Periodic TablePeriodic Table

The First Periodic Table of The First Periodic Table of ElementsElements

Discovered by Discovered by Dmitri MendeleevDmitri Mendeleev

Only had Only had 63 63 naturally naturally occurring elements to occurring elements to work withwork with

Organized the table by Organized the table by IncreasingIncreasing Atomic Atomic MassMassLeft places for Left places for undiscovered undiscovered elementselements

All Modern NewAll Modern NewThe Modern Periodic The Modern Periodic

TableTableOrganized by Organized by

Henry MosleyHenry Mosley

Arranged by Arranged by

Increasing Atomic Increasing Atomic NumbersNumbers

Valence ElectronsValence ElectronsElectrons found in the last Electrons found in the last shell, orbital or energy levelshell, orbital or energy level

The Code: The Code:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 81, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Look above the column for Look above the column for

the number paired with the number paired with “A”“A”

Oxidation NumberOxidation Number

Number of electrons Number of electrons that the element will that the element will gain or lose to gain or lose to become stable.become stable.

Code:Code:– +1,+2, +3, +/-4, -3,+1,+2, +3, +/-4, -3,

-2,-1,0-2,-1,0

Parts of the Periodic TableParts of the Periodic Table

RowsRows – Periods – Periods (arranged by # of (arranged by # of shells)shells)

ColumnsColumns- Families or Groups- Families or Groups (arranged by the valence electrons and (arranged by the valence electrons and properties)properties)

PeriodsPeriods

How many? How many?

77Why are they placed Why are they placed here? here?

They have the They have the same # of same # of shells, orbitals shells, orbitals or energy levelsor energy levels

Families or GroupsFamilies or Groups

How many columns? How many columns?

1818Why are elements Why are elements placed here? placed here?

They have the They have the same chemical same chemical properties and properties and valence #valence #

Classification of ElementsClassification of Elements

1. 1. MetalsMetals

2. 2. NonmetalsNonmetals

3. 3. MetalloidsMetalloids

Metal Metal PropertiesProperties

ShinyShiny High Melting PointHigh Melting Point Ductile (form into a Ductile (form into a

wire)wire) Malleable (hammer into Malleable (hammer into

a shape)a shape) Reacts with acidReacts with acid Good conductorsGood conductors Found on the left hand Found on the left hand

side of the tableside of the table Most of the elements Most of the elements

are metalsare metals Francium—most Francium—most

reactive metalreactive metal

Nonmetal Nonmetal PropertiesProperties

DullDull Low melting pointLow melting point BrittleBrittle Poor conductorsPoor conductors Found on the right Found on the right

hand side of the hand side of the table.table.

Gas at room tempGas at room temp Fluorine—most Fluorine—most

reactive nonmetalreactive nonmetal

MetalloidsMetalloids Both characteristics Both characteristics

of Metals and of Metals and NonmetalsNonmetals

Found on the stair Found on the stair step line on the tablestep line on the table

Left side – metal Left side – metal qualitiesqualities

Right side – Right side – nonmetal qualitiesnonmetal qualities

MetalloidsMetalloids

Periodic PropertiesPeriodic Properties

Electron ArrangementElectron Arrangement– Table is arranged by increasing atomic numberTable is arranged by increasing atomic number

Atomic SizeAtomic Size– decreases from left to right (Gravity pulls in the decreases from left to right (Gravity pulls in the

electrons towards the center)electrons towards the center)– Increases in size from top to bottom (more shells)Increases in size from top to bottom (more shells)

ReactivityReactivity– The left side is more unstable than the right side.The left side is more unstable than the right side.

Metallic PropertiesMetallic Properties– Left to right – metals to nonmetalsLeft to right – metals to nonmetals

All in the FamilyAll in the FamilyFamilies of the Periodic TableFamilies of the Periodic Table

1.1. Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

2.2. Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals

3.3. Transitional MetalsTransitional Metals

4.4. Boron FamilyBoron Family

5.5. Carbon FamilyCarbon Family

6.6. Nitrogen FamilyNitrogen Family

7.7. Oxygen FamilyOxygen Family

8.8. Halogen FamilyHalogen Family

9.9. Noble Gases FamilyNoble Gases Family

FamiliesFamilies

Alkali Metals 1AAlkali Metals 1A 1 valence electron1 valence electron Violent reaction to Violent reaction to

waterwater Francium is the most Francium is the most

reactive metalreactive metal

Alkaline Earth Alkaline Earth Metals 2AMetals 2A 2 valence electrons2 valence electrons Mg and Ca (clays and Mg and Ca (clays and

laxatives)laxatives)

FamiliesFamilies

Transitional Transitional MetalsMetals

3B – 12B3B – 12B Vary in Valence #Vary in Valence # Brightly coloredBrightly colored Oxides – combine Oxides – combine

with oxygenwith oxygen

FamiliesFamilies

Boron 3ABoron 3A 3 valence electrons3 valence electrons Al: only metal on the Al: only metal on the

stair step linestair step line

Carbon 4ACarbon 4A Carbon is the element Carbon is the element

of lifeof life 4 valence electrons4 valence electrons

FamiliesFamilies

Nitrogen 5ANitrogen 5A 5 Valence electrons5 Valence electrons N: 78% of airN: 78% of air Main components of Main components of

fertilizersfertilizers

Oxygen 6AOxygen 6A 6 Valence electrons6 Valence electrons O: reacts with All O: reacts with All

elements and most elements and most abundant element in abundant element in Earth’s crust. Earth’s crust.

FamiliesFamilies

Halogen 7AHalogen 7A 7 Valence electrons7 Valence electrons Fluorine: most Fluorine: most

reactive nonmetalreactive nonmetal Salt formersSalt formers Reactive with metalsReactive with metals

Noble Gases 8A Noble Gases 8A Inert GasesInert Gases Most stableMost stable No reactivityNo reactivity All shells are fullAll shells are full 8 valence electrons8 valence electrons

Drawing Bohr’s Models

# of energy levels = # row element is in (period #)# of electrons in outer shell = valence electron (group #)Orbital one has a max of 2 electronsAll other orbitals have a max of 8 electrons

Practice

He

Ne

N