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A meta-analysis of international case studies in TOD: transferable lessons

Ren Thomas, iTOD Project 1Postdoctoral Researcher , University of Amsterdam

• Phase 1 (July 2012-July 2013) meta-analysis and rough set analysis to determine which policies, actors and institutions are most influential in TOD implementation

• Phase 2 (July 2013-July 2014) workshops with Dutch planners to determine which of these could work in The Netherlands

methodology

TOD can be described as land use and transportation planning that makes walking, cycling, and transit use convenient and desirable, and that maximizes the efficiency of existing transit services by focusing development around transit stations, stops, and exchanges. TOD can be seen as part of a broader approach to urban development. Successful TOD can be defined as implementation of this type of development at a regional scale.

our definition of TOD

We used in-depth case studies to

determine critical success factors: 11

case city-regions

meta-analysis

• Meta-matrix: created coded case reports, summarized reports in matrix format, noted commonalities and differences between cases (Miles and Huberman 1994)

• Sorted meta-matrix by 5 major themes:• policy consistency• actors/roles• land use-transport connections• specific tools and policies• barriers to TOD

• Identified possible critical success/failure factors for each case

meta-analysis

critical success factors

Plans and Policies1. Consistency in planning policy

supporting TOD over time2. Vision stability3. Support of higher levels of

government4. Political stability: national5. Political stability: local

Actors5. Relationships between actors6. Presence of a regional

transport-land use planning body

7. Level of competition among municipalities

8. Presence of interdisciplinary teams

9. Public participation10. Public acceptance11. Presence of key visionaries

Implementation12. Use of site-specific planning

tools (FAR bonuses, leasing of air rights, density targets)

13. Corridor-level planning14. Certainty for developers 15. Willingness to experiment16. Degree of implementation

Convenience and DesirabilityOverall convenience and desirability of walking, cycling, and public transit

Efficient InfrastructureMaximization of efficiency in existing transit services (concentration of development at stations and in corridors)

Overall SuccessAggregate measure

performance measures

Scale of ImplementationScale of implementation of TOD across the city-region

Modal SplitModal split for cycling, walking, and public transit in the city and region

local expert feedback

codified data matrix

• Using ROSE2 software, we applied a RSA to the codified data matrix

• RSA extracts characteristic patterns from the data, determines decision rules, and evaluates the rules using validation techniques

• Decision rules are conditional statements, specifying the conditions under which the statements are valid

• A total of 20 rules were found

rough set analysis

• The CSFs with the highest frequencies in the decision rules are:• Political stability (national)• Actor relationships• Regional land use-transportation body• Interdisciplinary implementation teams• Public participation

rough set analysis

• The meta-matrices were instrumental in identifying 16 CSFs or transferable lessons from the international case studies

• These were tested and assessed for each case city, resulting a set of values that could be used in RSA

• The RSA has revealed which CSFs were most influential on successful TOD implementation, and in which combinations

• The meta-analysis results are more generalizable than individual case study findings

summary

• Two workshops where we will use the results of Phase I to test policy transfer (November/January)

• Stakeholders will use CSFs to indicate• where Amsterdam is now/in the future• which CSFs they would improve to

achieve TOD in a specific corridor• what could/could not work in the

Netherlands

next steps

r.thomas@uva.nl