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Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.1
Chapter 10 Structures of Solids and Liquids
10.3
Electronegativity and Polarity
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.2
Electronegativity• is the relative ability of atoms to attract shared
electrons • is higher for nonmetals, with fluorine as the
highest with a value of 4.0 • is lower for metals, with cesium and francium as
the lowest with a value of 0.7 • increases from left to right going across a period
on the periodic table• decreases going down a group on the periodic
table
Electronegativity
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.3
Some Electronegativity Values for Group A Elements
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
Using the periodic table, predict the order of increasing electronegativity for the elements O, K, and C.
4
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
The metal K on the left of Period 4 has the lowest electronegativity of the three elements. The nonmetal O on the upper right of Period 2 has the highest electronegativity. The nonmetal C, which is on the left of O in the periodic table, has a lower electronegativity than O, but a higher electronegativity than K.
Order of increasing electronegativity: K, C, O
5
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.6
A nonpolar covalent bond • occurs between nonmetal atoms• consists of an equal (or almost equal) sharing of
electrons• has a zero (or close to zero) electronegativity
difference of 0.0 to 0.4
Examples: Atoms Electronegativity Type of Bond
Difference
NN 3.0 - 3.0 = 0.0 Nonpolar covalent
ClBr 3.0 - 2.8 = 0.2 Nonpolar covalentHSi 2.1 - 1.8 = 0.3 Nonpolar covalent
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.7
A polar covalent bond • occurs between nonmetal atoms• consists of atoms that share electrons unequally• has an electronegativity difference range of 0.5
to 1.7Examples:
Atoms Electronegativity Type of Bond Difference
OCl 3.5 - 3.0 = 0.5 Polar covalentClC 3.0 - 2.5 = 0.5 Polar covalentOS 3.5 - 2.5 = 1.0 Polar covalent
Polar Covalent Bonds
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.8
Comparing Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.9
Ionic BondsAn ionic bond • occurs between metal and nonmetal ions• is a result of electron transfer• has a large electronegativity difference (1.8 or
more)
Examples: Atoms Electronegativity Type of Bond
Difference ClK 3.0 – 0.8 = 2.2 Ionic
NNa 3.0 – 0.9 = 2.1 Ionic
SCs 2.5 – 0.7 = 1.8 Ionic
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.10
Electronegativity and Bond Types
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.11
Predicting Bond Types
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.12
Use electronegativity differences to classify each of the following bonds as nonpolar covalent (NP), polar covalent (P), or ionic (I):
A bond between A. K and N
B. N and OC. Cl and ClD. H and Cl
Learning Check
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.13
Atoms in Electronegativity Type of Bond Difference BondA. K and N 2.2 ionic (I) B. N and O 0.5 polar covalent (P)C. Cl and Cl 0.0 nonpolar covalent
(NP) D. H and Cl 0.9 polar covalent (P)
Solution
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.14
Polar Molecules
A polar molecule • contains polar bonds
• has a separation of positive and negative charge called a dipole indicated by a dipole arrow
• has dipoles that do not cancel
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.15
Nonpolar Molecules
A nonpolar molecule • may contain identical atoms (nonpolar bonds)
• may have a symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds that cancel dipoles
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.16
Determining Molecular Polarity
The polarity of a molecule is determined from its• electron-dot formula• shape • polarity of the bonds• dipole cancellation
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.17
Learning Check
Identify each of the following molecules as
(P) polar or (NP) nonpolar:
A. PBr3
B. HBr
C. Br2
D. SiBr4
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.18
Solution
Identify each of the following molecules as
(P) polar or (NP) nonpolar:
A. PBr3 (P) pyramidal; dipoles don’t cancel; polar
B. HBr (P) linear; one polar bond (dipole); polar
C. Br2 (NP) linear; nonpolar bond; nonpolar
D. SiBr4 (NP) tetrahedral; dipoles cancel; nonpolar