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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mas

s o

fam

ino

aci

ds

(mg

)

Nu

mb

er o

f am

ino

aci

ds

1953 19532008

20

2008

10

0

200

100

0

3

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Vesicleboundary

Precursormolecules only

1 m

Rel

ativ

e tu

rbid

ity,

an

ind

ex o

f ve

sicl

e n

um

ber

(a) Self-assembly

Time (minutes)

0.4

0.2

00 20 40 60

Precursor molecules plusmontmorillonite clay

20 m(c) Absorption of RNA(b) Reproduction

4

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Time (billions of years ago)

10 m30

m

5 cm

Nonphotosynthetic bacteria

Cyanobacteria

Stromatolites

Possibleearliestappearancein fossil record

4 3 2 1 0

5

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3 m

(a) Spherical (b) Rod-shaped (c) Spiral

1 m

1 m

6

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Bacterialcell wall

Bacterialcapsule

Tonsilcell

200 nm

7

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Fimbriae

1 m

8

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Flagellum

Filament 20 nm

HookMotorCell wall

RodPeptidoglycanlayer

Plasmamembrane

9

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Respiratorymembrane

0.2 m 1 m

Thylakoidmembranes

(a) Aerobic prokaryote (b) Photosynthetic prokaryote

11

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Plasmids

1 m

Chromosome

12

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20 m

Heterocyst

Photosyntheticcells

13

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Phage infects bacterialdonor cell with A andB alleles.

Incorporation of phageDNA creates recombinantcell with genotype AB.

Phage DNA isreplicated andproteins synthesized.

Fragment of DNA withA allele is packagedwithin a phage capsid.

Phage with A alleleinfects bacterialrecipient cell.

Recombinantcell

Recipientcell

Crossing over

Donor cell

A B−

A− B−

A

A

A

B

A B

Phage DNA

5

4

3

2

1

14

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Sex pilus

1 m

15

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4321 One strand ofF cell plasmidDNA breaks atarrowhead.

Bacterialchromosome

Bacterialchromosome

F plasmid

Matingbridge

F cell(donor)

F− cell(recipient)

F

cell

F

cell

Broken strandpeels off andenters F− cell.

Recipient cellis now arecombinantF cell.

Donor andrecipient cellssynthesizecomplementaryDNA strands.

16

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UNIVERSALANCESTOR

Do

main

Eu

karya

Gram-positivebacteria

Cyanobacteria

Spirochetes

Chlamydias

Proteobacteria

Nanoarchaeotes

Crenarchaeotes

Euryarchaeotes

Korarchaeotes

Eukaryotes

Do

main

Arch

aeaD

om

ain B

acteria

17

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2 m

20

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Seedlings growing in the lab

Soil treatment

Up

take

of

K b

y p

lan

ts (

mg

)

Strain 1 Strain 2 Strain 3Nobacteria

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

21

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5 m

23

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(a)

(b)

24

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