After Napoleon’s reign ended, Great European powers moved to restore much of the old order

To arrange a final peace settlement between Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia

Met at the Congress of Vienna Led by Austrian foreign minister Prince

Klemens von Metternich under principle of legitimacy rule

Map of Europe: 1812

What is conservatism? Political philosophy based on tradition and

social stability Favored obedience to political authority and

organized religion Hated revolutions, unwilling to accept

individual rights or representative government Meetings to maintain peace in Europe called

the Concert of Europe Principle of intervention allowed great powers

to send armies to areas to kill revolutions and restore legitimate monarchs to the throne

Liberalism While conservative governments were in charge, powerful

forces such as liberalism were spreading. Liberals wanted

Freedom from government restraints Protection of civil liberties, such as freedom of the press, speech,

religion, petition the government Separation of church and state government rule by constitution.

Many liberals wanted a written document like the American Bill of Rights.

Liberals did not believe in democracy, no individual right to vote

Favored mainly by industrial middle class

Nationalism People’s awareness of being part of a

community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs.

People owe loyalty to the nation Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because

giving independence to nationalistic groups would upset the balance of power established at the Congress of Vienna.

Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions.

France King Louis Philippe refused to make changes

and was overthrown Radical Republicans took over and wrote a

new constitution Established a republic-government in which

leaders are elected Provisional government called for Constituent

Assembly and Universal Male Suffrage-all adult male vote

Provisional government set up national workshops for unemployed

Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte becomes new president

FRANCE Economic troubles in France led to a

new rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was overthrown, and the new government established the policy of universal male suffrage.

In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making the Second Republic the new government of France.

Germanic Confederation 38 loosely connected states German and Prussian rulers promised a

constitution, free press, jury trials, an all German parliament-The Frankfurt Assembly

Germany’s revolution failed due to Frankfurt Assembly had no real power to enforce new constitution

Austrian Empire Multinational state consisted of Germans, Czechs,

Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, Italians caused many problems

Czech revolt in Bohemia was crushed, meaning the failure of the Austrian Empire revolution

Italy was under the control of Austria Young Italy, the Italian unity

movement, initially succeeded Within a year, Austria reestablished

control Revolts had failed

Liberalism and nationalism transformed the world

Revolts in Western Europe initially failed but succeeded later

Revolts in Eastern Europe succeeded, but resulted in withdrawal of Britain and Russia from world affairs

While Spain and Portugal were weak after Napoleon, the Latin American states arose Miguel Hidalgo

Revolutionary hero Gathered a large group of Indians and revolted against

the Spanish Forces were crushed

Other Indians overthrew the Spanish and Augustin de Iturbide was named the first emperor of Mexico.

In South America, Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led successful revolutions against the Spanish

The new nations had no experience in self governing Tried to become republics Soon they became ruled by militaristic force

Since Latin America was a major source of raw goods, it soon became controlled by foreign powers

Military aristocracy took over much of the power Caudillas

The southern states under Ottoman control sought change, especially at the Empire began to decline Serbia freed itself

Greece also broke away from the Turks A year later, Russia declared war on Ottoman

Empire British and French fleets also helped

Treaty of Adrianople Gave Russia protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia Allowed Russia, France and Britain to decide the fate of

Greece In 1830, Greece became an independent kingdom

Russians and Turks fought because of Russian demands for the right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine

Turks, and later France and Britain, declared war on Russia

During the war, Russia was defeated Results

Russia was ashamed of the defeat and withdrew from the world for 20 years

Austria had no allies Helped Italy and Germany in becoming

independent states.