and If revealed that

the two major groups under investigation appear to be

significantly different as t© how the scores on the Self

and Ideal Self scores are distributed* This difference

between the RehaMlitafele and Non-ftehabi litable suggest®

important differentiating characteristics« A more positive

self-attitude, acceptance of self and adequacy in coping

with hostility, achievement, sexual and dependency relations

see* to obtain in the lives of the Eeh&bilitable subjects.

More of the Son-Sehabilit&ble individual® appear to express

greater depreciation of self and ideal self and a general

feeling of inadequacy to meet their need# and expectancy

levels* Self theorists have held, in one form or another,

that effectiveness of behavior la directly related to self

5ft

acceptance and iaal&d just sent related to an inadequate picture

of self {1, 14, 171# Thus, it would be expected that those

individuals with a negative self and ideal self would reflect

adjustment difficulties and would tend to be predisposed to

maladjustment in the vocational process.

Examination of the data in fable V revealed that the

measure of Other was not significantly related t© the

performance rating. This colas®, according to the Self

Activity Inventory, is an evaluation of "other people" and

provides an index of self-"appreciation or depreciation when

it is compared t© the evaluation of one * s self. Th3s find-

ing of no difference in score distribution between the two

groups supports other research and is is keeping with the

general results on the relationship between self-acceptance

and acceptance of others (5, 14, 20}• Perhaps these reeulti

in the evaluation of "other people" by both groups may, in

part, be a denial of differences with the non-disabled

population and stay be an attempt to adjust to one* a own

"lot* in life as Shelito (1$) has pointed out. Further, it

may be that the two groups were referring to their wn kind,

that is, other handicapped with whoa they are associated and

were not comparing themselves with the socalled non-disabled

population*

Hypothesis Three

It was stated in Hypothesis Three that t'-ere is a

positive relationship between sense of Personal Security

59

and vocational rehabilitation success. The data eerfira this

hypothesis. This obtained relationship la shown in Table ¥1#

The chi square results (chi square » 18.30 with two degrees

of freedom) make it possible to reject the anil hypothesis

at greater than the *001 level of slgutifleasee•

TABLE n

Til RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MASL0W*S SECUHITT-IM8ECURITY imrssTosr AID VOCATIOHAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS

Groups Level I Level II Level III Total

Vocationally leh&bilitafele

8 (17.44)

, 25 (27*71)

, 45 , (32.84) 78

Vocationally Non-Eehabilitable

26 (16,55)

29 (26,28)

19 (31.15) 74

JMfc™,, 64 I IH,

Chi Square P » ,001

18,30

This inventory is described as a measure of wmplty*

insecurity with subsyndromes of feelings of acceptance,

belongingness, safety, perception of the world and life as

pleasant, war® and benevolent at the security continual and

feelings of rejection, isolation, mistrust, general pessimism,

guilt, perception of the world and life as dangerous and

threatening at the insecurity continuum* Thus, more of the

Hehsbilitable subjects, according to the inventory, reflected

feelings of acceptance, belongingness, optimise, perception

60

of others as friendly and supportive, and emotional stability.

Conversely, more of the Ion-ft©habilitabl® group appeared to

be insecure and reflected sufficient feelings of rejection,

isolation, threat ami danger from the external world,

pessimism and feelings of self-condemnation.

Hypothesis Four

It was stated In Hypothesis Four that there is a positive

relationship between Level of Aspiration sad vocational

rehabilitation success.

The Weehsler-Bellevue Digit Symbol subtest was selected

to assess the two major groups* level of aspiration based

upon estimation of performance to complete as many squares

possible within the prescribed time Halt# To arrive at a

measure of level of aspiration the subjects feM aa initial

practice performance to see for themselves how Many of the

divided bom& or squares they could complete* Subsequent

to this trial performance, estimation of performance was

requested and verbalized by each subject before actual

performance. The subject*s estimated performance of square®

completed was the established criterion to measure level of

aspiration* The data of the cDisputed chi square values

found In Table VII indicate the absence of a statlstt cal

significance and oak® it possible to accept the hypothesis

of no relationships between estivation of performance and

rehabilitation Success.

61

TABLE H I

THE BBLATZOKSHXP BETWEEN ESTIMATION OF PSRPOBMAHCB AIB VOCATIONAL RSHABILITAH 08 SUCCESS

0roups Level I Level II Level III Total

Vocationally Sehafeilitable

22 (16,42)

25 (2^.22)

31 (3345) 7#

Vocationally Ion-Rehabilitable

10 (15-5?)

30 f26*77)

34 (31.^4) 74

ItteL,,, ,M M,,,,,,,,, ,,JM Chi Square m k M F * Hot significant at *05 lev©I

The data of the computed chi square values fouid in

Table ¥11 indicate the absence of a statistical significance

and Bs&k«« it possible to accept the hypothesis of a©

relationship between estimation of perform nee and «®habili»

tatiom#

Analysis of chi square findings show ths absence of a

positive relationship between level of aspiration and

vocational rehabilitation success. The respitef therefore,

of estimation ©f performance subsequent to initial trial

performance did not lend support to the concepts ©f ego-

strength and level of aspiration in terms of reality*

testing and relationship between aspiration©.! level and

underlying personality dynamics which have been recognized

in theory by Lewin (11), Qardner (6), and supported by the

62

research findings of Singer et al. (19) and those of Gruen

110) and Whit© (23)# It was interesting t however, to note

that a positive relationship was obtained (chi sqxmr® m 6.29

with two degrees of freedom) when subjects were permitted to

estimate performance on second practice trial following

estimation of performance* These results apparently

indicate that Eehabilitabl® subjects with time and mm

trials tend to possess more of a capacity t® become reality

oriented with respect to aspiration needs than the Non-

EehaMli table.

Hypothesis Five

It was stated in Hypothesis five that there is a

positive relationship between Acceptance of Sis&Mlifcy and

vocational rehabilitation success* the data did not confix*

this hypothesis. This is shown in Table fill which presents

the results of the chi square test of independence. The

chi square which was obtained (ehi square - 3.24 with two

degrees of freedoa) makes it possible to retain the null

hypothesis of no relationship.

One of the characteristics recognised m basic to the

general adjustment and potential eaployability of the

disabled person is his underlying attitude toward himself

and his disability. The importance of this factor Is

indicated both in the research literature dealing with the

disabled and his vocational rehabilitation process ( 2 , 2$)•

T h« Toward disabled Persons icale was primarily

63

developed to ae&sure the attitudes of disabled persons toward

themselves (self-acceptance vs. self-rejection) relative to

their potential eaployability.

TABLE fill

TUB R&LATIOKSHX? BEffKIl ACCKFFAHCE OF DISABILITY M O VOCATIONAL IMABXLXf ATXOi SUCCESS

Group# Level X ! m m l II Level XIX Total

Vocationally Sehabilitable

24 (20*01)

29 [28*22)

25 <29.76) 7a

Vocationally Non-Sehabilitable

15 (tS.9®)

26 [26*7?)

33 „ (20.23) 74

Total 46 52 52 152

Chi Square • 3 #24 f «* iot significant at .05 level

Kxaai&fttlon of the data in Table VIII does not suggest

Important additudinal differences between the tetabilitable

and Uon-tehabilitable groups under investigation. Greater

acceptance of disability does not seea to obtain in the

lives of the Rehabilitate in this population. This finding

does not support the original research population (25) as to

acceptance of self and disability among vocationally handi-

capped relative to satisfactory work adjustment# The find-

ing# of this study, however, do support the research

project conducted by Arnholter (1) at Goodwill Industries of

Indianapolis which employed the Attitude Toward disabled Scale.

64

It would appear that the popula tion of disabled worters at

Goodwill Industries is In some way unlike the disabled

population in the original study* Probably, the vocationally

disabled people who seek vooational services fro® Goodwill

Industries appear to be more marginal relative to vocational

potential.

Hypothesis Six

It was stated in Hypothesis Six that there is a

positive relationship between level of Affective Tola ranee

and vocational rehabilitation success. This hypothesis was

supported by data obtained in this study. Data presented

in Table H show chl square results obtained wire signifi-

cant beyond the ,05 level.

TABLE IX

THE HEIATIOHSHIP BETWEEN AFFECTIVE T01ERA8CE AMD VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS

SHMM Groups Level I Level II Level III Total

Vocationally iiehabilitable , 3 9 * (20.01 J

27 (33.35)

12 (24.63) n

Vocationally i@a»!@habilitable

26 (16.98)

11 (31.64)

2? (23.36) 74

* « * • ! 65 .all,,,, li,,,,,,,, , 1*2

Chi Square « 9.02 f m

65

This Inventory is described as as assesssient of one*s

capacity to deal with affective tensions or «®©tio»al excite-

ments, Thus, the lehabilit&ble subjects as a group, accord-

to this inventory* appear to reflect to a greater degree the

capacity to deal with emotionally lades situations and could

be described as possessing a higher level of toleram e to

cope with situations of conflict and t ensions* On tins other

hand, the Nos-Eehabilitable a® a group appear to reflect less

tolerance for affective tensions and frustrations.

Hypothesis Seven

It was stated in Hypothesis Sevan that there is a

positive relationship between Anxiety Drive level and voca-

tional rehabilitation success# The data confirm this

hypothesis* This is shown in Table X» Th® results of th®

chi square which were obtained (chi square •» 11.30 with two

degrees of freedom) aake it possible to reject the null

hypothesis at greater than the *01 level of significance,

According to Tsylor (22) the main purpose of this

instrument is to determine the presence or absence of maiti*.

fest anxiety* The scale is based on the assumptions that

variation in drive level is related to the level of internal

anxiety and that the intensity of this anxiety can be

ascertained by a test consisting of items describing overt

or manifest symptoms of anxiety.

66

TABLE X

THE EEUTIOHSHIP BEWSIi ANXIETY DRIVE LEVEL AND VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS

Groups Level I Laval II Level III Total

Vocationally Rehabilitable

20 (26,73)

22 (22.06)

36 (27.19) 7a

Vocationally Son-Rehabilitafele

36 (27.26)

; 21 (20.93)

17 (25.60) 74

» L . _ M ; : » 1?*

C M Square P » .01

- 11.30

Data presented in Table X revealed that more of the

Vocationally Rehabilitable appear to b« less anxious than the

Non-Rehabilitable and conversely more of this latter group

are anxious. This finding supports other research {1, 13) *•

to the degree of anxiety manifested among such groups and

gives evidence to the debilitating effects excessive anxiety

could have ©a one's life adjustment process. Thus, the

RehaM11table, according to Taylor's Anxiety Scalep appear

t© reflect low anxiety drive levels, whereas, the Ion*

Rehabilitable indicate a high anxiety drive level which

apparently tends to act as a disruptive force in the voca-

tional rehabilitation process and tends to reflect low ego-

strength*

67

Summary

The purpose of this Investigation was to test the

tenability of hypothesized relationships of certain

components of ego-strength between Vocationally Rehabilltable

and Non-Rehabllitable workers undergoing vocational training

at a rehabilitation workshop* In view of the apparent wide-

spread prevalence of eaotional characteristics which can

serve as deterrents to vocational success| the importance

of the interplay between personality dynamics and eventual

vocational adjustwent cannot be overemphasized.

The performance on Barron*s %o-Str©ngth Scale between

the Rehabi.litable and Hon-Rehabilitable was positively

related to vocational rehabilitation success# According to

this scale, sore of the Rehabilitate!® group tend to reflect

to a significant degree characteristics such at personal

adaptability, resourcefulness, spontaneity, feelings of

personal adequacy and vitality and generally, appear to

have greater strengths and constructive forces la the

personality picture•

the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship

between the three measures of Self-Concept—Self, Ideal S«1t,

and other*-was confirmed by the chi square test of independ-

ence only for Self and Ideal Self, the results add

statistical strength to previous studies relative to Self,

Ideal Self, and Other* The Rehabilitable subjects as a group

reflected aore positive self-attitudet aedeptanc® of self

6*

and adequacy in coping with hostility, achievement, sexual

and dependency relations, whereas, the Hon-Rehabilitable

group demonstrated a greater depreciation of Self and Ideal

Self and a general feeling of inadequacy to meet their needs

and expectancy levels.

In this population, the hypothesis of a relationship

between security-insecurity and vocational rehabilitation

success was confirmed by the chi square test of Independence*

Thus, more of the lehabilit&bl® subjects, according to the

Inventory, reflected feelings of acceptance, belongingness,

optimism, and emotional stability. Conversely, more of the

Non-Rehabilitable group reflected sufficient feelings of

insecurity-rejection, isolation, and threat from the ©rfcern&l

world* The computed chi square did not indicate an obtained

relationship between level of aspiration and vocational

rehabilitation success. On the basis of these findings no

relationship was indicated between aspirational needs and

personality dynamic® and goal and accomplish*! t between

the two major groups of this investigation.

A positive relationship between acceptance of disability

and vocational rehabilitation success was not obtained by the

chi square test of independence. These results were not

consistent with findings of original study that acceptance

of disability indicated potential employability of the

disabled population. Findings of this investigation, however,

do support the conclusions of a study conducted at a

69

midwestern Goodwill Industries, It would appear that

vocationally disabled populations at Goodwill Industrie*

are unlike in some w&y from the original disabled population.

Another hypothesis supported by the study was the

positive relationship between level of affective tolerance

and vocational rehabilitation success. These findings tend

to reflect the greater capacity the Rehabilitable subjects

possess to cope with situations of frustration, conflict,

and emotionally 3aden situations in their lives.

The hypothesis that anxiety drive level is positively

related to vocational rehabilitation success was confirmed

by the ehi squar® test of independence. The most probable

explanation of the data analysed suggests that the

Rehabilitable group tend to reflect low anxiety drive level,

wisere&s, the Non-Rehabilitable group tend to indicate a high

anxiety drive level. The results ere consistent with

previous studies and tend to indicate the debilitating and

disruptive effects excessive anxiety way have in one's

adjustment efforts and strivings.

Data releiant to an investigation of hypothesized

relationships between certain components of ego-strength

and vocational rehabilitation success among Eehabilltabit

and Jfon-I©habllltabl@ subjects were analysed# Generally,

the following differentiating characteristics were indicated.

The Rehabilitable subjects, as a group, reflected acre

personal adaptability, resourcefulness, personal adequacy,

70

positive self-attitude, feelings of acceptance, belongingness,

optimism, emotional and affective tolerance, and less anxiety

than til© Non-Rehabilitable group» Conversely, the Son-

Hehabilitable subjects, m a group could be described as

less adaptable and resourceful, less adequate In »®ting

self meeds and expectancy levels, les® optimistic and

secure, less able t© absorb affective tension® adequately,

and mere anxious. Characteristica which obtained a©

relationships were acceptance ©f disability and level of

a®pirati@n»

71

CHAPTER BXBLXOG&APKT

1, Arnholter. B. 0#» "Attitudes Toward the Disabled.* Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, VI (1936},

2, Barker, Soger, 6,, Ad.lustaent to PfrYjtaftA ISS^ illness. law York, Social M&mm leseareh ™9». "

3. Bellack, L.. Psychology M ^ISlS|l lilMIi* N a w Y o r k» Social Science aesearch Council, 1953#

4. Bill®, a, £». "Rorschach Characteristics of Persons Scoring High and Low in Acceptance of Self,n

Journal Consulting ZmiElSLSX* m i (1951) #

5# Fey. «'. F., "Acseeptajiee of Self and Others and its Relation to Therapy Readiness," Jowaftl o£ Clinical Psychology. X (1954), 269-271.

6* Gardner, «John W., "The Us® of the Tern ievel of Aapjyatl on r* Tfre P gychological ^I*TO (1940), 59-6$•

7. Garrett, J, F#, Psychological Aapeetg M Ptir lcaj Disability. Washin ton. u. G», wxrice of Vocational

nation Service 5erle s Ho, 210, 1952,

8« Gelb, Lester, A,, "Personality Disorganization Camouflaged by Physical Handicaps," read at the 115th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Philadelphia, 1959.

9* Gottesman, Irving X •, "More Construct Validation of the &go«6trench cal®«" | J C

10. Gruen, laily Ǥ.. "Level of Aspiration in Relation to Personality Factors in Adolescents," Child gent. XVI 11945), iai-lM.

11. Lewin, Kurt, "Psychology in Success and Failure," Occupations. XXV (1936), 926-930.

12. Lindquist, B. F., ± Fir ft Coarse is Statistic*. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1942.

72

13 • Neff, W. S», "The Use of the Rorschach in Distinguishing

14# Oawake, K« f # l "The Relation Between Acceptance of Self and Acceptance of Other® Shown toy Three Personal i ty Inventor ies « Journal gf C.onwiltiiig Psychology. XVIII (19541» 443-446.

15. Rogers, C» ft,, Cli<at«C»»fc»r«d Therapy, Houghton Mifflin Company, 195V. '

16. Husteh, J , , M f ^ a © ^£ |XS&^SClSf i J i I f i i M I i a # Berkeley ,Univers i ty of Ca l i forn ia Freas, 1951.

17. Sheerer, B. Tt| w^a Analysis of the t«3a tlonship Between

Acceptance of and ftespect for Self and Acceptance of and Respect for Others In Tea Counselor Cases,5t

f , W M ® g » %1 1 1 (1949),

1$. Sheisio, S . i«f ''Problems la Helping Parents of Mentally Defective and Handicapped Children," American 4mrml of jfantaX deficiency, Lfl [1951)742-4?.

19. Singer, J. L., Wilensky, I#f and McCraven, Vivian S», delaying Capacity, Fantasy, and Planning Ability! A Factorial Study of Some Basic Ego Functions," ...IsmaA Consulting Psychology. IS 0956), 375-3*3.

20. Stock, D., "An Investigation into the Interrelations Between the Self-Concept and Feelings Directed Toward Other Persons and Groups.* Journal of Consulting Psychology. XIII (1949), - I ^ t

21. Tamkin, A. S.. "An Evaluation of the Construct Validity of Barron's Ego-Strangth Scale," |nro»l at Clinical P»Tcholo«rr. XIII (1957), 156-158.

22. Taylor, Janet, "Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale," Journal of Consulting Psychology. XVIII (19 54), 433-436.

23. whit^a. a m is Smcais. «•*

24* Wirt, R. 0., "Further Validation of the £go*Strength Scale,* Journal $£ Consulting; Psychology. XIX (1955)» kkk,

25. Yuker, H. I., Block, J• ft., and Campbell, W. J•, "A Scale to Measure Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons,"

Tork, Human Resources Incorporated, 1960.

CHAPTER I?

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RBCOMMEHDATIQN3

Summary

This study was an. investigation of the relationship of

certain components of ego-strength which might be significant

in distinguishing between Vocationally Rehabilitable and Hon-

Rehabilitable workers# The population included vocationally

handicapped individuals who, in the last three years (1961-

1964), entered the training program of a large, metropolitan

Southwestern rehabilitation workshop. The vocational handi-

cap of this population was the propelling factor which

directed it to the generic sheltered workshop for vocational

diagnosis and training* Included were vocationally disabled

with m m j different types of disabilities ranging fro* ortho-

pedic restrictions, eardio-vascular disease, arthritis,

psychiatric disorder®, amputation, aged, paraplegia# cerebral

vascular accident to tuberculosis inactive.

A total of 172 vocationally handicapped were screened

for this study. Of this original number, 152 completed the

investigation. It was necessary to exclude 20 from the

original population because of illness, relocation to

another city, termination, unavailability for psychometric

testing, refusal to continue, and death. Eligibility into -

73

n

the study was based upon performance on a reading teat of a

standardised achievement instrument. The seventh grade

reading level was considered to be Minimal re quireroent for

acceptance. The population was divided into two major groups,

Vocationally Rehabilitate and Noa««Rehabilitable. Of this

population, ?$ were designated as Rehabllitabl® and 74 w#re

classified as Hon-Reh&bilitable. Each major group was

divided Into three levels of equal third® determined' by .44

of the standard deviation of test instruments used* Th®

sigma used was obtained from the instruments* aoraati v©

data, These levels were designated as Level I which represented

the upper third, Level II, the middle third, and Level III,

the lower third#

the significance of personality dynaitics as a possible

crucial determining factor to vocational rehabilitation

success and the interplay of vocational success and

personality factors, especially those of the vocationally

handicapped population, provided the theoretical framework

from which the hypothesis of this investigation was formulated.

Seven hypotheses were tested through the use of chi square

to determine relationship between certain components of ego*

streagth# self concept, eecurity^iasecurity, level of

aspiration, attitude toward disability, affective tolerance,

and anxiety drive level• It was hypothesized that the scores

of the Rehabilitable as compared to the Mon-Rehabi1it able

would be distributed significantly and reflect a positive

75

relationship between the components of ego-strength of this

study and vocational rehabilitation sucoess.

Findings

The chi square analysis of Hypothesis On# conflriaed

that perforstanee m Barron1s Ego-Strength wag positively

related to vocational rehabilitation success. Chi square

values were beyond the .01 level of significance.

It was stated in Hypothesis Two that there was a

positive relationship between Self-Concept and vocational

rehabilitation success. The chi square confirmed this

hypothesis for the oeasures of Self and Ideal Self* The

chi square analysis for the ae&sure of Other, however, was

not significant• , An analysis of the data indicated that

soro of the Rehabilitable groups reflected a positive Sell

and Ideal Self, whereas more of the Hon~Rehabilitable

expressed a depreciation of Self and Ideal Self and a

general feeling of inadequacy to cope with themes of

hostility, achievement, sexual and dependency in their lives#

It was stated in Hypothesis three that there would be

a positive relationship between sense of Personal Security

and vocational rehabilitation success. The computed chi

square results did not confirm this hypothesis with

estimation of performance. On the basis ©f these findings

no obtained relationship was found relative to reallBtic

contact between goal and accomplishment.

76

It was stated i& Hypothesis Five that there would be a

positive relationship between Acceptance of Disability and

vocational rehabilitation success. The chi square analyses

indicated that the obtained relationship was not statistically

significant. Although greater acceptance of self and

disability seemed to be characteristic of the Rehabilitate,

as reported in original study, this finding was not confirmed

in this investigation with the population at Goodwill

Industries.

The computed chi square values for Hypothesis Six,

which hypothesised that there would be a positive relation-

ship between level of Affective Tolerance and vocational

rehabilitation success, were sufficient to be statistically

significant. An mmimttm of the data suggested that the

BehebllitabXe group indicated a relatively greater capacity

to deal with emotionally laden situations and ©vents#

It was stated in Hypothesis Seven that there would b®

a positive relationship between Anxiety Drive level and

vocational rehabilitation success» The computed chi square

data confined this hypothesis. Analysis of the data

revealed that the Vocationally Behabllitable tended to

reflect a low anxiety drive level.

77

Becomendations and Conclusions

Hecommendations for further study relative to the

significance of ego-strength variables involved in the

vocational process of the handicapped as indicated by this

investigation include the following*

1. Attempts to be made to develop a single Instrument

to oeasure vocational adjustment and predict eventual

vocational success. Items of this test instrument

should consist of the discriainating response# of

seven teat instruments employed la this study. Such

a seal© could be store functional and adaptable in

terms of time and workshop situations.

2» Additional research is needed to determine the

effects the social and emotional milieu of th® work-

shop has upon the personality strengths and weaknesses

of the vocationally disabled referred for vocational

training* Periodic test administration of the basic

personality variables would indicate test and behavioral

changes during workshop training.

3. The relevance of Increased understanding of

individual reaction to new learning, unlearning and

relearning involved in the training process for the

vocationally disabled may have far reaching implica-

tions relative to the introduction of new techniques

and approaches which aa&y lead to vocational adjust»ent«

7ft

4* Experimental attempt® should be conducted to assess

and/or change negative self attitudes and values which

may act as deterrents to the vocational rehabilitation

process#

5* Development of an attitude scale to assess the

tmau'lying attitudes dad refections of supervisory

personnel toward the vocationally disabled, and their

disability should be considered. Research findings

have strongly indicated the importance of supervisory

attitudes in the development and training of sub-

ordinates »

6» Isolation of personality factors and workshop

.elevate which a«gat*r$ly influence training aad

ultimate vocational adjustment be investigated

extensively*

7, Further research is needed to develop a meaningful

body of knowledge encompassing the "psychological man**

at work# la such an investigation relevant topics for

exploration and attention sight Include <t) relation

of security (economic and esotional) to motivation for

rehabilitation, (2) social alienation and it® effect

upon the vocationally disabled, (3) relationship of

self-concept to vocational success in life and,

(4) effect® of vocational failures in vocational

rehabilitation process•

79

8. An attempt should b® made to f ormu3a te a theory

©f rehabilitation training emphasizing the psyehodyaamie

and psychosocial elements significant to th® vocational

process#

9. the test battery of this study could tot used

effectively in both individual and group counseling

sessions by a counselor to relAt* and work aore

productively with the sore difficult eases in voca-

tional rehabilitation*

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Mark each statement in the left margin according to how much you agree or d isagree with it. P l e a s e mark every one. Write + 1, *2, +3; or -1 , -2 , -3; depending on how you fee l in each case .

+3; I agree very much +2". I agree pretty much + 1: I agree a l itt le

# # #

-1°. I d isagree a l itt le -2: I d i sagree pretty much -3: I d i sagree very much

1. Parents of disabled children should be l e s s s tr ic t than other parents .

2. Physical ly disabled persons are just as intell igent as non-disabled ones .

3. Disabled people are usually eas i er to get along with than other people.

4. Most disabled people fee l sorry for themse lves .

5. Disabled people are the same as anyone e l s e .

6. There shouldn't be special schools for disabled children.

7. It would be best for disabled persons to l ive and work in specia l communities .

8. It is up to the government to take care of disabled persons .

9. Most disabled people worry a great deal.

10. Disabled people should not be expected to meet the same standards as non-disabled people.

11. Disabled people are as happy as non-disabled ones .

12. Severe ly disabled people are no harder to get along with than those with minor disabi l i t ies .

13. It is a lmost imposs ib le for a disabled person to lead a normal l i fe .

14. You should not expect too much from disabled people .

15. Disabled people tend to keep to themselves much of the t ime.

16. Disabled people are more eas i ly upset than non-disabled people.

17. Disabled people cannot have a normal soc ia l l i fe .

18. Most disabled people fee l that they are not as good as other people.

19. You have to be careful of what you say when you are with disabled people.

"FIt <3 o "K1 t>r\ TT\ rvml o a r A rs ft e* a r A ntt Pn nr r Anr h-vr

A P P I 1 D X X C

SELF-ACTIV ITY INVENTORY

IN THIS INVENTORY YOU ARE ASKED TO: ( A ) DESCRIBE YOURSELF, (B ) DESCRIBE WHAT

YOU WOULD LIKE TO BE, AND (c) DESCRIBE WHAT YOU THINK THE AVERAGE PERSON IS LIKE.

F I R S T , YOU ARE TO DESCRIBE THE TYPE OF PERSON YOU THINK YOU ARE. IN THE SAMPLE ITEM A BELOW YOU WILL FIND THE STATEMENT TO THE LEFT, " IT HARD TO KEEP H IS MFND ON A TASK OR J O B . "

FOR EXAMPLE,

FINDS

1. NEVER 2 . SELDOM

3 . SOMETIMES K» OFTEN 5« VERY OFTEN

SAMPLE A

MIND ON A TASK OR JOBI

1 1 AM A PERSON

WHO:

I I 1 WOULD L IKE TO BE A PERSON WHO:

THE AVERAGE PERSON

IS ONE WHO:

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IF THE WORD, "OFTEN" , BEST DESCRIBES YOU, YOU WOULD C I R C L E ^ IN COLUMN I . NOW, FIND THE WORD IN COLUMN I THAT 8EST DESCRIBES YOU. CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER UNDER COLUMN I , REMEMBERING THAT ( L ) MEANS NEVER ( 2 ) SELDOM ( 3 ) SOMETIMES (I4) OFTEN AND ( 5 ) VERY OFTEN. DO THIS NOWI

SECOND, IN COLUMN M , YOU ART TO DESCRIBE THE KIND OF PERSON YOU WOULD LIKE TO BE. THE PROCEDURE IS EXACTLY THE SAME AS T^AT FOR COLUMN I , EXCEPT NOW YOU ARE TO PICK OUT THE WORD WHFCH BEST DESCRIBES WHAT YOU WOULD L|I<E TO BE. IF THE STATEMENT, " 1 WOULD L IKE TO BE A PERSON VL|HO SELDOM F'INDS IT HARD TO KEEP HIS MIND ON A TASK OR J O B , " BEST DESCRIBES HOW YOU WOULO LIKE TO BEF YOU WOULD CIRCLETS) IN THAT COLUMN.

NOW FIND THE WORD IN COLUMN I I FN THE SAMPLE THAT BEST DESCRIBES WHAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO BE. CIROLE THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER IN COLUMN I I .

THIRDC IN COLUMN LLLJ YOU AIRE TO DESCRIBE WHAT YOU THINK THE AVERAGE PERSON IS L I K E . AGAIN THE SAME PROCEDURE (S USECU FOR EXAMPLE^ IF "THE AVERAGE PERSON IS ONE W H 0 S O M E T 1 M E S P I N D S | T H A r d t o ^EGP HIS MIND ON A TASK OR JOB#" 6EST DESCRIBES THE

AVERAGE PERSON YOU WOULD C I R C L E ^ ) LOOK AT SAMPLE hi F IND FHE WORD THAT BEST

DESCRIBES WHAT YOU THINK THE AVERAGE PERSON IS L I K E . CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER UNDER COLUMN I I I .

Go THROUGH THE REST OF THE STATEMENTS IN THIS MANNER. REMEMBER, YOU ARE TO DO THREE THINGS. FLRST, IN COLUMN 1 YOU ARE TO DESCRIBE WHAT YOU ARE L I K E . IN COLUMN I ! YOU ARE TO DESCRIBE WHAT YOU WOULD L IKE TO BE. AND IN COLUMN I I I YOU ARE TO DESCRIBE WHAT YOU THINK THE AVERAGE PERSON IS L I K E . BE SURE TO COMPLETE ALL THREE COLUMNS BEFORE PROCEEDING TO THE NEXT STATEMENT. ANSWER ALL ITEMS EVEN IF YOU ARE NOT SURE.

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1. NEVER

2 . SELDOM

3 . SQVETIft/ES

k . OFTEN

5 . VERY OFTEN

1 AM

WHO:

1 A PERSON

1

1 WOULD

TO BE A

PERSON

1 L IKE

WHO:

11! THE AVERAGE

PERSON IS

ONE WHO:

I FEELS HE MUST WIN AN ARGUMENT, 1 2 3k 5 I 2 3 l j 5 I 2 3 k 5

2 ._ ___PLAYS UP TO OTHERS IN ORDER TO ADVANCE H I S POSIT ION, I 2 3k 5 1 2 3k 5 1 2 3k 5

3 v __REFUSES TO DO THINGS BECAUSE HE JS NOT GOOD AT THEM# 1 2 3k 5 i 2 3k 5 i 2 3k5

i [ . AVOIDS TELLING THE TRUTH TO PREVENT UNPLEASANT CONSEQUENCES. 1 2 3k 5 123k 5 1 2 3k5

5 , TRIES HARD TO IMPRESS PEOPLE WITH HIS A B I L I T Y . i 2 3k 5 I 2 3 k 5 1 2 3k 3

__DOES DANGEROUS THINGS FOR THE T H R I L L

OF I T . 1 2 3k 5 12 3k 5 1 2 3 k 5

7 . . __RELIES ON HIS PARENTS TO HELP MAKE DECIS IONS. I 2 3k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 k 5

8 - . _ H A S PERIOD OF GREAT RESTLESSNESS AND

MUST BE ON THE GO. 1 2 3k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 k 5

9 . . __SEEKS OUT OTHERS SO THEY CAN LISTEN

TO H I S TROUBLES. 1 2 3k 5 i 2 3k 5 1 2 3k 5 1 0 . . __GETS ANGRY WHEN C R I T I C I Z E D BY H IS

FRIENDS. 1 2 3 ^ 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 1* 5

1 k ___FEELS INFERIOR TO H I S FRIENDS. 1 2 3k 5 1 2 3 k 5 1 2 3 K 5

I2._ __ IS AFRAID TO TRY SOMETHING NEW. 1 2 3k 5 1 2 3 k 5 1 2 3 k 5

13. GETS CONFUSED WHEN WORKING UNDER PRESSURE. I 2 3k 5 1 2 3 U 5 1 2 3k 5

I * K __WORR!ES ABOUT HIS HEALTH. I 2 3k 5 1 2 3 i | 5 1 2 3k 5

15. HAS DIFFICULTY IN STARTING TO GET

DOWN TO WORK. 1 2 3k 5 I 2 3k 5 1 2 3k 3 |6„_ IS D ISSATISFIED WITH H I S SEX L I F E . 1 2 3k 5 I 2 3 14 5 I 2 3 k 5

I 7 - . BLUFFS TO GET AHEAD. 1 2 3 k 5 i 2 3 k 5 1 2 3 k 5 18. . FEELS UNCOMFORTABLE IN THE PRESENCE

OF OLD WOMEN. I 2 3 k 5 ! 2 3 k 5 1 2 3 k 5 19-. GOES OUT OF H I S WAY TO AVOID AN

ARGUMENT. I 2 3k 5 \ 23k 5 ! 2 3 k 5

2 0 __MAKES QUICK JUDGMENTS ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE.

I 2 3 5 1 2 3k 5 1 2 3 h 5

35

1. NEVER 2. SELDOM 3„ SOMETIMES 4 . OFTEN 5. VERY OFTEN

1 1 AM A PERSON WHO:

11 I WOULD LJKE TO BE A PERSON WHO:

111 THE AVERAGE PERSON IS ONE WHO:

21._ J/I/ONDERS WHETHER PARENTS WILL. APPROVFE OF HIS ACTIONS. i 23k 5 1 23k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

22._ __1S BOTHERED BY THOUGHTS ABOUT SEX 1 2 3 k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 4 5

23«_ _JS AFRAID TO DISAGREE WITH ANOTHER PERSON. \ *3k 5 123k 5 I 2 3 1+ 5

2i|._ __IGN0RES THE FEELINGS OF OTHERS. 1 2 3 4 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 1 * 5

25 - . __FEELS ANGRY WHEN H I S PARENTS TRY TO

TELL HIM WHAT TO DO. \23h 5 123k 5 I 2 3 k 5

1 MD CM

_J.IKES TO GOSSIP ABOUT THE MISFORTUNES AND EMBARRASSMENTS OF HIS FRIENDS.

!

1 2 3h 5 123k 5 1 2 3 1+ 5

27.. __!S AWKWARD IN HIS RELATIONSHIPS WITH MEMBERS OF THE OPPOSITE SEX. 123 k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

PA

CD

O __IS ANNOYED WHEN ASKED TO DO A FAVOR BY A FRIEND. 1 23k 5 123k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

2 9 . . _TAKES DISAPPOINTMENT SO KEENLY THAT HE CAN'T PUT IT OUT OF HIS MIND, 123k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

30._ ___RESENTS THE WAY HE HAS BEEN TREATED BY HIS PARENTS, I 2 3k 5 1 2 3 k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

3 k FEELS GUILTY ABOUT HIS PAST SEX LIFE. 123k 5 123k 5 1 2 3 1+ 5

32.. SUPPRESSES OR "BOTTLES UP" HIS FEELINGS WHEN ANGRY WITH SOMEONE. I 23k 5 12 3k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

33.. WORRIES ABOUT SAY TNG THINGS THAT WILL HURT OTHER PEOPLE'S FEELINGS, I 23k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

3 k __HOLDS GRUDGES AGAINST THOSE WHO HAVE "HURT" HIM, 123k 5 123 k 5 1 2 3 4 5

35.. FEELS RESENTFUL WHEN BOSSED*, 123k 5 123k 5 1 2 3 4 5

36.. FEELS SEXUALLY STIMULATED WHEN READING OR TALKING ABOUT SEX. 12 3k 5 123k 5 1 2 3 4 5

37.. NEEDS SOMEBODY TO PUSH HIM IN ORDER TO GET THINGS DONE. I 23k 5 12 3k 5 1 2 3 1+5

3 8 . . FEELS HURT WH^N IGNORED BY SUPERIORS. 123k 5 12 3k 5 1 2 3 I + 5

39.. FAILS TO TAKE THE INIATIVE |N MEETINC PEOPLES ARRANGING DATES, ETC. '123k 5 I 2 3k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

1. NEVER 2 . SELDOM 3 . SOIVETIMES K . OFTEN 5 . VERY OFTEN

_TAKES EXTREME L IKES OR DISLIKES TO

OTHER PEOPLE.

66-

MAN IN A GROUP OF 6 IRLS*

MOST OF HIS FRIENDS.

I+O

1 + 1 . ,

1+2._

1+3. DISLIKES LENDING THINGS TO HIS FRIE

1|1+. UPSET WHEN HE FEELS HE IS NOT TREAT FAIRLY.

1+5® IS NERVOUS WHEN HE HAS TO WAIT,

1+6. WOULD RATHER SEEK HELP FROM OTHERS ON DIFFICULT THINGS THAN TO DO IT HIMSELF.

V ? „ WORRIES ABOUT WHETHER OTHER PEOPLE

LIKE HIM.

1+8. GIVES IN IF ANYONE INSISTS ON A POINT

L+9„ IS CRITICAL OF THE BEHAVIOR OF MOST

OF HIS ASSOCIATES!®

5 0 . LOOKS FOR WEAKNESSES IN OTHERS.

5 1 . MAKES EXCUSES FOR HIS BEHAVIOR.

5 2 . WORRIES ABOUT THE OPINIONS OTHERS HAVE OF HIM.

53 . FEELS JEALOUS WHEN OTHERS GET AHEAD OF HIM.

5U. PLACES HIS FAITH IN GOO WHEN IN TROUBLE.

1 1 AM A PERSON WHO;

11 1 WOULD LIKE TO BE A PERSON WHO:

I I I " THE AVERAGE PERSON IS ONE WHO:

1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+ 5

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 1+ 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

1 2 3 I + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

SL 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

> J 2 3 1+ 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+5

i 2 3 U 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+5

1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

r 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+5 1 2 3 1+5

1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

I 2 3 1+ 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+5 1 2 3 1 + 5

1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+ 5

1 2 3 1+ 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5

APPENDIX D

INVENTORY OF AFFECTIVE TOLERANCE By ROBERT I. WATSON and V. E. FISHER

Name Sex.. Date-

Score Norm Centile.. Local Centile..

INSTRUCTIONS: Below you will find a number of incomplete statements which have to do with a person's ability to deal with his feelings and emotions. Each statement is followed by a series of let-tered descriptive terms. Complete each statement by drawing a circle around the letter preceding the term which best describes you.

Consider your feelings and emotions during only the last year or two unless otherwise directed by the form of the statement. There is no time limit, but work as [rapidly as care and sincerity will permit.

If at first two or more terms in a series seem equally descriptive to you, reread the series; then encircle the letter preceding the term which you feel is most descriptive of you.

Be sure to answer every item (statement with its series of six descriptive terms), and complete each item before going on to the next one. Remember to encircle one, but only one, letter in each series. Encircle the letter, not the descriptive term.

1. I do things in spite of myself and against my better judgment

a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently

d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never

6. I have conflicting feelings of love and hate for members of my family

a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

2. I possess self-confidence in my associations with members of the opposite sex

a. Never d. Frequently b. Rarely e. Very frequently c. Occasionally f. Always

7. I am embarrassed by the blunders of mem-bers of my family

a. Most intensely d. Mildly b. Very strongly e. Very mildly c. Strongly f. Not at all

3. I feel at ease in most social situations

a. Never d. Frequently b. Rarely e. Very frequently c. Occasionally f. Always

8. I have feelings that things are not real

a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

I keep in the background at social gatherings

a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

9. I have spells of the blues

a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

I had nightmares as a child

a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

10. I have periods of anxiety

a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

(Publisher: Sheridan Supply Co., Beverly Hills, Calif.) (Copyright 1942, by Robert I. Watson and V. E. Fisher)

87

B8

11. I forget humiliating experiences

a. Never d. Quickly b. Very slowly e. Very quickly c. Slowly f. Immediately

12. I am composed when before a group

a. Never d. Frequently b. Rarely e. Very frequently c. Occasionally f. Always

13. When I have been frightened in a given situation, I return to it

a. Never b. Very difficultly c. Difficultly

d. Easily e. Very easily f. Most easily

14. I have unpleasant dreams

a. Continuously d. Occasionally

b. Very frequently e. Rarely

c. Frequently f. Never

15. Useless thoughts run through my mind

a. Continuously d. Occasionally

b. Very frequently e. Rarely

c. Frequently f. Never

16. Strongly disliking a person in my class or place of work interferes with my thinking and concentrating

a. Tremendously d. A little

b. A great deal e. Very little

c. Some f. Not at all

17. When a member of the opposite sex shows a strong liking for me, I avoid him, or her a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

18. I am in fear of violating my own standard of morals

a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

19. I experience feelings of hate

a. Continuously d. Occasionally

b. Very frequently e. Rarely

c. Frequently f. Never

20. I forget unpleasant experiences

a. Never d. Quickly

b. Very slowly e. Very quickly c. Slowly f. Immediately

21. I worry about the present and immediate future

a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently

d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never

22. I control my feelings of sympathy

a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily

23. In general I make decisions

a. Never d. Quickly

b. Very slowly e. Very quickly

c. Slowly f. Immediately

24. I feel impelled to perform certain acts with-out really wanting to do so

a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently

d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never

25. I feel lonesome even when with other persons

a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

26. I can endure seeing an accident a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily

- 2 -

$9

27. I am jealous a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently

36. I can stand the sight of injured or mutilated

d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never

28. I worry over possible future misfortunes

a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

29. I can endure emotional situations in general

a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily

30. I feel just miserable without apparent cause

a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

31. I have feelings of remorse a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

32. I have spontaneous or random thoughts of a member of my family's dying

a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently

d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never

33. I suffer from feelings of inferiority a. Most intensely d. Mildly b. Very strongly e. Very mildly c. Strongly f. Not at all

34. I feel grouchy or irritable a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

35. I can keep at a given task a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily

human bodies

a. Never

b. Very difficultly

c. Difficultly

d. Easily

e. Very easily

f. Most easily

37. I worry about past failures or mistakes

a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

38. I have periods of irritability for little or no reason at all

a. Continuously

b. Very frequently

c. Frequently

d. Occasionally

e. Rarely

f. Never

39. Examinations upset me

a. Tremendously d. A little

b. A great deal e. Very little

c. Some f. Not at all

40. I am shocked or disturbed by dirty jokes

a. Most intensely d. Mildly

b. Very strongly e. Very mildly

c. Strongly f. Not at all

41. I have nervous mannerisms, such as, nail bit-ing, or playing with pencil or watch chain, etc.

42.

a. Continuously

b. Very frequently

c. Frequently

I am stubborn

a. Continuously

b. Very frequently c. Frequently

d. Occasionally

e. Rarely f. Never

d. Occasionally

e. Rarely f. Never

43. I have buzzing or roaring sounds in my ears a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely

c. Frequently f. Never

- 3 -

90

44.

45.

When my plans miscarry I become dis- 53. concerted a. Tremendously d. A little b. A great deal e. Very little c. Some f. Not at all

I control my feelings of anger a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily

I envy other persons their happiness a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

54. My effort and efficiency are impaired by un-favorable criticism a. Tremendously b. A great deal c. Some

d. A little e. Very little f. Not at all

46. I am shocked or disturbed by immodesty a. Most intensely d. Mildly b. Very strongly e. Very mildly c. Strongly f. Not at all

55. I day dream a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently

d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never

47. When others expect a great deal of me, I be-come disturbed a. Most intensely d. Mildly b. Very strongly e. Very mildly c. Strongly f. Not at all

48. I am embarrassed at my blunders a. Most intensely b. Very strongly c. Strongly

d. Mildly e. Very mildly f. Not at all

56. As a child I had temper tantrums a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

57. I have ideas or feelings that people are watch-ing me a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

49. I fear death as such a. Most intensely b. Very strongly c. Strongly

d. Mildly e. Very mildly f. Not at all

50. I have spells of dizziness a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never

51. I feel self-conscious in the presence of su-periors a. Most intensely d. Mildly b. Very strongly e. Very mildly c. Strongly f. Not at all

52. I experience conflict between my moral stand-ards and sexual interests a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently

d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never

58. Having a lot of work to do decreases my efficiency in the tasks concerned a. Tremendously d. A little b. A great deal e. Very little c. Some f. Not at all

59. Becoming extremely angry leaves me upset afterwards a. Tremendously d. A little b. A great deal e. Very little c. Some f. Not at all

60. I control my feelings of grief or sorrow a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily

61. I can stand the sight of blood a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily

- 4 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Alexaader, F#, Fwdaspatals Psychoanalysis. Sew York, W, W, Norton and Company, t r ' ~

13rune ana S t ra t ton , 1

Barker, Roger, G. t M M t m M k M lew Tork, Social Science mi ouac .•sear®

.IJiiteSiiift i

Bellack, L . , fttafftaal ^ i g M , lew fo rk , Grim® aad Stratton Incorporated, 1952#

ioXg&r, H*, in |y©i f feUyf f ech f i i gm • O m t o f t » edited by AXbert I . labia and M. a . H&worth, New York, Orune And St ra t ton , 1960.

Bychowaki, G., In f M Psychotherapy, edited fey Gustav Bychowski and J, Loois® Oeepert, Hew Tork, Groye Press, Iae», 1952*

Cattel l , E, B., P f r g ^ i t y a r t % t i f a f i f f l | ^ | | r # ay^

Chouinard, Edward L. , "Current Trends and CereXopoteab i s the Workshop Fie ld ," i a Workshops f o r the Disabled - A Vocational l e t e b l l i t a t l e a lesoi i rcel l e t e b i l i i a t i o a Senrice 3 M e s I f e d l t S i ^ y Idward L. Chouin* Chouinard and James F» Garrett, fashiagtea',. D. 0«, Superintendent of Jtacuneste, 19$$*

Dollard, J, L., W« Boob, H. E, Miller, 0* H. Howrer, and E. E. Sears, f a a § Hayea, I&le Ufdverajui.)- Press, 1950*

Federa, P , , g ^ P w h h o l o g r aad ZSZSMSS* *wk , Basic

Feaichel, Otto, T^e P s y c ^ ^ a l ^ i f i U l S I I M, JltSEfflJU Sew fork, M . Norton and Company, 1945,

FreM, Anna, » £ J m &M 1M %g|a||£f«!ff MJe^ense, lew fork, In ternat ioaal Universi t ies Frees, t!

91

92

Freud, S., Tifce a d Th& Id, London, Hogarth Press, 192?.

The Problem .of Anxiety. New York, W, W. Norton and Company,

Garrett, J. F., FavghologicsX Agpecta si. Washington, D. C. , Off ice of Vocational Rehabi l i tat ion, Rehabilitation Service Series 1®. 21®, 1952.

Gellaan, We, MJteMgg P e s i M M l M i c ^ e ® ° » Monograph I®, 1, Jewish Vocational s e r r i e e , 1957.

Grayson, Morris, Ann Power, and Joseph Levi, Psychiatric . M K«w Toark- Rehabilitation

Monograpii2, I n s t i t u t e of Phyaical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1f52»

Hamilton, 0., in Em Psychology a d Dynamo Cqamrft, edited by Howard 4• Pared, Sew fork, Family Service Association of America, 195$*

Haamer, E* F», in SSSlliSSi «dite

arlos C, Thomas, 195S#

Harris, I. B», in leeent Advance® ijt Qjagnosti. Testing.' edited by Molly narrower, Spring: C, Thomas, 1950.

Eartjaann, H., Egg PpypMftfflr and igtlMStaU lew Tor*, International universitias Press, 1951*

Hutt, Max L., and Briakin, G. Q., T&e l£g, M the layiaed Seader«4lestalt Teat* lew York* urune md Stratton, 1960. '

K1°PfVoi B|' fL^o^'^lrlFioI'k^l^l -Slg§'^lf-

Kris, E«t "Mature of Psychoanalytic Propositions and Their Valid;

fof?

4 2 S t e t l 8 t l C 5 ' E ° S t 0 a -

Lundin. R. W.f P^pallty itMSmk* s « * The Macmillan Company ,~9o1 •

93

Machover, K., Persorality Projection In theJ3?aw|§g & J M Human Fjgure, Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1949.

Masterman Follow Incorporat

McCoy, Georgia F#, and Howard A, Rusk, Aj| Evaluation of Rehabilitation« Hew York, The Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1953«

Pascall, G. R., and B, J. Suttell, The Bender-Qestalt Teatt New York, Grune and Stratton, 1951.

Sogers, C, R., Clientsentered Therapy. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1951.

Ruesch, J., Chronic disease and Psychological• Invalidism. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1951•

Schafer, Eoy, Psychoanalytic Interpretation Jm Rorschach Testing, heory and Application, Sewxork, Grune and Stratton, 1954*

Symonds, P. M., The - Sep and The Self. Hew York, Appleton-Century-Crafts, 1951 *

Syracuse University, in The Mentally Retarded and Their Vocational Rehabilitation A Resource Handbook. edited by A. Praenkel, Sew Tork, Htfiem 1 Association for Retarded Children, Incorporated, 1961 *

Wechsler, David. Ttm Mfaayyfiaent of Adu3,t Intelli^eigc^. Third JSaition, Baltimore, Williams and filfeins, 1944#

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Articles

Allport, G„ W., "The Ego in Contemporary Psychology," Psychological Review, I (1943)# 451-478*

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Arnholter, E. G., 11 Attitudes Toward the Disabled," tation Counseling Bulletin. VI {i936), 26*30#

Ausubel ©lf 0, P.. "Bg© Development and tim Learning Prdcsss," Child Development. XI (1949), *7-95.

Balint, M#, "Changing Therapeutic Aims and Techniques in Psychoanalysis#

w International Journal of XXIX (19501# 117-m.

Barrett, G. J., L. Handelsnan. L. H. Stewart, and D« E. Super, "The Occupational Level Scale as a Measur® of Drive,tt

Psychological Monographs, LXVI (1952), 10.

Barron, Prank, "An lgo-Str@ngth Seal® Which Predict® Response 3^?®Tc5®^erapX» I!J«lfi M SAMillllg ftygljgg* XVII (1953), 327-331.

Bartlett, Harriet M«, "Emotional Elements in Illness: Eesponsitsilitls® of the Medical Social tfork@r»w

<19M)» 39»«•

Beck, S. J., "Rorschach P Plus and the Ego la Treats*at," .yfMMlr. M. v m < 194d> 395-400.

Bellaek, L., "A Study of Limitation® and Failures* Toward an Bgo Psychology of Projective Technique®»" Journal of Projective Technique. XVIII (1954) f 279-293.

Bellack, L., B, J. Black, A, Lurie. and JRA. Miller, "Rehabilitation of the Mentally 111 through Controlled Transitional Employment," Th« American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. XXVI (195^17 ^91-292. '

BellaGk, L., and M« B, Smith, Experimental Exploration of the Psychoanalytic Proctss," Psychoanalytic Quarterly. Ill (1956), 3*5-415.

Beres, 0,, "Ego Deviation and the Concept of Schizophrenia," si & & i?MM> *i 0956), 164-236.

Blbring, Edward, "Symposium on the Theory of the Therapeutic Results of Psychoanalysis.M International Journal of Psychoanalysis. I7IIX (1957), i W - W .

Bills, R. I.# "Rorschach Characteristics of Persons Scoring High and Low in Acceptance of Self." Journal of Consult* ing Psychology. XVII (1951), 257-201.

95

Brent, Sidney, A,, "Personality Integrat ion - A Concept of Rehabil i tat ion f o r the Disab led / American Journal <g£ Physical Medicine. XXIVII (1956), 7-171

Bychowski. G., "Therapy of the Weak Ego," American Journal jj£ PsTcAothgrapv. IV (1950). 407-411.

C a t t e l l , R. B. , "The Riddle of Rigidity: Solutions in Terms of Personali ty St ructure ," Journal Of Personal i ty . XIV (1946), 239-267*

Christenson, J . A., J r . , "Clinical Assessment of Ego-Strength," In ternat ional Record Medicine. CLXIV (1951), 6$7-6#6.

Clark, L. P . , "A Contribution to the Early Development of the Ego," American Journal of Psychiatry. XI (1932), 1160-11 do.

Connors, J . E . , 0 , H. Wolksoa, 0# P. H&efner, and B. A. St?/:?^", "Outside of Post-Hospital Rehabil i tat ive Treatment of Mental Pat ients as a Function of Ego-S t r ® g | t h . ^ J o | r n a l Counseling I s s M t S X * V I *

Eisenderfer , A., "Ego Status in Psychoanalysis," Psychiatr ic Quarterly, f i l l C1934)# 515-524*

Ends, E. J . , and C. W« Page. "A Study of Functional Relation-ship® among Measures or Anxiety. Ego-Strength and Adjustment," Journal ^f Cl in ica l Psychology. XIII (1957), 148—150»

Fenichel, 0 . , "Early Development of the Ego," Iaago. XXIII (1937), 243-269,

Feintuch, Alfred, "Improving the Employability and Atti tudes of Difficult- toi-Place Persons," Psychological Mono-graphs . LXIX (1955), No. 392.

Fey, W. F . , "Acceptance of Self and Others and i t s Relation t o Therapy Readiness,» Journal Clinical P£EsMSffli X (1954), 269-271.

Fisher , f . I . , and Robert I . Watson, "An Inventory of Affective T o l e r a n c e J o u r n a l of Psychology. I l l (1941), 149-157.

French, T. M.» "Defense and Synthesis in the Function of the Ego, Psychoanalytic Quarterly, VII (193$), 637-653.

"Ego Analysis as a Guide to Therapy," v t ic Quarterly. XIV (1945), 336-349*

96

Fried. E., "Ego Functions and Techniques of Ego Strengthening," American Journal of Psychotherapy. II (1955)» 407-429.

Gardner, John "The Use of'the Term Level of Aspiration," Thg Psychological Review. XLYII (1940), 59-66.

Gellaan, W., "Components of Vocational Adjustasnt." Personnel and Guidance Journal. XIII (1953), 536-539.

Ger°'xx#{i95?) °565-573°^ E™Jta»ftpaXyfcio .Quarterly.

Gill, M. M«, "Ego Psychology and Psychotherapy," Psycho-analytic Quarterly. If (1951), 62-71.

Goldberger, B., "The Id and Th© Ego: A Bevelopmental Inter-pretation," Psychoanalytic Review. XLIV (1957), 139-145.

Gottesaan, Irving I., "More Construct Validation of the Ego-

^ Con8ultln* PBTChoXaiT'

Gough, H#f "4 Sote on the Security-Insecurity Test.11 Journal

M. SaSMl Psychology. XXVIII (194#), 257-261.

Gruen, Smily W,, "Level of Aspiration la Relation to Personality Factors in Adolescents." Child DeydLoment. XVI (1945), Idl^ise. »»-«*

Harass, Ernest, "Ego-Inflation and Ego-Deflation," The Nervous Child. VI (1947), No* 31 2$4~300.

i&rtsiajin, H., "technical I»plieations of Sgo Psychology," Psychoanalytic Quarterly, XX (1951), 31-43.

Hendricks, I., "Work and the Pleasure Principle." Psychoanalytic Quarterly. XII (1943), 311-329. "

Hillson, J• S,, and Philip Worchel, "Self Concept and Defensive Behavior in'the Maladjusted." Journal of Consulting Psychology. XXI (1957), *3-667

J

Jacobs, Abrahaa, "Counseling for Job Readiness," Journal of Rehabilitation. XXIV (195*), 6-11.

Korman, Maurice, "Ego-Strength and Conflict DiscrlsMatioas An Experimental Validation of the Ego Strength Scale," Journal of Consulting Psychology. XXIV (1960), 294-290.

Kris, E., "Ego Psychology and Interpretations in Psychoanalytic Therapy," Psychoanalytic Quarterly. XX (1951), 15-30.

97

Laird, James T•, "Eaotlonal Disturbances Among the Physically Handicapped," Personnel and Guidance Journal. XXX?X (1957), 190-191.

Leowald, II, W., "Eg© and Reality." International Journal of Psychoanalysis. XXXIX (1951J» 10*18*

s u a c * " * n d F a i i u r e , ° ° c e " p a t i o n a i

Lewie, H. Bt, "An Experimental Study of the Role of the Ego in Work, X. The lole of the Igo in'Cooperative Work," iU «OI*K} A • 1J3S »OX® 01 % m ill vOOp6W6i?0 w®Jfl£| Journal of Experimental Psychology. XXIV (1944), 113-126.

Maier# N. E. F., N• JH. Slaser, and J. B. Ilee, "Studies of Abnormal Behavior in the Rat, III. The Development of Behavior Fixations Through Frustration.* Journal of ixperiwsiital. Psychology. XXVI (1940), 321-346.

Menninser, Karl, A.B "Vork as a SubliBation." Bulletin of the Wenninger Clinic. VI (1942), 170-132.

Miller, N. £», "theory and Experiment Relating Psychoanalytic Displacement to Stistulus-Responae Generalization,n

i9WM Mi Mi Soc|a,| Psychology. XLXI1 1194i), Mowrer. G« HU, "An Experimental Analogue of 'Regression*

with Incidental Observations on 'Reaction-Formation,1 * $£ J M St£lSl fTOMftffltt. (1940)»

Seff, W, S., "The 0s® ot the Rorschach in Distinguishing Vocationally lehabilitabl® Groups," G m s B & M Psychology. II (1955), 207-211.

. ^he Rehabilitation Workshop -as a Therapeutic

<i£ iiaisfe Ssciss. Novey, 3., "A Re-evaluation of Certain Aspects of tte Theory

of Instinctual Drives in the Light of Modern Ego

Novis, F. W., J. L. Marra, A . A. Roose, and W , B, Tooles, "A Comparative Study of Methods Used in Evaluating Vocational Rehabilitation Potential," Personnel and guidance Journal. XI (1961), 286-288,

9a

iunberg, H., "The Synthetic Function of the Ego," International Journal ©f Psychoanalysis* III (1931)» 123*140*

, , wfgo Strength and Ego Weakness," M i t e l l M » III I1y42), 25-40.

"the Synthetic Function of the Ego," l a Practice

Omwake, K. T,, "The Relation Between Acceptance of Self and Acceptance of Other® Shown by Three Personality Inventorie s," i£B£S£Jl of CfrMflXftlflJC m u

(1954), 443-446.

Rapaport, Q,t MThe Autonomy of the Ego," B u l l e t i n Menninger

Clinic. XV (1951), 113-123

Sheerer, £. T«, "An Analysis of the Ee3ati@»ship Between Acceptance of and Respect for Self suet Acceptance of and tespect for Others in fen Counseling Cases," f m m A M. foqffffWqs m x T1949), 169-175.

Sheiao, L., "Problems in Helping Parents of Mentally Defective and Handicapped Children,* American Journal M deficiency, £fX (1951), 42-47.

Singer, J* L., H* Wilensky, and Vivian G. MeCraven, ^Delayii Capacity, Fantasy, and Planning Ability: A factorial Study of Some Basic I«o Functions.w Journal of Consulting

f, XI (1956)7 375-3<b. ,.r—v - *- t-t— — n

Small, L., "Personality Determinants of Vocational Choice," Hmnmnfa* L x n i

Stock, B*, "An Investigation into the Interrelations Between the Self-Concept and Feelings Directed Toward Other Persons and'QrouBS." Journal' of -Consulting Psvcholoev. n i l (1949), 176-180.

Stotsky, B. A., and H. Weinberg, "The Prediction of the Psychiatric Patient**-Work Adjustment," Journal of Counseling Psychology. Ill (1956), 3-7.

Tart, B. A,, "The "validity of the Barron Ego-Strength Scale and the Welsh Anxiety Index," J ^ m l ©I Consylt^g Psychology. Ill (1957), 247-249.

Tankin, A, S,, "An Evaluation of the Construct Validity of Barron*» fijio-Strength Scale." Journal of Clinical Psychology! XIII (1957!, uJ-lSf). ^

99

Tamkin, A, S., and C. J . Xlett, "Barron*s £go-Strength Scale: A Replication of an Evaluation of its Construct Validity," Journal of Consulting Psychology, XII (1957), 412*

Taylor, Janet, "Taylor Manifest Aaxiety Scale." Journal of Consulting Psychology. XTO (1954), 443-436.'

Wirt, R. D#, "further Validation of the Ego-Strength Scale,* Journal of Consulting; Psychology. XIX (1955), 444.

lorchel, P., "Development of a Self-Concept Inventory for

Tuker, H. E», J, R. Block, and W, J. Campbell, "A Seals to Measure Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons," Human Resources Study lo* 5, lew York, Division of 'Abilities, Incorporated, 1960.

Yuker, H. E., J• R. Block, and W. J , Campbell, "Disability Types and Behavior," UmmnEtaqwrcea•Study No. 6, Sew York, Human Resources Foundation, Division of Abilities, Incorporated, 1962,

teller, A. P., "An Experimental Analogue of Repression, I; Hiftorieal Suamry/ Psychological Bulletin. XLVII I1950)p 39-51•

Test Manuals

Jastak. Joseph, -Manual, Widel«ge A^|ifK^r Wilmington, Charles L, Story Company, 1<

Maslow, A, H., Manual for the Se Pal© Alto, Consulting^ 1952.

Unpublished Materials

Qelb, Lester Lester, A,, "Personality Disorganization Camouflaged by Physical Handicaps," read at the 115th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Philadelphia, 1959#