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POST-WWII DE-COLONIZATION IN
AFRICA
Movement to celebrate traditionalism in Africa (music, poetry, culture, and values)
Spreads through Africa
Nationalism
SENEGAL: START OF THE NEGRITUDE MOVEMENT
EXPLOSION OF NEW NATIONS IN THE WORLD
AFRICA PRODUCED MANY NEWLY-INDEPENDENT NATIONS IN A VERY SHORT
TIME
SOUTH AFRICA
Boers vs. British (vs. natives)
1910 – S. Africa gains self-rule To appease the Dutch, minority whites have all the power
AWKWARD INDEPENDENCE
In 1912 – African National Congress was establishedDesigned to unite the African people
EARLY ATTEMPTS AT LIBERATION
1948 – creates TOTAL separation of whites and blacksNo social contract
1959 HomelandBlacks (75% of S. African population) crammed into 13% of territory
APARTHEID
1976 – Riots against school policies in Soweto leave 600 students dead
NECKLACING of complaint blacks
AFRICANS FIGHT BACK
Nelson MandelaCivil Rights leader jailed for 27 years for speaking out against Apartheid
Stephen Biko (1977)Civil Rights beaten to death WHILE in police custody
CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS
After Soweto, Mandela, Biko…Black erupt1986 – State of Emergency
Desmond TutuRallied world to boycott South African goods and isolate the nation
Olympic ban
White S. African leader F.W. de Klerk bends to pressure, legalized ANC, and released Mandela from prison
Over next 18 months, apartheid broke apartPlan a new vote
1989
April 1994 Nelson Mandela elected president1996 New Constitution is written
Problems today:High crime – rape and murder worst on earth
Unemployment (40%) and Poverty (60%)
AIDS (millions infected)
VICTORY AT LAST
4 Corner Debate
Nelson Mandela was seen to be a revolutionary leader but as a young man he was arrested for terroristic acts. The
memory of Mandela is false.
LEGACY OF APARTHEID
“When we moved in, it was as if we were competing over the killing…seeing people
rolling around and screaming in agony, with no arms, no legs…We were not ourselves…We had
been attacked by the devil.”
RWANDA 1994
Rwanda is 85% Hutu and 15% TutsiUnder Belgian rule, Tutsis were privileged elite
After colonialism, majority Hutus wanted power…and revenge
BACKGROUND TO CONFLICT
6 August 1994 – Hutu president’s plane shot downTutsis blamed
Immediately Tutsis rounded up and killed937,000 killed in 100 days
THE GENOCIDE
Hutu forces and Interahamwe militias led the massacres
Tutsis fought back, took control of Kigali in 19942,000,000 Hutus fled in fear
THE FALLOUT
Tutsi Paul Kagame new presidentHunting down genocide leaders
Interahamwe still trying to destabilize
ENDING THE GENOCIDE
4 Corner Debate
African poverty and instability are a result of the faults of the Africans.
Colonization can no longer be blamed for these issues.
THE GENOCIDE IN RWANDA
SUDAN AND DARFUR
Christian and Muslim Black rebel in DarfurAngry over Sudanese gov’t bias to majorities Arab Muslims
Created Sudanese Liberation Army
SUDAN - 2003
Sudanese gov’t bombs, then Janjaweed militias then do the dirty workDenied by gov’t (but supported and armed by the official establishment)
Janjaweed MilitiaSlaughter, sex camps, and pillaging
Refugee crisis
GOVERNMENT RESPONSE
300,000 killed3,000,000 ethnically cleansed
200,000 refugeesStarvation and lawlessness
GENOCIDE
4 Corner Debate
Darfur doesn’t matter.
OTHER ISSUES IN MODERN AFRICA
Global Water Stress
Famine
Global Water Stress
Famine
Famine - Ethiopia
(Band Aid, Live Aid, We Are the World,
Hands Across America)
Famine - Ethiopia
(Band Aid, Live Aid, We Are the World,
Hands Across America)
Debt forgiveness concerts Led by producer Bob Geldof (Live Aid) and Bono
African nations are in HUGE debt as they have borrowed money to develop
LIVE 8