Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.1 The major respiratory organs shown in relation to surrounding structures.
Nasal cavity
Nostril
Larynx
Trachea
Right main(primary)bronchus
Right lung
Diaphragm
Left main(primary)bronchus
Left lung
Oral cavityPharynx
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.5b Respiratory zone structures.
Alveolarduct
Alveolarpores
Alveolus
(b) Light micrograph of human lung tissue,showing the final divisions of therespiratory tree (120×)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.1 The major respiratory organs shown in relation to surrounding structures.
Nasal cavity
Nostril
Larynx
Trachea
Right main(primary)bronchus
Right lung
Diaphragm
Left main(primary)bronchus
Left lung
Oral cavityPharynx
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx Larynx
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
Cribriform plateof ethmoid boneSphenoidal sinus
Posterior nasalaperture
Frontal sinus
• Pharyngeal tonsil• Opening of pharyngotympanic tube• Uvula
• Palatine tonsil• Lingual tonsil
Esophagus
Trachea
• Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)• Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)• Nasal vestibule• Nostril
Hard palateSoft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
• Epiglottis• Thyroid cartilage• Vocal fold• Cricoid cartilage
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx Larynx
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
Cribriform plateof ethmoid boneSphenoidal sinus
Posterior nasalaperture
Frontal sinus
• Pharyngeal tonsil• Opening of pharyngotympanic tube• Uvula
• Palatine tonsil• Lingual tonsil
Esophagus
Trachea
• Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)• Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)• Nasal vestibule• Nostril
Hard palateSoft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
• Epiglottis• Thyroid cartilage• Vocal fold• Cricoid cartilage
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.4a The larynx.
Body of hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal prominence(Adam’s apple)
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricotracheal ligament
Epiglottis
Thyrohyoidmembrane
Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilages
Anterior superficial view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx Larynx
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
Cribriform plateof ethmoid boneSphenoidal sinus
Posterior nasalaperture
Frontal sinus
• Pharyngeal tonsil• Opening of pharyngotympanic tube• Uvula
• Palatine tonsil• Lingual tonsil
Esophagus
Trachea
• Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)• Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)• Nasal vestibule• Nostril
Hard palateSoft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
• Epiglottis• Thyroid cartilage• Vocal fold• Cricoid cartilage
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.4c The larynx.
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyroidcartilage
Lateralthyrohyoidmembrane
Corniculatecartilage
Arytenoidcartilage
Glottis
Cricoidcartilage
Trachealcartilages
Photograph of cartilaginous frameworkof the larynx, posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds.
Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
Glottis
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx Larynx
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
Cribriform plateof ethmoid boneSphenoidal sinus
Posterior nasalaperture
Frontal sinus
• Pharyngeal tonsil• Opening of pharyngotympanic tube• Uvula
• Palatine tonsil• Lingual tonsil
Esophagus
Trachea
• Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)• Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)• Nasal vestibule• Nostril
Hard palateSoft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
• Epiglottis• Thyroid cartilage• Vocal fold• Cricoid cartilage
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds.
Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
Glottis
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx Larynx
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
Cribriform plateof ethmoid boneSphenoidal sinus
Posterior nasalaperture
Frontal sinus
• Pharyngeal tonsil• Opening of pharyngotympanic tube• Uvula
• Palatine tonsil• Lingual tonsil
Esophagus
Trachea
• Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)• Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)• Nasal vestibule• Nostril
Hard palateSoft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
• Epiglottis• Thyroid cartilage• Vocal fold• Cricoid cartilage
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.3a Structural relationship of the trachea and esophagus.
Posterior
Lumen oftrachea
Anterior
Esophagus
Seromucousgland insubmucosa
Mucosa
Trachealismuscle
Submucosa
Hyalinecartilage
Adventitia
(a)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.3b Structural relationship of the trachea and esophagus.
(b)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.7 Conducting zone passages.
Superior lobe of right lung
Middle lobeof right lung
Inferior lobeof right lung
Trachea
Superior lobeof left lung
Left main(primary)bronchus
Lobar (secondary)bronchus
Segmental (tertiary)bronchus
Inferior lobeof left lung
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.4b Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.
(b) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above.
Sternum
Pericardialmembranes
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Right lung
VertebraPosterior Esophagus
(in posterior mediastinum)
Root of lung at hilum• Left main bronchus• Left pulmonary artery• Left pulmonary vein
Left lung
Thoracic wall
Pulmonary trunk
Heart (in mediastinum)Anterior mediastinum
Anterior
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.5a Respiratory zone structures.
Alveolar duct
Respiratorybronchioles
Terminalbronchiole
(a) Diagrammatic view of respiratorybronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Alveolarsac
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.5b Respiratory zone structures.
Alveolarduct
Alveolarpores
Alveolus
(b) Light micrograph of human lung tissue,showing the final divisions of therespiratory tree (120×)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.6 Anatomy of the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier).
Endothelial cellnucleus
Alveolar pores
Capillary
Macrophage
Nucleus ofsquamousepithelial cell
Alveoli (gas-filled airspaces)
Red bloodcell incapillary
Surfactant-secreting cell
Squamousepithelial cellof alveolar wall
Red blood cellCapillary
Alveolus
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basementmembranes
Capillary endothelium
CO2
O2
Respiratorymembrane
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.12 Intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure relationships.
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg)
Thoracic wall
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Transpulmonarypressure4 mm Hg(the differencebetween 0 mm Hgand −4 mm Hg)
Intrapleuralpressure (Pip)−4 mm Hg(756 mm Hg)
Intrapulmonarypressure (Ppul)0 mm Hg(760 mm Hg)
Diaphragm
Lung
0
– 4
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.10a Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.
TracheaThymus
Apex of lung
Right inferior lobe
Horizontal fissure
Right superior lobe
Oblique fissure
Right middle lobe
Heart(in mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Base of lung
Intercostal muscleRib
Parietal pleuraPleural cavityVisceral pleura
Leftsuperior lobe
Obliquefissure
Left inferiorlobe
Cardiac notch
Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
Lung
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.6 Anatomy of the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier).
Endothelial cellnucleus
Alveolar pores
Capillary
Macrophage
Nucleus ofsquamousepithelial cell
Alveoli (gas-filled airspaces)
Red bloodcell incapillary
Surfactant-secreting cell
Squamousepithelial cellof alveolar wall
Red blood cellCapillary
Alveolus
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basementmembranes
Capillary endothelium
CO2
O2
Respiratorymembrane
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Homeostatic Imbalance 13.7 A colored chest X-ray showing a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.10 Gas exchanges in the body occur according to the laws of diffusion.
O2 CO2
CO2 O2
CO2O2
O2 CO2 CO2O2
CO2 O2
CO2O2
Inspired air: Alveoliof lungs:
Externalrespiration
Pulmonaryarteries
Alveolarcapillaries
Pulmonaryveins
Bloodleavinglungs andenteringtissuecapillaries:
Bloodleavingtissues andenteringlungs:
Heart
Tissuecapillaries
Systemicveins
Internalrespiration
Systemicarteries
Tissuecells:
