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emotional facial expressions◦ evolutionary explanation
emotional facial expressions◦ evolutionary explanation
role of right hemisphere
emotional facial expressions◦ evolutionary explanation
role of right hemisphere◦ recognition of emotion
brain damage – functional imaging studies
◦ display of emotions brain damage functional imaging studies
◦ chimera
Chimeras of chimps in various moods
left side of face even shows emotion sooner than right side
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
emotional facial expressions◦ evolutionary explanation
role of right hemisphere◦ recognition of emotion ◦ display of emotions◦ chimera
brain damaged humans
limbic system- ◦ components of limbic system- includes
hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulbs, septum
sits within the temporal lobe◦ temporal lobe epilepsy
What is it?◦ stress is the nonspecific response of the body to
any demand placed on it
What are some of the variables that contribute to how we respond to stress?
1. Sympathetic Nervous system
◦ activates adrenal glands to release E, NE, and other catecholamines into blood
perhaps………
Physiological measures of arousal
lie detector tests
Are there problems with these tests?
2. HPA Axis - (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis
causes the release of “stress” hormones(corticosteroids)
cortisol - in humanscorticosterone - in rats
negative feedback loop
(hypothalamus)
Overactivation of either system can have negativeconsequences
real illnesses that are exacerbated by stress-◦ these can be potentially life threatening
ulcers
heart disease
asthma
various skin conditions -
Behavioral medicine
Psychoneuroimmunology
Sapolsky◦ vervet monkeys - 1989
Eight vervet monkeys, housed in a primate center in Kenya, diedspontaneously from 1964 to 1966, were found at necropsy to have multiple gastric ulcers; a retrospective, neuropathological study was then done of this opportunistic population.
Compared with controls euthanized for other research purposes, ulcerated monkeys had marked hippocampal degeneration that was apparent both quantitatively and qualitatively, and both ultrastructurally and on the light-microscopic level. Minimal damage occurred outside the hippocampus.
Sapolsky
◦ vervet monkeys - 1989 gastric ulcers, overactive adrenal gland,
degeneration and depletion of hippocampal neurons
Cushings Syndrome -◦ increased glucocorticoid release (can be reversed
with treatment) PTSD -
Depressed patients
Increased cortisol or corticosterone◦ increase Ca+2 influx
increased risk of overexcitation
Rat studies -
Yes- clinical data and animal studies
Chronic stress situations◦ examples:
Is this associated with increased susceptibility to disease?
Chronic stress affectsimmune response in terms of illness incidenceand recovery
Segerstrom
Segerstrom◦ law students during their first semester◦ optimism associated with
increased n of helper T cells increased natural killer cell activity