Automotive Engineering- How Cars Work

7/24/2019 ' 'Automotive Engineering- How Cars Work

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AUTOMOTIVE BASICS

Victorious Ma

Engineering| www.CarEager.com

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WHATS IN PRESENTATION

1. Car body contr!ction

". En#ine

$. %!el S!pply in Petrol & 'ieel En#ine (. En#ine related yte)

*. 'ri+e Train

,. S!penion & teerin#

-. %or afety

. E)iion

/. Electrical & H0AC yte)Bumper

Bonnet

Windshield

Fro

Sun!oo"

#rille

Fender

A Pillar


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1. CAR BODY CONSTRUCTIO


4/45

1. CAR O'2 CONSTR3CTION

Two main ways of automobile construction

1. Chassis and Body method (or Body-on-frame)

2. Monocoque method.

1. In the Chassis method the body is made as a searate unit and then !oined with ladder tye structu

chassis. #ll other arts li"e steerin$% susension etc. are attached to the chassis.

The benefit of chassis construction is hi$her load caacity and stren$th. But the body tends to &ibrat

&ehicle handlin$ and refinement is lower. Thus this alication is used mostly for *+s and bi$$er

2. ,ere% the ladder frame is absent and the comonents li"e the susension% steerin$ etc. are all bolte

body% the body is thus made sturdier.The ad&anta$es here are that the full car is now more solid andsquea"s are not easily de&eloed. ,andlin$ is also better due to the hi$her body ri$idity.

nly ma!or drawbac" is the load carryin$ caacity is lower. or assen$er cars this is not a ma!or co

modern rocess Monocoque bodies are able to handle more loads.


5/45

&' E(#I(ES


6/452. /0I0/ - C#IIC#TI0

Inline

#ll the cylinders of the en$ine are arran$ed in a strai$ht line.

*-/n$ine

The cylinders are arran$ed in two bloc"s%

connected to the same cran"shaft.

lat 3 ,ori4ontally osed

The cylinders are arran$ed in two bloc"s

connected to the same cran"shaft and which

are hori4ontally oosed (flat).


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)stStro*e + B$C to T$C+ uction ' Comression

#s the iston mo&es uwards % air3fuel mi5ture enters the

cran"case throu$h the inlet ort.

#t the same time air3fuel mi5ture is comressed in the

combustion chamber and i$nited by sar" lu$.

&ndStro*e + T$C to B$C6 7ower ' e5haust

#s the air3fuel mi5ture $ets i$nited% combustion ta"es lace

which $i&es ower and as a result the iston mo&es

downwards and is called ower stro"e.

#t the same time % Inlet ort $ets closed and the air3fuel

mi5ture in the cran"case is comressed and is forced in

to the combustion chamber throu$h transfer ort. which

in turn ut the e5haust $ases out of combustion chamber

and fills the chamber with a new char$e.

Those /n$ines which $i&es the ower at e&ery second stro"e of the iston

T8 T9:/ /0I0/


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EXHAUST

PORT

INLETPORT

I0T#:/ '

CM79/I0

EXHAUSTFRESH

AIR

C#*/0I0 '

/;,#TCMBTI0

SPARK PLUG

T8 T9:/ /0I0/ C


9/459 T9:/ /0I0/

ese /n$ines $i&es one ower stro"e in e&ery two re&olutions of cran"shaft. our stro"es of the en$ine are

) Inta*e

The 7iston mo&es

downwards from T>C to B>C ta"in$ the air fuel mi5ture inside the cylinder throu$h inlet &al&e.

In this condition inlet &al&e remains oen and e5haust*al&e remains closed

& Compression

The 7iston mo&es uwards from B>C to T>C comressin$ the air fuel mi5ture. In this condition both inlet and

e5haust &al&es remains closed

#s and when the iston

near the T>C% sar" lu$ i$nites. #s a result combustion ta"es lace

- Power

In this stro"e % due to combustion the 7iston

Mo&es downwards from T$C to B$C $i&in$ the ower to the cran"shaft

In this condition both inlet and e5haust &al&es remains closed.


10/45Two tro"e /n$ines *s. our tro"e /n$ines

Two Stro*e En%ines Four Stro*e En%ines

1 It $i&es ower in e&ery re&olution ofcran"shaft

It $i&es ower in e&ery two re&olutiocran"shaft

2 *al&e less construction % due to which it isli$hter and cheaer

It is ha&in$ &al&es in he construction comared to 2 stro"e en$ines

? ess &olumetric efficiency More *olumetric efficiency

@ Coolin$ is difficult so it may result ino&erheatin$

Coolin$ of the en$ine is easier

A ubrication system is simler ubrication system is comle5


11/45/0I0/ B#IC T/9MI0 T #0 /0I0/

1. Torque

Is the turnin$ force3effort required to turn or twist any ob!ect

Torque orce 5 9adial >istance

2. /n$ine Torque

Is the turnin$ or twistin$ force de&eloed byen$ine at the cran"shaft

#s the en$ine runs it de&elos some amount of torque(turnin$ force)% which &aries with the rm.

# hi$h torque at low rm will $i&e the &ehicle $ood ullin$ower% and easy dri&ability.

?. /n$ine 7ower7ower is a measure of how quic"ly wor" can be done (mo&in$ the car)

7ower of the en$ine deends on its torque and en$ine seed (97M). More the torque andmore the rm% $reater is the ower

Bra"e ,orse 7ower (B,7) is the B

measurin$ ower% de&eloed by a

7ower (B,7) of the en$ine deen

en$ine seed (97M)

B,7 I,7 6 ,7

(I,7 6 Indicated ,.7 ' ,7 6 ri

7 is a erman term for Metric ,

different unit of measurement of

the en$ine.

1 Metric h 1 7 .DEF bh


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-' FUE2 I(TA1E


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/ I0T#:/6 7/T9 /0I0/

1. Carburetor7etrol and air is mi5ed in the Carburetor

and then sent to combustion chamber.

Main functions are =

1) To &aori4e the fuel to $et a

homo$eneous air fuel mi5ture

2) To suly correct amount of air

fuel mi5ture at different conditions

?) To "ee small reser&e of fuel at constant le&el in the float le&el

$isadvanta%e+ It becomes difficult to ensure

uniformity of Mi5ture quantity in multi cylinders.

T4ere are two type of f!el inta5e yte)61. Carb!retor". %!el In7ection Car4uretor "un,tionin%

#ir3fuel mi5ture is controlled by the combined wor"in$ of

a) *enturi system

b) Main !et% slow !et ' starter !et

c) The butterfly &al&e ( #ccelerator edal)

*enturi system6 #s the air flows throu$h this &enturi. # ne$ati&e

(&accum) de&elos in the assa$e due to which fuel rises from the

mi5 u with the mo&in$ air formin$ a homo$eneous air3fuel mi5tu

The suly of fuel is6

#t Idlecondition 6 uel comes from the Slow 5et.

#t !unnin%condition 6 uel comes from the main 5et

#t Startin% condition 6 uel comes from Starter 5et'

Butterfly &al&e6 It controls the quantity of air $oin$ in to the com

accordin$ly fuel suly also &aries in quantity. T

throu$h accelerator edal.


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T7

M#7

I#T *

Combustion

chamber

/CM

/CT

C:73CM7 2

Throttle body

e

)6 VSS 6 It $i&es the information about the &ehicle seed

&6 C1P7CMP 6 It $i&es the information about the iston of the iston and the stro"e

-6 MAF 6 It $i&es the information about mass air flow enterin$ the throttle body

.6 MAP - It $i&es the information about inta"e Manifold air ressure

86 O&sensor +It senses the o5y$en le&el in the e5haust manifold% accordin$ly /CM decides monitors

the roortion of air-fuel $oin$ to the combustion chamber.

96 IAT It sends the Intake air temperature in! and a""!rdin#$% E&' m!nit!rs the A(F rati!

7) TPS Thr!tt$e p!siti!n sens!r #i)es in!rmati!n a*!ut the p!siti!n ! thr!tt$e +a""e$erati!n,

8) ECT it #i)es the in!rmati!n a*!ut the en#ine "!!$ant temperature +en#ine temperature,

In!ection #ctuators

#t inta"e manifolds

Fue$

Air r!m air i$ter

Fue$ rai$


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2) uel In!ection system -In these en$ines% 7etrol in atomi4ed form is srayed

earately in to the inta"e air% $i&in$ a homo$enous

#ir fuel mi5ture which burns more efficiently in

Combustion chamber.

uel in!ection is of two tyes 6

1) >irect in!ection= In this fuel is srayed directly into

the combustion chamber

2) Multi oint fuel in!ection= In this fuel is in!ected in to

each inta"e ort of the manifold

imultaneous in!ection6In this system all the in!ectors in!ec

simultaneously into the inta"e Ma

rou sequential In!ectionIn!ectors in!ect fuel for a $rou of

2 cylinders at a time in a sequential

equential M7I 6one in!ector in!ects fuel for one cyl

in!ectors are timed to release fuel e

it is needed

Multi oint fuel in!ection 6

In this system there is searate in!ector for each cylinder mounted in the inlet ort.In!ectors directs the fuel in to the inta"e manifold $i&in$ imro&ed mi5ture rearation

and distribution.

Based on the timin$ of fuel in!ection M7I is classified in followin$ three tyes 6


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CO(T!O2 S3STEM OF MPFI

MPFI s:stem is ,ontrolled 4: a devi,e ,alledECM + En%ine ,ontrol module

IAT

'AP

TPS

E&T

&'P

&KP

O-s

.SS

In/e"t!rs

I#niter

E.AP

EGR

Fue$ pump

Radiat!r an

IA&

Sensors A,tuators

'AF

Kn!"k

ENGINE CONTROL MODULE

(ECM/ECU)

T!ta$ 0 12 Sens!rs


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I#(ITIO( S3STEM

#ll 7etrol cars require an i$nition system to suly current to the sar" lu$.

Two main comonents of the system are the i$nition coil and the distributor.

$istri4utor Assem4l:

Spark Plug

I%nition Coil

Current

The function of the i$nitio

battery &olta$e to a &ery hi

sar" to i$nite the fuel.

n most cars one coil is us

all the sar" lu$s.

The function of the distribu

current from the i$nition c

the correct time.

Mostly the distributor is a

has an arm that rotates and

>>I- >ual distributor less i$nition system (#d&anced *ersion)


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/ I0T#:/6 >I// /0I0/

>iesel3Comression i$nition /n$ines are of two tyes -

Indirect In!ection 6

In this system % fuel is in!ected in 7re combustion chamber where the fuel and air

mi5es comletely and then the mi5ture $oes to main combustion chamber

where actual combustion ta"es lace.

6 >irect In!ection

In this system % the fuel is in!ected directly in to

the combustion chamber.

,i h


20/45

,i$h ressure um

Ele,tri, "eed

pump

uelfilter

Fuel Pressure

!e%ulator9

res

sen

/leo

Water in "uel

sensor

"uel temp sensor

/ 77< CM70/0T


21/45

Petrol En%ine ;SI6 Vs' $iesel En%ine ;CI6

S'(o Petrol En%ine ;S'I6 $iesel En%ine ;C'I6

1 Mi5ture of #ir ' 7etrol is drawn into the Cylinder andcomressed

nly air is comressed

2 Comression ratio 6

D=1 to 11=1 (min. to ma5.)

Comression ratio 61A=1 to 2@=1 reshi$her thermal efficiency ' low fue

? ess noisy and runs smoothly Most of the en$ines are noisy com

@ ow *olumetric efficiency ,i$h *olumetric efficiency resultin$economy

A 7etrol is costly and more &olatile >iesel is cheaer and less &olatile

F Initial cost of en$ine is low Initial cost of /n$ine is hi$h due to

construction

H ower combustion efficiency ,i$her combustion efficiency

E 0o heater lu$s required for cold startin$ ,eater lu$s required for colds start


22/45

.' E(#I(E !E2ATE$ S3STEMS


23/45

.' E(#I(E !E2ATE$ S3STEMS

2u4ri,ation S:stem

in functions of ubricatin$ oil is

redu,e wear and tearof the /n$ine arts.

her functions 6

Cleanin%- >urin$ its circulation % it dissol&es

many imurities li"e carbon articles.

Coolin% - >urin$ circulation % it ta"es heat from

the hot en$ine arts and deli&ers it to the

surroundin$ throu$h cran"case .

Cushionin%6 il layer can also ser&e as a cushion

a$ainst the shoc"s '&ibrations roduced by the

/n$ine arts.

Sealin% - ubricatin$ oil also hels the iston rin$

to maintain an effecti&e seal a$ainst the hi$h ressure

$ases in the combustion chamber.

Coolin% S:stem

The 7urose of coolin$ system is to "ee the

/n$ine at its most efficient oeratin$ temer

#t all seeds and under all oeratin$ conditi

ome of the heat is absorbed by the cylinder

8alls% head and istons. They in turn must

Be ro&ided by some means of coolin$ so

That they will not $et too hot.

Tyes of coolin$ systems 6

1) #ir cooled

2) 8ater cooled

In Most of the #utomobile cars% water coolin

ystem is used.

Comressor


24/45

Turbo-char$er

It is a de&ice used to increase the *olumetric efficiency '

therefore /n$ine ower by deli&erin$ ressuri4ed air to the

Inta"e.

/5haust $ases mo&e the turbine which is fitted in the

turbochar$er.

Turbine in turn rotates the comressor rotor % which is

connected to the turbine by a shaft.

Comressor suc"s the resh air comin$ from the air filter.

This ressuri4ed air is sent to Inta"e manifold.

8aste ate *al&e re&ents the turbochar$er from

o&erchar$in$ the en$ine. as and when the air ressure in

the inta"e becomes too hi$h% the waste $ate &al&e oens and

as a result some ercenta$e of e5haust $ases are sent

to e5haust line by assin$ the Turbochar$er.

Inta"e

Comressor

Turb

ine


25/45

8' $!IVE T!AI(


26/45

8' $!IVE T!AI(

lutch -

Clutch is laced between /n$ine ' ear bo5.

Clutch Transmits 7ower from /n$ine to ear Bo5.

It disconnects the ower from en$ine to $ear bo5

for smooth $ear shiftin$ oeration ' to sto the &ehicle.

all the MI roducts >iahra$m tye of clutch

used.

Transmission system -

Transmission system is an assembly of $ea

shafts that &aries the torque and seed com

from the en$ine as er requirement ' tran

it to the dri&e a5le throu$h clutch.

Tyes of ears used 6

ur ear,elical $ear7lanetary ear

,e

7lanetary $ear 6 used in automatic transmission


27/45

Transmission system -

Tye of transmissions 6

1) Manual Transmission

2) #utomatic transmission

Manual transmission arran$ement 6

?) lidin$ mesh $ears bo5

@) Constant mesh $ears bo5

A) ynchromesh $ear bo5

Tyes of transmission on basis of seed

F) ? seed $ear bo5

2) @ seed $ear bo5

?) A seed $ear bo5

Transfer $ear bo5 6

It is a secondary $ear bo5

attached to the main $ear bo5 . It

ta"es the ower from the main$ear bo5 and deli&ers it to the

rear wheel or to all the four

wheels accordin$ to the dri&in$

requirement and the selection.

7roeller shaft 6

It is used to transmit the ower

from $ear bo5 to the differential(9ear wheel)

Transfe

rbo5

# i T i i


28/45

#utomatic Transmission system -

There are three basic systems in

#3Transmission

Torque con&erter

- It is a "ind of de&ice used totransmit the ower from /n$ine

to the ear bo5

,ydraulic system

- ,ydraulic ressure is used to

shift the $ear system

ear system- ears are shifted by

hydraulic ressure in resonse

to the car seed and throttle

oenin$.

>ifferential

- To differentiate the Torque e&enly in both

left ' ri$ht wheels

- To comensate the difference in distance

that the dri&e wheel tra&el when the carrounds a turn

Tyes of $ears used in differential 6

1) ur be&el ears

2) iral be&el ears

ur be&el

Be&el $ear


29/45

9' SUSPE(SIO( < STEE!I(#

usension ystem


30/45

SUSPE(SIO(

yystem to absorb the road shoc"s to ro&ide a

comfort feel to the assen$ers.

Tyes of susension system 6

1. 9i$id susension - In ri$id susension %

both the wheels are connected throu$h a

ri$id beam. The shoc"s due to irre$ularities

are obser&ed by one wheel is artially

Transferred to the second wheel.

T


31/45

)' M,Pherson Strut

This system uses a combination of

coil srin$ and shoc" absorber !oined

to$ether in the shae of tower as

shown in the fi$ure.

The wheel is held at the bottom by a

control arm% thus in this system there

is no uer control arm.

This system is an indeendent

susension system.

Mc7herson

trut

Strut

It is a suort ha&in$ one e

lower control arm and the

other to body $round.

/5tra 7urose 6 To a&oid t

mo&ement of the control arwhile mo&in$ on bums or

-' Torsion Bar t:pe

In this system % two lon$

rin$% ne end attache

other to the control arm.

obtained due to the twis

Torsion Bar

&' Control Arm t:pe

Control arm is connected to the &ehicle body at one end and holds the wheel at the

ther end. enerally two arms are used to hold the wheel% uer and lower control arms. The

srin$ and the shoc" absorber are laced between either uer or lower control arm.

Suspension S:stem Components


32/45

SUSPE(SIO(

Suspension S:stem Components

1) rin$ 6unction of srin$ is to absorb the shoc"s

due to road irre$ularities.

Commonly used srin$s 6

- eaf rin$

- Coil rin$

2) hoc" absorber6 It absorbs3dam the &ibration of

srin$. Commonly used hoc" absorbers 6

- ,ydraulic hoc" absorber- as filled shoc" absorber

?) Torsion bar6 unction of torsion bar is same as that

of srin$. They are ri$id at one end

and they twist around the center as the susension

arm deflects.

Upper '!unt

Pist!n

F$uid

L!3er '!unt

Steerin% S:stemh f i i h h di i f h


33/45

STEE!I(#

The urose of steerin$ system is to chan$e the direction of the

&ehicle mo&ement as desired by the dri&er

teerin$ can be 6

)6 Manuall: operated6 In this system % >ri&ers muscular

ener$y is directly used in steerin$ the wheels of the &ehicle

2) Power assisted6 In this >ri&er is aided by an e5ternal ower

assistance so as to lower down the steerin$ effort.

Mode of oeration 6

0:drauli, - 7ressure $enerated by a ower steerin$ um.

Ele,tri, a*a Ele,tri, Power Steerin% ;EPS6

- #n electric motor dri&en by the &ehicle electrical system andcontrolled by /C. #lso "nown as

Comonents of steerin$ system 6

1) teerin$ $ear bo5 - teerin$ $

rotary motion of the steerin$ w

motion of the tie rod which is

left and ri$ht wheels.

Tyes of teerin$ bo5es 6

2) 8orm and 8orm $ear

?) 9e-circulatin$ ball ' 0ut tye

@) 9ac" and 7inion tye

(teerin$ can be either be manual o

0:drauli, Power

Steerin%

Ele,tri, Pow

Steerin%


34/45

=' FO! SAFET3

BRAKES

C f , d li i d b "


35/45

SAFET3

The 7urose of bra"e is to slow down or sto the

&ehicle when e&er required.

Bra"es can be of three tyes 6

1) >rum Bra"es 68here a set of bra"e liners e5anda$ainst a bra"e drum leadin$ to bra"in$ of he &ehicle.

This is oerated manually or hydraulically.

2) >isc Bra"es 68here a set of Bra"e liners e5and

a$ainst a Bra"e disc leadin$ to bra"in$ of the &ehicle.

*acuum assisted ,ydraulically oerated Bra"es 6In this tye of bra"es % >rum3>isc bra"es are actuated

by the force of hydraulic ressure.

Reservoir

Master cylin

DDisc Brake

5 wayunion

Secondarypiston

Master CylinderIt Con&erts >ri&er foot effort in to hydraulic ressure awheel cylinders.

Bra"e Booster 6Ba"e booster is fitted in between the MCylinder and bra"e edal. It sulies the additional forcylinder as the dri&er resses the edal.

*acuum um6 It $enerates &acuum for the Bra"e boo

Comonents of ,ydraulic assisted bra"es 6

Anti 2o,* Bra*e S:stem ;ABS6
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Drum%20Brakes%20ppt.ppthttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Disc%20Brakesppt.ppthttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Disc%20Brakesppt.ppthttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Drum%20Brakes%20ppt.ppt


36/45

SAFET3

The function of the #B unit is to re&ent wheelloc" u (s"iddin$ of wheel) under bra"in$.

8heel loc" u (stoin$ of wheel) is not desired

for the followin$ reasons=-

1) 8ith the wheel loc" u the wei$ht of the mo&in$ carslides the car further% thus increasin$ the bra"in$distance.

2) #s the wheel is stoed% steerin$ the car is no lon$erossible and dri&er can loose the direction control.Tyres wear out faster.

* ensors are mounted on all four wheIt senses when loc" u is about to haenand the #B unit re$ulates (decreases)

ressure to that wheel accordin$ly. Thus under bra"in$% #B re&ents wheel

' maintains steerin$ control% on all surfac

8ithout #B

8ith #B

C!UMP2E >O(ES + $EFO!MATIO( SAFET3


37/45

SAFET3

Crumle ones are deformablestructures% ro&ided in the car.

#d&anta$e= These areintentionally desi$ned to deform

durin$ an accident and absorbthe imact of the collision.

The side imact bars are ro&ided inside the doors toreduce in!uries durin$ collisions into the side of the car.

SI$E IMPACT BA!S +$EFO!MATIO( SAFET

Supplementar: !estraint S:stem ;S!S6 ;Air Ba%s6


38/45

SAFET3

#irba$s are for rotectin$ head andchest re$ion of assen$ers

7resent in the teerin$ wheel for the

dri&er% dashboard area for the Co >ri&erand in doors3roof for rear assen$ers.

In an accident% the air ba$ system i$nites certain elements% which

burn raidly to create a lar$e &olume of $as (#mmonium 0itrate) to inflate the ba$.

The ba$ then bursts at u to 2 mh% faster than the blin" of an eyeJ Thus

cushionin$ the occuants. # second or so later% the $as dissiates.

# 8ord f Caution= Children $enerally below the a$e of 12 should not tra&el in the

front when cars are equied with the airba$.

Additional Sa"et: Features


39/45

7re-tensioner (in seat belts)=

They are de&ices which incase of a se&ere imact% ti$hten theseat belt and re&ent the sli$ht forward motion that normal/9 seat belts ha&e.

They do so by either ullin$ the belt downwards near the reel

or ullin$ the belt buc"le. They are mostly used incon!unction with airba$s and load limiters and hold a ersonin for !ust a short while% enou$h for the airba$ to fully inflate.

i"e airba$s if once used% new ones ha&e to be installed.

SAFET3

oad imiter=

The load limiters are used to minimthat may be caused by the re-tensiose&ere imact% the re-tensioner ulwhile the airba$ fully inflates and th

releases some of the belt from the reoccuant is cushioned by the inflate

,ead 9estraints

,ead restraints installed on to of the seanec" in!uries (whilash in!uries) in the ca

Proper Restra!t

"t#o$t Proper

Restra!t


40/45

?' EMISSIO(S CO(T!O2

1./5haust $as recirculation


41/45

EMISSIO(S

6 # art of /5haust $ases are reused for combustion so as to

brin$ down the 05 le&el in emission (lowerin$ down the

/n$ine temerature).

2. 7ositi&e Cran"case &entilation

- #ir3fuel &aors are se$re$ated from Blow by $as

(constitutin$ /n$ine oil &aors ' air3fuel &aors) and sent bac"

to the inta"e manifold.

?. /&aorati&e emission control ystem

6 In this system % fuel &aors from the fuel tan" are send to

Inta"e manifold.

@. Catalytic con&erterIt consists mainly of three elements 6

1) ,oneycomb

2) 9eduction catalyst

?) 5idation Catalyst

2. 9eduction catalyst

6 It uses 7latinum and rhodium to hel in reducin8hen an 0 or 02 molecule contacts the catalyst% the

nitro$en atom out of the molecule and holds on to it% free

form of 2. The nitro$en atoms bond with other nitro$en

stuc" to the catalyst% formin$ 02. or e5amle=

&(O @ (& O& or&(O& @ (& &O&

?. 5idation Catalyst

The o/idation ,atal:stis the second sta$e of the catalytic con&erter. It reduces

the unburned hydrocarbons and carbon mono5ide by burnin$ (o5idi4in$) them

o&er a latinum and alladium catalyst. This catalyst aids the reaction of the C an

hydrocarbons with the remainin$ o5y$en in the e5haust $as.

or e5amle=

&CO O& @ &CO&


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' E2ECT!ICA2 < 0VAC

Char%in% S:stem9e$ulator 6 The function of re$ulator is to co


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The function of char$in$ system in #utomobile is to

$enerate% re$ulate and suly the electrical ener$y

for char$in$ the battery.

-

To suly the current demands of all the loads.- To suly constant &olta$e at all the conditions.

#lternator 6It con&erts the mechanical ener$y comin$

from the en$ine in to the /lectrical ener$y.

Current roduced by #lternator is

A'C + Alternatin% ,urrent

>ue to the mo&ement of rotor inside the stator% ma$netic

field de&elos and as a result #lternatin$ current is

roduced.

9e$ulator The function of re$ulator is to co

&olta$e comin$ from the alternator.

9ectifier6 The function of rectifier is to chan

in to >C current.

tartin$ circuit 6 To start the en$ine battery &

to the starter motor as the

dri&er switches on the i$nition.

E2ECT!ICA2

,*#C allows the assen$ers to control the climate

conditions inside the &ehicle to their comfort and


44/45

0VAC

conditions inside the &ehicle to their comfort and

con&enience. The Basic functions of ,*#C=

Coolin% 0eatin% Ventilation

1) Comressor6 Comressor suc"s the refri$erant from thee&aorator and deli&ers at hi$h ressure to the condenser.

2) Condenser6 Condenser is !ust li"e radiator in which ,otrefri$ent is cooled.

?) 9ecei&er3>rier bottle6 9ecei&es the comressed and cooledrefri$erant and remo&es the moisture from that and also actsas a reser&ior.

@) /5ansion *al&e6 9ecei&es cooled and comressedrefri$erant% e5ands it and asses it to the e&aorator.

E/panded re"ri%erant %ases are ver: ,old'

A) /&aorator 6it is similar to radiator. The e5anded coldrefri$erant is assed o&er warm air from inside the &ehicle.

F) Blower6 Blower fan suc"s warm air from inside the&ehicle and asses it o&er the e&aorator so as to cool theinterior.

T0A(1 3OUD


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T0A(1 3OUDAUTOMOTIVE BASICS P!ESE(TATIO( B3

Automotive Ent

CarEager o

fa c e b o o k C a rE a ge r! o r "#. c om

$w i e r.c C a rE a ge r! o r "#o m

in %$a gra m . C a rE a ge r! o r"#co m

A & "' %.go o g"e . (C arE a ge r! o r"#co m

Documents

Automotive Engineering- How Cars Work