S;~C\rY'\e~ ~r'ksche.YhL SPEC/3lHIST2IBP1IENGITZOIXXIM

/ SECTION A

Prescribed Subject 1 Peacemaking, peacekeeping - international relations 1918-36

These questions relate to the Locarno Conference, 1925.

1. (a) What, according to Source E, was the significance of the Locarno Conference? {3 marks}

• Countries bordering the Rhine would give up the use of force. • The Rhineland would be demilitarized and the whole of the Rhineland would be evacuated

by 1930. • Germany would be admitted into the League ofNations. • European security would be ensured.

Award {I mark} for each relevant point up to a maximum of{3 marks}.

(b) What message is conveyed by Source D? {2 marks}

• The leaders of France, Britain and Germany are standing on a draft of the Locarno Treaty and their handshake indicates that Germany has been welcomed back into the fold ofEurope.

• However, the expressions on the face of Britain and Germany, which indicate the serious nature of the agreement, contrast with the sly smile on the face of Briand who, with a boxing glove behind his back, is indicating that he hopes that France will be able to use force at a later date.

Award {I mark} for each valid point up to a maximum of{2 marks}.

N.B. Do not enter halfmarks or + and - but compensate between (a) and (b) ifnecessary for a final mark out of{5 marks}.

2. Compare and contrast the views expressed about the Locarno Conference in Sources Band C. {6 marks}

For comparison: • they both discuss the securing of a frontier or border • they both discuss the roles of Britain, Germany and France.

For contrast: • Source C mentions the roles ofItaly and Belgium • Source B is very optimistic, whereas Source C is far more pessimistic • Source B sees Britain, Germany and France as cooperating together, whereas Source C maintains

that Locarno will have the opposite effect • Source B mentions the effect of Locarno on countries outside of Europe, Source C does not.

If only one source is discussed award a maximum of{2 marks}. If the two sources are discussed separately award {3 marks} or with excellent linkage {4-5 marks}. For a maximum {6 marks} expect a detailed running comparison/contrast.

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3. With reference to their origin and purpose, discuss the value and limitations of Source A and Source C for historians studying the 1925 Locarno Conference. [6 marks)

Source A Origin: A speech by Gustav Stresemann, the German Foreign Minister, on 16 October 1925.

Purpose: To explain to the world community the Locarno Treaty.

reasons why Germany has signed the

Value: It's recorded at the time it was made and shows the views of a representative of the German government, who signed the Locarno Treaty. This speech should be seen as being representative of the German government's public position at this point in time.

Limitations: It is a speech, which is explaining why Germany wishes to be welcomed back into the world community, but may merely be a justification to the world as to why Germany should be accepted back after its treatment in the Treaty of Versailles. The speech can not necessarily be accepted at face value as there may be ulterior reasons behind the German government's signing of the Locarno Treaty.

SourceC Origin: It is an extract from the Official History of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office

published in 2006.

Purpose: To give an account of the reactions to the signing of the Locarno Treaty from the British government's point ofview.

Value: It will have access to all the official papers and documents, which relate to the signing of the Locarno Treaty and is written with the benefit of hindsight. It will give the official British government's view on Locarno.

Limitations: It is an official history and therefore may not be totally objective. It has been written in 2006 and is a compilation of other material, which means that a selection process has taken place, which may have omitted other details. It is not written by any single person, or there is no way of determining this.

Do not expect all the above and allow other valid points. Ideally there will be a balance between the two sources, and each one can be marked out of[3 marks}, but allow a [4/2 mark} split. Ifonly one source is assessed, mark out of[4 marks). For a maximum [6 marks) candidates must refer to both origin and purpose, and value and limitations.

F

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4. Using these sources and your own knowledge, analyse the importance of the Locarno Conference for international relations between 1925 and 1936. [8 marks]

Source material that could be used: Source A: Clearly indicates that Germany is willing to work together with other European nations

and will do so in the future. It shows a change in government policy.

Source B: Indicates the viewpoint of someone supportive of the League of Nations who regards the signing of the Locarno Treaty as a major step forward to world peace through disarmament by all nations.

Source C: Warns that, despite the optimistic claims for Locarno of guaranteeing the Rhineland frontier through an agreement signed by Belgium, Italy, France, Germany and Britain, it sowed the seeds for later disagreements and split the alliance between Britain and France.

Source D: Clearly shows the intention, by France, not to abide by the Locarno Treaties in the future.

Source E: Shows how the Rhineland frontier was to be guaranteed and demilitarized, as a result of which Germany would be admitted into the League of Nations. It also shows that Locarno was seen as the basis for the beginning ofEuropean security.

Own knowledge that could be used: Own knowledge could include the signing of the Kellog-Briand Treaty of 1928, and the effect that the Treaty of Mutual Guarantee had on Europe through the "Locarno Honeymoon". Mention could also be made of the effect of the rise to power of Hitler on Europe with regard to Versailles, the Geneva Disarmament Conference, the Four Power Pact, the Stresa Conference, Abyssinia, Mussolini's change of sides to support Hitler after the Hoare-Laval incident, the invasion of the Rhineland, the Spanish Civil War and the Rome-Berlin Axis.

Do not expect all the above and credit other relevant material. If only source material or only own knowledge is used, the maximum mark that can be obtained is [5 marks]. For a maximum [8 marks], expect argument, synthesis of source material and own knowledge, as well as references

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