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EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« EMR of an Electric Vehicle»
Nuno FARIA, Prof. Paulo PEREIRINHA
INESC Coimbra, Portugal
Prof. João P. TROVÃO
University of Sherbrooke, Canada
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 2
« Title of the presentation »
- Outline -
1. Introduction
2. Electric Minibus Characterization
3. GPS Data
4. Mini bus EMR
- Control and Strategy
5. Simulation Results
- Current bateries
- New batteries
6. Conclusion and Perspectives
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« Introduction »
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 4
« Title of the presentation »
- Introduction-
In 2010, at EU, 28.8 % of the total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2)
equivalent are from transportation sector.
Transport is the only major sector in the EU where greenhouse gas
emissions are still rising.
Road transportation alone accounted for 20.7 % of the 2010 emissions
with an increase of around 22.5% between 1990 and 2010
It would be bigger if there was not an economic crisis in the last years, as
the increase between 1990 and 2007 was of 29 %.
Recent study conducted in the province of Modena, Italy, with average trip
length between 5 and 20 km, shows that electric mobility can be used on
more than 80 % of the trips of the 16000 vehicles one-month monitored.
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 5
« Title of the presentation »
- Introduction-
Coimbra has a history of more than one hundred years of electric vehicles
for public transportation. First, in 1911, over rails, with several tram lines
and after, in 1947, with trolley buses. Nowadays there are still 2 lines of
trolleybuses and one line of electric minibus in the historical center.
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 6
« Title of the presentation »
- Introduction-
Electric minibuses use lead-acid batteries.
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 7
« Title of the presentation »
- Introduction-
Average daily consumption
Losses in charging
Energy for
traction
Average specific consumption
70 kWh / 100 km
Total average consumption
123 kWh / 100 km
in kWh
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 8
« Title of the presentation »
- Introduction-
Batteries evolution in terms of specific energy, peak currents and no-memory
effect (e.g. Li-Ion)
Prepare the purchase of new batteries to replace the existing ones that are
reaching the end of life
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 9
« Title of the presentation »
- Introduction-
- gives feasible results for technical and economic studies of
batteries utilization
Energetic Macroscopic Representation :
- highlights the energetic properties of this subsystem;
- take in account with interaction between the system and the
environment;
- uses integral causality that defines time-dependency of
accumulation elements;
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« Electric Minibus Characterization »
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 11
« Title of the presentation »
- Electric Minibus Characterization-
TECNOBUS Gulliver U520 for 20 passengers plus driver with a DC motor
24.8 kW and maximum torque of 235 Nm at 950 rpm. Minibuses fully loaded
weight 6035 kg, have 6.5 h of autonomy and maximum velocity of 33 km/h.
Variable Symbol Value Units
Vehicle mass (without bat/SC) 4285 kg
Rolling resistance coefficient 0.035 -
Gravity acceleration 9.81 m/s2
Air density @ 20ºC 1.223 kg.m-3
Aerodynamic drag coefficient 0.7 -
Vehicle front area 5.693 m2
Wheels radius 0.365 m
Gearbox transmission ratio 4.37 -
Gearbox transmission efficiency 90 %
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 12
« Title of the presentation »
- Electric Minibus Characterization-
Energy storage system is composed by two lead-acid batteries (modules)
connected in series, each one of 36 V, 585 Ah and 750 kg
Variable Symbol Value Units
Lead-acid: data for each 36V battery module
Battery Power (@0.5 C) [ - 2.1, 10.5 ] kW
Battery SoC Limits* [ 0.2, 1 ] -
Min. Battery open-circuit voltage 36.65 V
Battery no-load voltage drop 2.55 V
Max. Battery open-circuit voltage 39.20 V
Battery internal resistance 11.7 mΩ
Battery mass 750 kg
Number of battery modules in series 2 -
Num. of battery modules in parallel 1 -
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 13
« Title of the presentation »
- Electric Minibus Characterization-
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 14
« Title of the presentation »
- Electric Minibus Characterization-
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« GPS Data »
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 16
« Title of the presentation »
- GPS Data -
Application for Android installed in a mobile phone with GPS built-in;
The coordinates in WGS84 and altitude values are first stored in a website and
after exported to a comma separated value (*.csv) file to be introduced in
Matlab/Simulink simulation;
Later calculations allowed extract the speed, slope and distance parameters
required for the EMR
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 17
« Title of the presentation »
- GPS Data -
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« Minibus EMR »
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 19
« Title of the presentation »
- Minibus EMR -
Electric machine
Brake system
Batteries
ibat
vbat
ibat
vbat
Tem
m
Tem
m
Tgear
gear
Tbk
gear
bat
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 20
« Title of the presentation »
- Minibus EMR -
Gearbox and
Wheels
Chassis
Environment
Tgear
gear
Ftr
vEV
Ftr
vEV
vEV
Fenv.
vEV
Fenv.
Env
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« Minibus EMR – Control and Strategy »
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 22
« Title of the presentation »
- Minibus EMR - Control and Strategy -
bat
Bat. Electrical
Machine
Gearbox
and
Wheels Env. Chassis
ibat
vbat
Tem
m
Tem_r
vEV
Fenv.
Ftr
vEV
Env.
Ftr_r vEV_r
Tgear
gear
Tgb_r
brake
Strategy
KD
Tbk
gear
Tbk_r
Brake
system
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« Simulations – Current batteries »
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 24
« Title of the presentation »
- Simulations – Current Batteries -
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000
10
20
30
Sp
ee
d [
km/h
]
ref.
Bus
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
0
500
1000
I Ba
t [A
]
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 160050
60
70
80
VB
at [
A]
Time [s]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
40
50
60
70
80
90
So
C [
%]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
10
20
30
40
50
60
Dis
tan
ce
[km
]
Time [h]
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« Simulations – New batteries »
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 26
« Title of the presentation »
- Simulations – New Batteries -
Variable Symbol Value Units
Li-Ion: data for each 3.2V module (Winston Battery WB-LYP700AHA)
Battery Power (@0.5 C) [ - 25.8, 25.8] kW
Battery SoC Limits [ 0.2, 1 ] -
Min. Battery open-circuit voltage 2.8 V
Battery no-load voltage drop 1.2 V
Max. Battery open-circuit voltage 4 V
Battery internal resistance 0.2 mΩ
Battery mass 21 kg
Number of battery modules in series 23 -
Num. of battery modules in parallel 1 -
Li-Ion batteries alternative
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 27
« Title of the presentation »
- Simulations – Current Batteries -
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000
10
20
30
Sp
ee
d [
km/h
]
ref.
Bus
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
0
200
400
600
I Ba
t [A
]
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 160085
86
87
88
89
90
VB
at [
A]
Time [s]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
40
50
60
70
80
90
So
C [
%]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
10
20
30
40
50
60
Dis
tan
ce
[km
]
Time [h]
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« Conclusions and Perspectives »
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 29
« Title of the presentation »
- Conclusions -
- First EMR for this minibus
- Results are according with Operator’s information
- Future refinement of EMR
- Tool for technical and economic analysis and decision
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
«REFERENCES »
EMR’15, Lille, June 2015 31
« Title of the presentation »
- References -
[1] EU Transport in Figures Statistical Pocketbook 2013, European Comission, 2013.
[2] Michele De Gennaro, Elena Paffumi, Harald Scholz and Giorgio Martini, “Analysis and assessment of the electrification of urban road transport based on real-life mobility data”, 27th International Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition, EVS27, Spain, November 17-20, 2013.
[3] Kento Tanaka, Shota Kimura, Yuto Miyasaka, Toshio Hirota, Yushi Kamiya and Yasuhiro Daisho, “Design, Manufacture, and Environmental Sustainability Evaluations of Advanced Electric Medium Duty Bus “WEB for Suntory”, 27th International Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition, EVS27, Spain, November 17-20, 2013.
[4] Luís Santos, “Os veículos eléctricos na alta de Coimbra”, Workshop Combustíveis e Veículos Alternativos – Práticas Correntes e Futuras Linhas de Orientação Politíca para o Transporte de Passageiros (Projecto Alter-Motive), Lisbon, October 27, 2010. (in Portugese)
[5] EMR website, Energetic Macroscopic Representation, www.emrwebsite.org.
[6] João P. Trovão, Alain Bouscayrol, Felipe Machado, Walter Lhomme “Hierarchical Management Structure of a Battery/SuperCapacitor System For na EV Using Energetic Macroscopic Representation” 11th International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Electric Machines, Converters and Systems, ElectriMACS, Spain, May 19-22, 2014.
[7] João P. Trovão, Victor D. N. Santos, Paulo G. Pereirinha, Humberto M. Jorge, Carlos Henggeler Antunes, “Comparative Study of Different Energy Management Strategies for Dual-Source Electric Vehicles”, 27th International Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition, EVS27, Spain, November 17-20, 2013.
[8] T. Letrouvé, A. Bouscayrol, W. Lhomme, N . Dollinger, F. Mercier Calvairac, “Different models of a traction drive for an electric vehicle simulation”, Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2010 IEEE Lille, France, September 1-3, 2010.
[9] Mayet, C.; Horrein, L.; Bouscayrol, A; Delarue, P.; Verhille, J.-N.; Chattot, E.; Lemaire-Semail, B., “Comparison of Different Models and Simulation Approaches for the Energetic Study of a Subway”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.63, no.2, pp.556,565, Feb. 2014.
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« Thank you »