א א א files/هندسة...A ∆,∆ ( ) ( ) ∆ − = − + − + − ) + − = − − − ( ) ( ) + − = − −

אאאא

אאאã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]

אאאא

٢٢٦٦١١

א٢٦١א אא

،،אא،אW

אאאאאאאאאאא א א א א א א ،א

אאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאK

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

א ، אא א אא אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

א א ،א אא،אאK

א א ?א א ? ? ?

אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א،אאאא

אאאאאK

، א אאאאK

אאאא

א٢٦١ אא

אאאאKאאאאאאאKא

אאא،אאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאKWאאאאאא

אאKWאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאKאאאאאWאאא،אאאא،אאאאאאאא

אK

אאאא


אאאא

אא

١

א٢٦١אא אאאא

- ١ -

אא

אא

אאא

אא

אא١K אאאא ٢K אאאאאא ٣K אאאא ٤K אאא

אא

٤א

אא

אאא אאא


- ٢ -

אאאאא،K

WאאאFbatchFEאאאE

אcontinuousKאאF١J١Eאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאFאאאEאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،

אאאאאאK


- ٣ -

١J١Wאא(Batch)

אאF١J٢EאאאאאאאאKאאא،אא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאK

١J٢Wאא(Continuous)

אאאאא(Semibatch) F١J3Eאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אK


- ٤ -

ReactantA +

Products

١J٣Wאא(Semibatch)

Wא

אאא،אאאאF(Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor, CSTRאאF

EאF١J٤Eא،אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאא(CSTR) (Steady-state)

KKאאאאאאKאאאאאK

Kאאאאאאא


- ٥ -

١J٤Wאא

אאאאאא (Plug Flow Reactor, PFR) אאאאא

F١J٥EKאאאאאKאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאF١J٦KE


- ٦ -

١J٥Wא(Plug Flow Reactor, PFR)

تغذية

ناتج

١J٦Wאא

Wאאאאאאאאא

אאאאא(Bubble Column Reactor).


- ٧ -

אאאאאאאאא(Two-Phase Slurry Reactor)אא(Fixed Bed Reactor)

אKאאאאאאF(Three-Phase Slurry ReactorK١אJ٧אאK

(A)

(B)

١J٧W(A) אאK(B) א

אאאאא(Fluidized bed Reactor) אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאא


- ٨ -

אאאאאא١אJ٨K

Cracked products Combustion

gases

Spent Catalyst

Air

Hydrocarbon Feed

Regenerated Catalyst

١J٨Wאאא(Fluidized Bed)

אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאא

אאאF١J٩E


- ٩ -

١J٩Wאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאF١J

١٠(K

١J١٠Wאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאF١J١١E

אאאאKא

א


- ١٠ -


١J١١Wאאאאאא

א١J١٢א(CO)K

١J١٢WאK

אא


אאאא

א

٢

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ١١ -

אאChemical Kinetics

אא

אאאא

אא

אא١K אאא ٢K א ٣K אאא

אא

١٠א

אאאאExcelאאא

אא

אאא אאא

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ١٢ -

אאא(Scale-up)אאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،א

אאאKאאאאאFאאאאEאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאKאאא(Plug Flow

Reactor, PFR)אאאאאאאKאאאאא(Rate law) א

אאאא(Reactor Design)אאK

אאאאHomogenous Reaction

אK

אאHeterogeneous Reaction

אאאאK

אאIrreversible Reaction

אאאאFBA→KE

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ١٣ -

אאReversible Reaction

אאאאאאאאאאא(Equilibrium)אא

אאFBA↔KE

אאאאאRate of Homogenous Reaction

אאאאאאאאא

אאאW

)12(dt

dnV1r i

ii −=

i ،n ،אVאKאאאא

אאאאCiW

)22(Vn

c ii −=

אW

)42(dtdc

r

)32(dt

)Vn

( dr

ii

i

i

−=

−=

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ١٤ -

אאאאא

אאאאאW

)52(dDcCbBaA −+→+b, a אאstoichiometric coefficientsאאא

אאאd, cאאאאאאCDא،אא

אאאאאKאW

)62(dtn d

d1

dtn d

c1

dtn d

b1

dtn d

a1- DCBA −==−=

)72(dDr

cCr

bBr-

aAr-

−===

אאF٪E Chemical Conversion אאאאאK

אאAאnAonAt،אאAW

)82(100n

n - n (t)X

Ao

AAoA −×=

،אאאאK

אאאא،א2-1٢J٢KאאאאאF50 %KEAאאא(Catalyst)،א

BאאאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאF١J2KEאא١J2،

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ١٥ -

אא25%t1אא45%אאKא١J2אאאאא

אאא5%אאאאאאK

1J2אא

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ١٦ -

2J2אא

אאאאאאא

אFאEאאאאאW

)92(c c α r- BAA −βα

:αאA

βאBK

:α+βאאK

אאאא)(αאF٩J٢EאW

)102(c c k Ar- BAA −= βα

אkAאא(Specific reaction rate)،אאK

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ١٧ -

Arhenius equationאאאאW

)112( eA (T)k RTE

−=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאk

אKאEאאאא،אF

EAאF١١J٢EKאאאאאאאk אאא

FאאEאא(ln)W

)122(RTE -A ln k ln −=

F(ln kאאא(y)(T/1)א

(x)⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−

RE،א(y)(ln A)K

אאאאאאk TFE،אkTאאא

K

אReaction Order،אאא

אאKאW

אא(Reaction mechanism)אאאאאKאא(Reaction mechanism)א

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ١٨ -

אאKאאK

אאאאאאאאKאא،אא

אאW

H2 + I2 → 2 HI (2-13)

KאאאאאאאאW

NaOH +CH3Br → CH3OH +NaBr (2-14)

אאW2NO +2H2 → N2 + 2H2O (2-15)

אאאאW2NO +H2 → N2 +H2 O2 (2-16)

H2O +H2 → 2H2O (2-17)

אאאF١٦J٢EאאאאF١٦J٢Eאא

٢א١K(mechanism)אאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאK

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ١٩ -

אאאאאאאא

אאKאאאא،אאאאKאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאא

אאA → P (2-18)

א

19)-(2k0)A(ck dt

Ac d==−

אF١J١٩EאאאאW

)202(dtk c

c Ac dt

0

A

Ao−∫=∫−

[ ]

[ ] 22)-(2ktcc

21)-(2ktcc

AA0

A0A

=−

=−−

cAoאאאAcAאאAtKאF٢٢J٢EאאאאAFcA ((y)א(x)

W

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٢٠ -

cA

t

cAo

א -k kSImol /m3 sאא

(y)KcAoKאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK

אאא

A → P (٢-23)

א

)242(Ack dt

Ac d−=−

[ ] 25)-(2kt ccAc ln A

Ao=−

26)-(2kt cln - cln AAo =

27)-(2kt cc ln

A

Ao =

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٢١ -

אF٢٧J٢EאW

ln (cAo/cA)

t

אאאאאkkאSIs-1Kאאא

אאאאאK

אאא

אאאאW

28)-(2P2A →

29)-(2PbBaA →+אF٢٨J٢EאאA

)302(2Ack

tdAc d

−=−

)312(dtk cc d

0

c

c2A

AA

Ao

−=− ∫∫t

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٢٢ -

32)-(2k t c1 Ao

A

c

cA

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡

33)-(2k t c1

c1

AoA

=−

אאאאא1/cA(y)אt(x)אk(y)1/cAoאW

t

1/cA

1/cAo

אאאא A Bא

אאABאW

34)-(2PbBaA →+

)352(c ck tdc d

BAA −=−

אאW

١K אאאA B(cAo = cBo)b = a

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٢٣ -

cA = cB

אאF٣٠J٢EF٣٣J٢KE

٢K cAo ≠ cBob ≠ aK

אאW

)63(2c ck tdc d

BAA −=−

אאאאcBcAAאאnAoBאאnBoKAא

tnAB אאnBKF٢٩J٢EW

)73(2)n(n)ab(nn AABB 00

−−−=

אאW

)83(2)c(c)ab(cc AABB 00

−−−=

cBאF٣٥J٢EאאאאW

)39(2 tdk )c

ab c

ab(cc

c d t

0

c

cAAoBoA

AA

Ao

−=+−

− ∫∫

אאאאאאW

40)-(2k t cc

lncc

lnc

ab - c

1

Ao

Bo

A

B

AoBo

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٢٤ -

אאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאFאאEאאאאאאאאK

אMethod of Half Lifeאt1/2אאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאW

אא

41)-(2PnA →

)422(ck tdc d - n

AA −=

)432( tdk cc d -

t

0

c

cnA

AA

Ao

−= ∫∫

)442(c1

c1

1)-k(n1 t 1-n

Ao1-n

A

−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٢٥ -

( ) )452(1 - cc

1-n ck 1 t

1n

A

Ao1-n

Ao

−⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

−

t = t1/2،cAo cA =1/2

( ) )462( c1

1-nk 1- 2 t

1-nAo

1-n

21 −⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

47)-(2 cln n)-(1 1)k-(n

1- 2ln ln t Ao

1-n

21 +=

אF٤٧J٢Eאאא(y)אאאא(x)،1-n

אn Kאא(y)אkKאאאאאn=1،אא

אאאW

48)-(2k t ccln

A

Ao =

t = t1/2،cAo cA =1/2

)492(k t c

21cln

21

Ao

Ao −=

)502( tk

2ln 21 −=

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٢٦ -

אאW

)512( tk 2

c21

Ao −=

אאW

)522( tck l

21

Ao

−=

אאאאKאאאאאא،

אאאK


אKאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאW

١. אאאאאאאאאאK٢. אאאK٣. אאK

אאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאK

- ١١ -

אאאא


אאאא

א

א

٣


- ٢٧ -

אאHomogeneous Reactors

אא

אאאא

אא

אא١K אאא ٢K אאאא

אא

٨אאא

אאאאאא

אא

אאא אאא


- ٢٨ -

אאאFW١Eאאא،F٢Eאאאא،F٣EאאאאK

אאאאReactor design and laboratory rate data

אאא،אאאFאEאFא

אPFR EאFאBatch KEאאאאא،

،אאKאאא(Feed flow rate)א(Product flow rate)אאJאJא

אאאאאאאאאK

אאWF١E،אאאF٢EאאאאFOptimization techniqueE،אא

אאאאאאאאKאאא،אא

אאFStorage tank Eאא،אאFCyclicalEK

אאFReactor controlEאאאאאKאאאאא

אא،(Strategy) (Fluctuations)אאKא

(Manual)אאא،א(Semi-computerized )Kאאא،אאאאDirect-

digital)EאאאאFClosed-loopEא،


- ٢٩ -

אאKאאאאK

אאאא(Iterative)،אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאKאאW

١K א(Bench-scale laboratory reactor)אKאאאאא(Diffusion)אאאFאאEאא

אאKאאK ٢K אFאאא(Pilot plantK ٣K אאK

אאאאאאא،אא(SO2)K

אאאאאאאKא١א،אא

א(SO3)אאאאאK SO3אאא،אא

אאאאאאKא،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אא(Pilot-plant)א،אאאאאKאאא

אאא،אאKאאאא

אאא،אאK


- ٣٠ -

אא،אאאאאאאא(Diffusion)אאא

אאאאאKאאאאאKאאאאאK

אאאאאאK

אאא،אאאאאאאKא

אאא،אאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKא–

Jאאאאאאאאאא(Prediction methods)،אא

אאאאאאK

אאאMass and Energy Balances

אאאאאאאאאKאאא(Single-reaction system)אא(Limiting reactant)،אאא

אאאאאאא،(Limiting reactant)KאאאאK

،אאאאאאאא(Conversion)אא

אאאאאאא(Stoichiometry)KאאFMultiple-reaction systems)אא

אK


- ٣١ -

א(X)אאאאאאKאאאאאKאאא

(Simultaneous reactions)(Successive reactions) אאאאאאאK

אאאאאKאאא،א

אאאאאK

٣J١

אאאא(CSTR)KאW

HClClHCClClHCHClClHCClClHCHClClHCClHC

3362246

246256

56266

+→+

+→+

+→+

אאא(NB0)אKאאאאKאאאאא

אKאאאאXMXD

XTאאK

א

אאאא(Limiting reactant)אא،KNBNMNDNTא

אאאאאאKאאאא،אאא٢אאא

،א

)13(2

2

−=CL

DD N

Nx


- ٣٢ -

،א

)23(3

2

−=Cl

TT N

Nx

אאW

)33()31

21(1)(1

2−++−=++−= ClTDMTDMB NxxxNNNN

אאאא[B0](NB0)/Vא،(3-1)(3-2)،אאאKאאא

אאW

[ ] )43(][)(

2

0

0 −== MClMB xNB

VNN

M

)53(][21][

20 −= DCl xNBD

)63(][31][

20 −= TCl xNBT

)73(]][)31

21(1[

)(][ 02

0 −++−== BNxxxV

NNB ClTDM

BB

אאאאאאאאK،אאאאאאא

Kאאאא

אאאW

)73(322

−++= TDMCl NNNN


- ٣٣ -

אאאאאאאKאאא٣J١٣J٢٣J٣CW

)83(NXNXNXN2222 ClTClDClmCl −++=

9)-(31XXX TDM =++

F٣J٢EאאאאF200OC250OCE

O(g)HC(g)O21(g)HC 42442 →+

)(2)(2)(3)( 22242 gOHgCOgOgHC +→+

אאאX1X2אאW

11 22

22

1XNor

NX OHC

OHC ==

22 21

21

2

2

XNorN

X CO

CO

==

אאאWOHX 222 =

42211 HCXX =−−

N2 = O.79(air)


- ٣٤ -

)321()(21. 212 XXairoO +−=

אא1211 Xair−+

אאאאאW

4

142

211 XA

XOHC

−+=

4

22

211

2

Xair

XCO−+

=

4

22

211

2

Xair

XOH−+

=

4

2142

211

1

Xair

XXHC−+

−−=

4

2

211

79.0

Xair

airN−+

=

4

24

2

211

)321(21.0

Xair

XXairO

−+

+−=

אאX2HX1KאאאאX1X2LX1אאK

אאW}אאאא{J}אאאא

א{


- ٣٥ -

J}אאאאא{=}אאאאאא{F١٠J٣E

אאאאאאאאאאאV∆אאא∆Τאאאאא،

Kאאאאאאאא∆ΤאאאאKאאאאאtr ∆∨∆،

rאאאKאr،אאאאF٣J١٠Eא،אאאא

אאאאאאKאאMass Balance

אF٣J١٠EF٣J١١EאV∆אא،אאF٢J٣KEאאא

אאאאאKאאאFאא،Xא

א،אאאאאאאא(Bulk flow)אאא،F٣J١٠EW

tXF ∆− )1(Kאאאאאא∆Χ+Xאא

∆Τ∆−− )1( XXFK

אאאאאאאאKאאtVr ∆∆،rאKאאא

אאאאאאV∆Kא،אאאאrא

אאאאK


- ٣٦ -

אאאאאאאאאא

)אאKEאאאאאאאאFאאאאאE،

אאאאKאאאV∆אt∆W

}אאאאא{J}אאאאאא{H}אאאאאא{=}אאאא{F١١J٣E

אאאאאאא(Internal energy)אא(Potential energy)אא(Kinetic energy)

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאFאאKEאאאאאאא

אאאאKאF٣J١١EאאאאאאK

אF٣J١٠EF٣J١١E،אאאאKאאאא

אאMixing)Eא(Diffusion )אאKאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאKאאאאF٣J١٠EF٣J١١EאאK


- ٣٧ -

אאאThe Ideal Stirred-tank Reactor אא(CSTR)אא(Steady-

state flow reactor)،א(Batch reactor)א(Semi-batch reactor)FאאKEאאאא

אאאאKאאאFאEאאאא،

אאאאאאאKאאאאאK

אאאSteady-State Flow

אאאאF٣J١EאאKאאאאאKאאאאא

אF١٠J٣EאאאאLimiting reactant)Et∆K

אאאKאאאאאאFאאאא،XF

אאאXPאאאאאtXF F ∆− )1(tXF P ∆− )1(אאK

٣אJ١WאאאCSTRאא

א


- ٣٨ -

אאאאא،אאאאאKא

אאrPא،E،אאאאאtVrE ∆Kאאאא

אאאאאאאKאF١٠J٣EאW

0)1()1( =∆−∆−−∆− tVrtXFtXF EEF

E

FE

rXX

FV −=

אאאאאאאXEאXFFאא، rEK

אאאXEאאK،אאאאאאאK

אאאאKאא،אאאאאאKKKא

אאאאאrEאא،אאאVKאאאאF٣J١١E

אKא(Base state)FאאאאEאאKאאא(Enthalpy)

אאאאאFאEHFHEKאאאאFtא،tHF Ft ∆tHF Et ∆אא

אאW

0)()(1 =∆−+∆− tTTUAtHHF EshEF


- ٣٩ -

0)()(1 =−+− EshEF TTUAHHF

אאאאאאאאאTsאאאאU(Overall-heat-transfer coefficient)

אא(Effective area)אאAhKאאH∆אאKא

א،אאאאאא،אH∆אrאאאHEאK

HrTאאHEJHFאאאא ∆,,אאאאאKאאא

TFTEאאאא،אאאKא(TE-TF)CpMHXX FE /)( ∆אאW

1

)()()(MFHFXXXXTTeHH FEFEFEPFe

∆−+−+−=−

M אאאא(Limiting reactant)∆ΗאאאאאKאF٥J٣EF٤J٣E

0()()( )1 =−+∆Η

−−− EshFEPeF TTUAM

XXFeTTF

אאאאאאאKאאFXJ EXאF٣J٣E

0)()(1 =−+∆Η

−− EshEPEF TTUAM

VreTTF

אF٤J٣EF٦J٣EF٧J٣E،אאאאא(Homogeneous reactors)


- ٤٠ -

אFאאEBatch Operation (Non steady-State) אאאאאאאK

אאא،אאmאא∆Χאt∆،אאאאא

אt∆Xm∆−،אאW

XmtrV ∆=∆−

אאאאאKאאF٨J٣Eאאt∆א0→∆t

F٩J٣EmVr

dtdx

=אאאאrאFאא

אאEאא،XאאאKאאF٩J٣E

F١٠J٣E∫ ∫== 2

1

2

11

X

Xt

XX r

dXmm

rvdXm ρ

X1אאאX2אאtKאאאא

אאmtאρאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאrאρאאאאK

אאאאאאK


- ٤١ -

אאאאאאאKאFאEאאאF٢J٣E

אKאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאtrVMH ∆∆ )/Kאאאאt∆T∆،אאאאא

אאTCn vt ∆אF٢J٣EאW

∆Τ+∆∆Η

=∆− etsh cmtrVM

tTTUA )(

Tא،אאאאאF٩J٣EKאאאאאאאא

אF١٠J٣EאאאאאK

אאSemi-batch Operation

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאא،אאאKאאאאKאאא

אKאאאא،אאאאא(CSTR)K

אאאאאאאFאאאKEאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאא

אK


- ٤٢ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

(Hexamethylenetetramine)،אאאאFאאאEאאא

אאאאא(Exothermic reaction)Kאאאאא

אאאאKאאאא،אאא،אא

אאאאאKאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

א،אFאאאאEאאאאאK

אאאFאאEThe Ideal Tubular-flow Reactor (Plug-flow Reactor, PFR)

אא(PFR)אאאאאא،אאאאF٣אJ٢KEאאא

אאFאאEאאאKאאאJאאאJ

אאאאKאאאVאF٣J١٠EF٣J١١EאאאאK

V∆אאאKאF٣J١٠EF٣J١١EFPartial differential

equations)אאאאאK


- ٤٣ -

٣אJ٢Wאאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאא،WאאאאFאאEא،אאאא،אKאא

אאאאאא(Plug-flow reactor)Kאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאK

PFR אא א

אאאא


אאאא

א

א

٤

א٢٦١אאא אאאא

- ٤٤ -

אאHeterogeneous Reactions

אא

אאאאא

אא

אא١K אאא ٢K אאאא ٣K אא ٤K אאאאא

אא

٨אאא

אאאאאא

אא

אאא אאא


- ٤٥ -

אאאTypes of Heterogeneous Reactions

אאאאאאאאאאKאאא

،אאKאאאאאאאא

אאWא(Cracking)אא،(Reforming)א،(Dehydrogenation)Fא

אאEא،(Isomerization)،א(Desulfurization)KKKK

אאאאאאאKאאאFE

אFKEאאאאאאאKאא

א(Transient)אאאאאאאא(Steady-state)K

אאאאאאאNa2SO4NaClאאW

(g)4(s)2(g)23(g)(s) 2HClSONaOHSO2NaCl +→++

Kאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אא(Bubble column)אאאאא(Countercurrent)א(Co-current)Fא

אאאא(Spray column،


- ٤٦ -

אאKEאאאCO2אא(Amine Solution)אK

אאאאאאאאאאאאJאאאאK

אאא(Alkylation)AlCl3(s)K

אאאאאא(Sludge)Kא

אKאאאאאאאאא(Hydrogenation)א،

אאKאאא(CSTR)אאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאKאאא،אאאא

אKאאאאאא(Fixed Bed Reactors)א

אאאא،Kאאא(Volatility)א

אKאאא

אאאא،אאאאK


- ٤٧ -

אאאDesign Of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactors

אאאאאאKאאא

،אאא،א،אאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאK

אאFIXED BED REACTORS

אConstruction and Operation

،אאאאאאאא،א

אKאאאאא،אאאאאא

א،אאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאKא،אאאאא

אאאאKאאאאא

٤J١،אאאאאאאאא،אאא،א

אאאאאאF٢٥EאאאFאא

Exothermic reactionEKאאאאאאK


- ٤٨ -

٤J١WאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאא،אאא،אאא

،אאאאא،אאאאא،אאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאא،אK

אאאאאKאאאFאא(Hot Spotא

אאאאאאKאאאאא(Intercooler)}

א٤J٢K


- ٤٩ -

٤J٢WאאאאאאFE،אאFEאא

אאאאאאאא،א

אאאאK

)أ(

)ب(


- ٥٠ -

אאאאאאאWJ אJ אא

J אאH،אא،אאאאא

אאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אF٤J٢KEאאאאFאאאא

אאאאEאאאא،אאאאא،אא،א،אאאאאא

אKאאאאא،אא

אאאא،(Equilibrium Conversion)K

אאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאKאאאאWJ אאאאא

،אאאאאאK

J אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאא


- ٥١ -

אאאאאאאאא

400-500oCK J אאאא

WF١E אאאאאKF٢E אאאאK

،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK


אאא،אאאK

(Regeneration)אא،אאאאאא

KאאאJאאאJ(Shut down)

אא،אאKאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאא،Kאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK،אאאאאא0.91 mאאא


- ٥٢ -

،אא،אאא3 mא،אא

אאא،אאא3 mKאאאא

Kאא

אאאאאMonolith Catalyst Bedsאאאאאאא

אא،אאאאאאאאאא

Kאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאא،א

אKאאא(Airfoil)אאאאא،

א٤J٣K

٤אJ٣WאאאאK

א א

אא

אא


- ٥٣ -

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא(NOx)אא(HC)א(CO)אאא،(Pt)

א(Rh)א(Pd)אKאאJאאאאאאJ

אא،אאאאאאK

אאאאAuto Thermal ReactorsאאאאF

אאא،אWWater-Shift reaction)CO+H2O↔H2+CO2Eאאאא

KאאאאאאאאאאF٤א–٤KEאאא

אאF٤אJ٤Eא،(Recycle)אאאF٤אJ٤KEאא

אאא(Auto Thermal)،אאאאאאKא


אאאאאאא٤J٤אאאא،אאאK


- ٥٤ -

٤אJ٤WאאאאK

אאFLUIDIZE BED BEACTORS אאאאא

אאאאKאא

א

אא

א

Jאא

אא

א

א

Jאא

אא

א

א א

Jאא


- ٥٥ -

א(Bubbling Regime)א٤J٥Kאאאא

אKאא–אJאאאאאאKא

אאאא(Dense Phase)אאאאKאאא

،אאאFאאאאKE،אא

אא،אאאF٤J٦EK

٤J٥WאאאאK

א

H


- ٥٦ -

٤J٦WאאK

אאOperating Characteristicsאאאאאאאאאא

،אאאKאאאFא310אאא

אאKEא٤J٧אאאKאאאאK

אאאאא(Regenerator)אFEאא

אא،אאFEKאא،אאאאאאא

אא٤J٧אאKאאאאאאא

אא،א(Hot Spot)אאKאאא

אאאאאאK


- ٥٧ -

אאאא،Fאאאא

אאאKEאא،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאא

אא،אאאאאKאאאאאאאא

(Cyclone Separators)،אא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאK

אאא(Gas Oil)אאאאא،אאאאאא(Molecular SieveאאK

٤J٧WK


- ٥٨ -

אאSLURRY REACTORSאאאF٤J٨Eאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאKאא

אאאאאאW

J אאאJ אאאאא

J אאאאK

אאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

V

א

אא

xe

Qg.Cg.f

Xfאא

∆V

٤J٨Wאאאאא


- ٥٩ -

אאאאאKאאKאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאא،JאJאאא

Kא٤J٩אאאFKE

٤J٩Wאאא

אא


אאאא

א

٥

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٠ -

אCatalysis

אא

אאאאK

אא

אא١K אאא ٢K אא ٣K אא

אא

٨אאא

אאאאאא

אא

אאא אאא

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦١ -

אאאאאא،אאא

אאKאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאFThermodynamicEאK

אאאאאאאאKאא،

אKאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאKאא

אאאאאאאK

א

א

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٢ -

אאאאאאאW

١K אאאאK

٢K אאא(Active centers)אאאאאאא،אא

Kאאאא٣K אאאא

אK ٤K אא(Equilibrium conversion)אאא،א

אא(Forward reaction)א(Reverse reaction)K

٥K אאאא(Selectivity)K ٦K ،אא،

אאא(Chain reaction)אאאK

٧K אאאאא(Auto catalytic reaction)אאאK

אאאאאK

אActivity

אאאאאK

אSelectivity

אאאK

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٣ -

אPoisoning

אאאאאאK

אאWaK (Active ingredient)אאK bK א(Support)אא،א

אK cK (Inhibitors) אאא،א

אאKאאאאאאא

אKאאאאK

dK א(Promoters)אK

אHeterogeneous Catalysis

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאKא

אאKאא(A → B)אאW

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٤ -

١K א(External Diffusion)אאAאK ٢K אא(Internal Diffusion)אאAאK ٣K אא(Adsorption)אאאאאא

(Physisorption) ،אא(Chemisorption)K ٤K אאאא (Surface reaction)K ٥K א(Desorption)אאאאK ٦K אאאBאאK ٧K אאBאאK

Homogeneous Catalysis

אאאאאאKאאאאאKKאא

אאאא(PdCl2)K

אאאאאFE،אא

אאאKאאאW

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٥ -

١K א(Precipitation)

אאאא،אאאא،אאא

אK٢K אImpregnation אאאא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא،אאאKאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאK

٣K אFusion אאאאאאאאFFusionE

אאאאאא،אFFe3O4EאאFAl2O3EאFK2OE

אFCaOEK٤K אא

אאאאאאאאאKאא،א

אאאאאאאKאאKאא

אKאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאKאW

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٦ -

• אאאאאאאאאK

• אאאאK • אאK • אK • אאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאK ٥K אא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאK


אאאאאאK

אאאאאJאJאאK


אאאא

٦

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٦٧ -

אא

אא• אאאאאאא• א،אאאא

אאאאK• אאאאא

א• אאאאא• אאאאאאא

(1)

אאאאאאאאאאאאאW

k (h-1) 0.5 1.1 2.2 4.0 ٦.0

T(oC) 30 40 50 60 70

אאא

א

אאEאLKאאאאאא

אא5אא،W

• ln k 1/Tא• ln k1/T • אאא• EאL אאאא

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٦٨ -

אאאExcelWindowsאאאW

אאאAאאאאאאאאאא

אA1+273enterא303אB א

אאאאאא303 אאB1אאאא

אאאאאאאB

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٦٩ -

• אאא1/TאC1אאאא

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٧٠ -

• kאDאEאFln (E1אאאkא

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٧١ -

אColumn InsertEאCאאא

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٧٢ -

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٧٣ -

אאאאEFאאאא،אאאאXY(scatter)

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٧٤ -

• Next אא

• אאאאאאאchartאAdd Trendline

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٧٥ -

• אAdd trendlineאlinear

אoptionsאאW

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٧٦ -

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٧٧ -

• OKא• אאאאאא

אאאgrid linesאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאא

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٧٨ -

• אאאא-E/R–6529.4ln L20.927R = 0.008314 kJ/mol KE=54.29 kJ/molX

1011L = 3.19אאExcel אאאאא

א

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٧٩ -

אאאאא

אאא

١. אאא• אא• אא• אא٢. אאא• אאאא• אאא• אאאא٣. אאא• אאאאא• אאאאא• אאאא٤. א• אאא• אאאאאאא• אאאאאא٥. א• אאאא• אאאא• אאאא٦. אאאא• א• אא• א

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٨٠ -

٧. אאאאאא• אאאא• אאאא• אאאא٨. אאאאא• א• אא• אאאא .٩• א• אא• ١٠. אא• א• אא• אאאא

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٨١ -

אאאאא

אאא

١. אאא• אא• אא• אא٢. אאא• אאאא• אאא• אאאא٣. אאא• אאאאא• אאאאא• אאאא٤. א• אאא• אאאאאאא• אאאאאאא .٥• אאאא• אאאא• אאאא٦. אאאא• א• אא• א

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٨٢ -

٧. אאאאאא• אאאא• אאאא• אאאא٨. אאאאא• א• אא• א٩. אאא• א• אא• ١٠. אא• א• אא• אאאא

א٢٦١אא אא

- ٨٣ -

אא

1. Scott, H., Fogler,O., “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering”, International edition, Prentice Hall Inc., USA, 1999 2. Smith, J.M., “Chemical Reaction Engineering”, International edition, McGraw-Hill,

USA, 1981

א٢٦١א אא

אאאאWאא١

Wא٢Wא٤Wאאאא٦

אאאא٨אאWאא١١

١٢אאא١٣

אא١٤אאאאאאא١٦

א١٧אאא١٧

אאWאא٢٧אאאא٢٨

אאא٣٠אאא٣٧

אאא٣٧אFאאE٤٠

אא٤١אאאFאאE٤٢

אאאWאא٤٤אאא٤٥

אאא٤٧אא٤٧

אא٥٢אאאאא٥٢

א٢٦١א אא

אאאא٥٣אא٥٤

אא٥٦אא٥٨

אא : א٦٠אא٦٢

א٦٣א٦٣

٦٣٦٤

אא٦٤אאא٦٦

אאW٦٧אא٨٣

אאאאאא

אאFאEא

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

Documents

א א א files/هندسة...A ∆,∆ ( ) ( ) ∆ − = − + − + − ) + − = − − − ( ) ( ) + − = − −