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How are the elements on the periodic table organized?
Bellwork: Friday, September 21st
Elements & Compounds
Chapter 3.4
Dmitri Mendeleev first began to organize the elements by similarities in mass.◦ He was the first one to create a periodic table,
though we no longer organize it by atomic mass
Periodic Table: History
Arrange by atomic number (number of protons)
Organizes elements into a grid of horizontal rows called periods and vertical columns called groups or families
Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties
Periodic Table Today
Elements- pure substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means◦92 naturally occurring ◦Others have been developed by scientists (synthetic)
◦Not equally abundant Examples: 75% of universe is hydrogen
and oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen make up 90% of the human body and francium is the least abundant element with only 20g total in the Earth’s crust
◦Each has a unique chemical name and symbol
Symbols are 1, 2, or 3 letters
First letter is ALWAYS capitalized
Remaining letters are ALWAYS lowercase
Universally accepted system so that scientists can communicate
Element Symbols
4-5 quizzes◦ 3 announced◦ 1-2 unannounced
Quiz Monday, 24th (Actinium –Hydrogen)
Quiz Wednesday, 26th (Iodine-potassium)
Quiz Friday, 28th (Radium-Zirconium)
What elements do YOU need to know?
Made up of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined◦ Most matter exists in this form◦ 10 million known compounds◦ New ones are created at a rate of
100,000/year◦ Can be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means◦ More stable than individual
elements
Compounds
Coefficient: A number that comes in front of a chemical formula, indicates how many molecules of that compound you have.◦ Examples: 4CO2 3H2O
Subscripts: a number that is below the elements listed in the compound, indicates how many of each element you have.◦ These numbers only apply to the number in
FRONT of them.
◦ Examples: 4CO2 3H2O
Identifying the number of atoms in a compound:
Figure out how many atoms are in each compound!
Let’s Practice!
Determine how many atoms are present in the following compounds:
◦1. H3PO4
◦2. NH4H2PO4
◦3. 3CaCrO4
◦4. 4K2Cr2O7
Bellwork: Monday, September 24th
A compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass◦ The same amounts of the elements in a
compound can be expressed by percent mass
x 100
Law of Definite Proportions
A 200.0g sample of sugarcane contains 32.5g of hydrogen. What is the percent by mass of hydrogen in the compound?
Example Problem:
The same elements can form more than one compound ◦ Happens if different compounds have different
mass compositions Example: Water and Hydrogen Peroxide
Mass ratio of compound I Mass ratio of compound II
*Look at the example on page 89*
Law of Multiple Proportions
Chapter 3 pg 977: 1-4
Practice Problems: 19-22 pg 88
Practice Problems: 28-29 pg 90
Homework