Today’s Warm Up

Answer on your warm up/exit ticket sheet:

What are some of the long-term impacts of colonization in Africa? How do you think Africa would be different had there never been a “Scramble for Africa”?

African Nations Gain Independence

Read pages 539 – 543Take notes as you read and be sure to include important names, terms, ideas.

Complete the section review: #s 1 - 5

African Nations Gain Independence

Today’s LEQ: What ideas and actions led to independence for British and French colonies in Africa?

Nationalism Leads to Decolonization

Post WWII, European powers still controlled much of Africa

Growing nationalism pushed many countries to push for independence

Most African countries achieved independence but took different approaches

• Decolonization Begins, 1945 – the withdrawal of colonial powers from the colonies and areas of influence

• British colony of the Gold Coast, West Africa, first to achieve independence

• African leaders established convention to demand greater participation in government

• Goal: gain influence peacefully

Ghana

• Less cooperative movement also brewing

• 1947, Kwame Nkrumah became leader of Convention People’s Party (CCP)

• Nkrumah led strikes, demonstrations; British jailed him

Two Movements

• While in jail, Nkrumah still transformed CCP into major political party

• 1951, Britain pressured into allowing national elections

• 1957, granted full independence; Nkrumah becomes first prime minister of new nation, Ghana

National Elections

Ghana

“I Speak of Freedom” – Speech Analysis

1. According to Nkrumah, what was the reality of Europeans in Africa?

2. Why does Nkrumah believe so many African nations suffer from poverty despite plentiful natural resources?

3. What is Nkrumah’s proposed solution to underdevelopment in Africa?

4. What lessons does Nkrumah believe Africans should learn from South America?

5. What does Nkrumah mean by “think continentally”?

• 1950s, Kenyan path to independence did not go as smoothly as it did in Ghana.

• Ownership of land, possibility of independence led to conflict between white Kenyan farmers, native Kikuyu people

• Farmers feared independence would cause them to lose large tracts of valuable cash crops in Kenyan highlands

• Kikuyu wanted these ancestral homelands back

Conflict • Led by Jomo Kenyatta,

many Kikuyu farmers formed violent movement, Mau Mau

• Group terrorized highlands, murdered anyone opposing them, including Africans who cooperated with white settlers

• British murdered, tortured members of Mau Mau movement to regain control

• Late 1950s, Britain convinced to accept decolonization

• 1963, Jomo Kenyatta first prime minister of Kenya

Mau Mau

Kenya

Protest Poster

The class just read some of Kwame Nkrumah’s arguments against colonial rule in his speech, “I Speak of Freedom.” Work with a partner to develop a poster or sign that represents supporters of decolonization in either Ghana or Kenya. Your poster or sign should communicate the position of this group accurately, be eye-catching and creative, and must contain the following elements: An interesting slogan or saying that captures your

argument Two images drawn to support the slogan or

statement A list (creatively incorporated into the poster or

sign) of at least 3 additional arguments used to support decolonization in the country you chose

Today’s Exit Ticket

Answer on your warm up/exit ticket sheet:

Which leader do you think was more effective and why? Nkrumah or Kenyatta?

Different Path• French African colonies followed different path toward

independence• French goal had been to incorporate colonies into France itself• Prime Minister Charles de Gaulle tried to pursue goal after World

War II

French Community• 1958, de Gaulle called for referendum on continued union• Most colonies voted to join new organization, known as French

Community • France granted most colonies of Community independence a few

years later

Benefits in Relationship• African leaders believed they should have greater opportunities for

self-rule• However, rejected final break with France because they believed

Africans could attain economic, cultural benefits from continued relationship

French Africa

Apartheid laws banned interracial marriages, and placed further restrictions on African ownership of land and businesses.

In the early 1900s South Africa was run by white Afrikaners—descendants of the original Dutch settlers. Even though South Africa had received independence from Great Britain in 1910, nonwhites in South Africa were not free under the Afrikaner government.

• 1948, racial discrimination heightened when Afrikaner-dominated National Party began to run South African government

• Instituted policy of apartheid, “apartness” in Afrikaner language

Apartheid

South Africa

• Apartheid policy divided into four racial groups: White, Black, Colored (mixed ancestry), Asian

• Attempted to create greater separation between whites, nonwhites, impose harsh controls

Racial Separation

• Under apartheid, only white South Africans could vote, hold political office

• Blacks made up nearly 75 percent of population, were denied South African citizenship

• Restricted to certain occupations, very little pay

Citizenship Denied• Apartheid laws especially

harsh on blacks in South Africa

• Required to carry passes, identity books

• Also faced imprisonment if police found them in an area for more than 72 hours without pass

Laws Harsh on Blacks

Apartheid Laws

Find the Main Idea

What was apartheid, and how did it function?

Museum Exhibit Activity

Working in the same groups as yesterday, divide your poster paper into four sections and label each section as follows: Ghana, Kenya, Guinea, South Africa

For each nation, provide three artifacts you would include in a museum exhibit centered on African decolonization Pictures of artifacts may be drawn, cut out from

newspapers, or pulled from websites Provide a 3-4 sentence summary on why

you picked each artifact

Today’s Exit Ticket

Answer on your warm up/exit ticket sheet:

In 2-3 sentences, compare and contrast the decolonization of French Africa and South Africa