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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10 Lecture
Basic ChemistryFourth Edition
Chapter 10 Properties of Solidsand Liquids10.3 Electronegativity and Polarity
Learning Goal Use electronegativityto determine the polarity of a bond ora molecule.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronegativity and Polarity
We can learn more about the chemistry of compounds by understanding how electrons are shared in bonds.•Bonds formed by identical atoms share the bonding electrons equally.•Bonds formed between different atoms share the bonding electrons unequally.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity• is the relative ability of atoms to attract shared
electrons • is higher for nonmetals; fluorine has the
highest with a value of 4.0 • is lower for metals; cesium and francium have
the lowest value of 0.7
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronegativity
We can use the periodic table to predict the relative electronegativity value for each element. Electronegativity•increases from left to right going across a period on the periodic table•decreases going down a group on theperiodic table
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronegativity
Figure 10.1 The electronegativity values of the representative elements in Group 1A (1) to Group 7A (17), which indicate the ability of atoms to attract shared electrons, increase going across a period from left to right and decrease going down a group.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
Using the periodic table, predict the order of increasing electronegativity for the elements O, K, and C.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Using the periodic table, predict the order of increasing electronegativity for the elements O, K, and C. Answer: K, C, O•K, period 4, group 1A (1), has an electronegativity value of 0.8.•C, period 2, group 4A (14), has an electronegativity value of 2.5.•O, period 2, group 6A (16), has an electronegativity value of 3.5.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Covalent Bonds
Bonds can be described by the difference in the electronegativity of the bonding atoms. Two types of covalent bonds occur in molecules:•nonpolar covalent bonds; bonding electrons are shared equally•polar covalent bonds; bonding electrons are shared unequally
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
A nonpolar covalent bond between nonmetal atoms•consists of an equal (or almost equal) sharing of electrons•has a zero (or close to zero) electronegativity difference (0.0 to 0.4)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Polar Covalent Bonds
A polar covalent bond between nonmetal atoms•consists of an unequal sharing of electrons•has an electronegativity difference of 0.5 to 1.7
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Figure 10.2 In the nonpolar covalent bond of H2, electrons are shared equally. In the polar covalent bond of HCl, electrons are shared unequally.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Dipoles and Bond Polarity
• Bonds become more polar as the difference in electronegativity increases.
• A polar covalent bond that has a separation of charges is called a dipole.
• The positive and negative ends are represented by the Greek letter delta, with a + or − charge.
• Arrows can also be used to represent dipoles.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Variations in Bonding
Variations in bonding are continuous.•Bonds with an electronegativity difference of 0.0 – 0.4 are considered nonpolar.•Bonds with an electronegativity difference of 0.5 – 1.7 are considered polar covalent.•Bonds with an electronegativity difference greater than 1.8 are considered ionic.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
Complete the following table for each of the bonds indicated.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Complete the following table for each of the bonds indicated.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Polarity of Molecules—Nonpolar
In a nonpolar molecule, all the bonds are nonpolar, or the polar bonds (dipoles) cancel each other out.
Molecules such as H2, Cl2 and CH4 are nonpolar because they contain only nonpolar bonds.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Polarity of Molecules—Nonpolar
A nonpolar molecule also occurs when polar bonds (dipoles) cancel each other because of a symmetrical arrangement.
Molecules such as CO2 and CCl4 contain polar bonds with dipoles that cancel each other out.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Polarity of Molecules—Polar
A polar molecule occurs when the dipoles from individual bonds do not cancel each other out.For molecules with two or more electron groups, the shape (such as bent or trigonal pyrimidal) determines whether or not the dipoles cancel.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Polarity of Molecules—Polar
Examples of polar molecules include HCl, H2O, and NH3.•HCl is linear and contains a polar bond.
•H2O is bent and contains two polar bonds as well as two lone pairs on oxygen.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Polarity of Molecules—Polar
• NH3 is trigonal pyrimidal, and contains three polar bonds and a lone pair on nitrogen.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Determine if the molecule OF2 is polar or nonpolar.Step 1 Determine if the bonds are polar or nonpolar covalent.Oxygen has an electronegativity of 3.5, and fluorine has an electronegativity of 4.0. O—F bonds are polar covalent.