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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mas

s of

am

ino

acid

s (m

g)

Num

ber o

f am

ino

acid

s

1953 1953 2008

20

2008

10

0

200

100

0

3

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Vesicle boundary

Precursor molecules only

1 µm

Rel

ativ

e tu

rbid

ity, a

n in

dex

of v

esic

le n

umbe

r

(a) Self-assembly

Time (minutes)

0.4

0.2

0 0 20 40 60

Precursor molecules plus montmorillonite clay

20 µm (c) Absorption of RNA (b) Reproduction

4

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Time (billions of years ago)

10 µm

30 µ

m

5 cm

Nonphotosynthetic bacteria

Cyanobacteria

Stromatolites

Possible earliest appearance in fossil record

4 3 2 1 0

5

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3 µ

m

(a) Spherical (b) Rod-shaped (c) Spiral

1 µ

m

1 µ

m

6

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Bacterial cell wall

Bacterial capsule

Tonsil cell

200 nm

7

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Fimbriae

1 µm

8

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Flagellum

Filament 20 nm

Hook Motor Cell wall

Rod Peptidoglycan layer

Plasma membrane

9

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Respiratory membrane

0.2 µm 1 µm

Thylakoid membranes

(a) Aerobic prokaryote (b) Photosynthetic prokaryote

11

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Plasmids

1 µm

Chromosome

12

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20 µm

Heterocyst

Photosynthetic cells

13

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Phage infects bacterial donor cell with A+ and B+ alleles.

Incorporation of phage DNA creates recombinant cell with genotype A+B+.

Phage DNA is replicated and proteins synthesized.

Fragment of DNA with A+ allele is packaged within a phage capsid.

Phage with A+ allele infects bacterial recipient cell.

Recombinant cell

Recipient cell

Crossing over

Donor cell

A+ B−

A− B−

A+

A+

A+

B+

A+ B+

Phage DNA

5

4

3

2

1

14

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Sex pilus

1 µm

15

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4 3 2 1 One strand of F+ cell plasmid DNA breaks at arrowhead.

Bacterial chromosome

Bacterial chromosome

F plasmid

Mating bridge

F+ cell (donor)

F− cell (recipient)

F+ cell

F+ cell

Broken strand peels off and enters F− cell.

Recipient cell is now a recombinant F+ cell.

Donor and recipient cells synthesize complementary

DNA strands.

16

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UNIVERSAL ANCESTOR

Dom

ain Eukarya

Gram-positive bacteria

Cyanobacteria

Spirochetes

Chlamydias

Proteobacteria

Nanoarchaeotes

Crenarchaeotes

Euryarchaeotes

Korarchaeotes

Eukaryotes

Dom

ain Archaea

Dom

ain Bacteria

17

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2 µm

20

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Seedlings growing in the lab

Soil treatment

Upt

ake

of K

by

plan

ts (m

g)

Strain 1 Strain 2 Strain 3 No bacteria

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

21

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5 µm

23

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(a)

(b)

24

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