WOOD

Types

Hardwood (Deciduous)- Reproduce by encased nuts and seeds Softwood (Coniferous)- First trees- Reproduce by seed on their cone

Misleading?

Hardwood

South, central and north regions in US

Softwood

Characteristics Pith- Center of tree Annual rings- Rings around pitch- Earlywood (Spring)/Latewood

(Summer) Bark- Outside layer of tree- Cambium- Where growth takes

place- Two parts Phloem (bark

cells)/Xylem increase tree circumference that creates sapwood (Light part of inner tree)

Heartwood- Dark part of inner tree that stores minerals (Like human spine)

Medullary rays- Carry water and nutrients across the tree

Soil, minerals and temp impact growth

Select cutting Clear cutting Seed cutting

Forest to the Shop

Cut by foresters and loggers Limbs removed Put on travel truck Shorted by species and best looking (Veneer) Taken to saw mill 1. Trees debarked2. Metal detector??????3. Squared up by band saw or circular saw (cant/slab wood)4. Sawed into boards called plainsawn or cut the log into 4 quarters

and then get boards from there called quatersawn lumber5. Edges trimmed off to produce uniform board6. Go to grader7. Go to dry- Air or Kiln dry to make

roughlumber (only three sides cut) 6-8% moisture content

Defects

Happen in growth of tree or during drying process Knots-Portion of branch that was part of tree, can

be loose or tight Blue stain- Discoloration caused by mold or

fungus, left in high humidity Pitch pocket- Opening of wood that contains resin

(solid or liquid) Bark pocket- Bark material that was enclosed as

the tree grew

More Defects During milling and drying Warp- Deviation from true

surface1. Bow- Curve along the face

of the board 2. Crook- Curve along the

edge of the board3. Cup- Curve across the

width of the board4. Twist- Looks like a spiral5. Kink- Deviation along the

board caused by a knot

Softwood Purchasing Lumber

Ordered by its normal size but its actual size is different

Sold by piece EAMPLE: 1x8x10 is really ¾ x 7 ¼ x 10 Come in lengths from 8 foot up and in

two foot increments Anything bigger than 16 foot may need to

special order

Hardwood Purchasing Lumber

Sold by board foot (Unit of volume measuring 12 inches wide, 12 inches long and 1 inch thick)

Width and lengths are not standardizedm because the producer wants the best yield

Indicated thickness by quarter of an inch Example: 4/4 is an inch thick You could buy a 8/4 thick piecex5 inchx7

feet long

Calculating Board Foot

Volume of on board is 144 cubic inches Volume=Width x Length x Thickness

EXAMPLE: you buy one board that is 4/4 thick, 8 inch wide and 11 feet long. Also buy one that is 8/4 thick, 5 inch wide and 7 feet long. How board foot is he buying?

1. 1 x 8 x 132=1056 cubic inch2. 1056/144= 7.33 board feet3. 2 x 5 84=840 cubic feet4. 840/144=5.83 board feet5. 7.33+5.83=13.16 board feet

Grain Appearance of board Determined by species of tree, conditions it grew in, way the wood

was cut How strong the wood is Effects stability of material, gluing properties and finishing End Grain- Grain on edge of board Edge Grain- Grain on face of board-Radial Grain-cut along radius running from center of tree outward (quarter sawing produces this because grain is straight)-Tangential Grain- Few years growth