© 2013 BELL PERFORMANCE INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Biocide Factors & Use NEW DIMENSION LOGISTICS – JANUARY 2015

© 2013 BELL PERFORMANCE INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Biocide Factors & UseNEW DIMENSION LOGISTICS – JANUARY 2015

CONTACT US:BELL PERFORMANCE, INC. 1-877-231-6673

What We Will Cover Today

ULSD changes and the need for biocides

Sources of microbial contamination

Problems they cause Biocide options and chemistries Treatment applications


“Natural stabilizers, lubricity agents, conductivity improvers and biological growth

inhibitors will be greatly reduced or absent due to processing.”

Excerpt from an Octel-Starreon presentation to Phillips Petroleum 5/04/2001

Microorganisms in ULSD – Anticipated Problems

2006 move to ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) rightly sparked concern among industry experts on how the new fuels would behave in the field.


Sulfur impact on microbes

High sulfur diesel fuel contained high amounts of sulfur - up to 5,000 ppm. This decreased to 500 ppm in the 1990s, and then to 15 ppm in 2006-07.

Sulfur and many sulfur compounds are antagonistic to microbial growth

Less biocide was required in those high sulfur systems

Removal of Sulfur from Fuel


Reducing sulfur levels (through hydrotreating) removed naturally occurring microbial inhibitors in the fuel Sulfur and sulfurous compounds Certain phenolic compounds that were also natural

microbial inhibitors

Result? Increased biocide levels would be required to provide comparable performance/protection to before.

How Removal of Sulfur Changed Fuel Properties


Algae – Not a fuel issue• Photo synthetic; requires light

Fungi• Mold (filamentous)• Yeast (single-celled)

Bacteria• Single cell organisms• Extremely small (1 - 10 microns)• Rapid growth (20 - 30 min

generation time)• 1 cell can replicate into > 2 million

cells in only 7 hrs

All of these will use hydrocarbons as a food source

MoldAlgae

Yeast Bacteria

Types of Microbes Found In Stored Fuels

http://medecinepharmacie.univ-fcomte.fr/bacterio_web/exa_microscopiques/cgp.htm





Present in the air we breath

Will enter storage tanks through variety of ingress avenues: Vents Water encroachment, Fuel delivery, etc.

Need water to live

Microorganisms: Universally Present and Easy To Please

Bacteria, Molds, Yeasts grow and multiply as conditions allow


When faced with a contaminated tank, it is almost impossible to pinpoint, for sure, where the contamination originated from.

Vents allow air, water & dust to enter during tank ‘breathing

Ingress from Condensation

Cross contamination between systems

Manifolds

Ingress from fuel delivery

Common Sources of Microbial Contamination


Leakage through fill cap and spill bucket

Unsealed sounding ports and manways

Floating roof leaks

Ballast/Seepage water

Transfer piping: fixed & portable

Leakage into underground tanks

Common Sources of Microbial Contamination cont.


The lifecycle of microbial infestations leads to universal problems for the user:

Consume fuel Make sludge and debris Promote corrosion Clog filters and burner nozzles Generate acids and surfactants that

destroy fuel quality

Problems Causes Common To All Microbes


Storage Tanks Are Common Microbial Breeding Grounds


Stage 1, initial

attachment(seconds)

Stage 2, irreversible attachment(seconds to

minutes)

Stage 4, maturation II(hours to days)

Stage 3, maturation I

(hours to days)

Stage 5, dispersion

(days to months)

The Common Microbial Growth Cycle


Microbes cannot grow appreciably in diesel fuel alone. Water is necessary to sustain microbial life and growth

Microbes, in general, can live at the fuel water interface Water bottoms (the big cause) Any place a droplet of water is present (less of a problem)

Diesel Fuel

Water

Bio-mass

Essentials Needed for Microbial Contamination


#1 - Planktonic = Free “swimming” microbes

Live in the water bottom

Feed off the hydrocarbon upper phase as it slowly “leaches” into the water

#2 - Living at the fuel-water interface

Types of Microbial Contamination: Planktonic


#3 - “Sessile” microbes = live on surfaces, not in fuel

Microbes produce biomass through their lifecycles – one of the signs

Can live in biomass attached to sides of fuel tanks, floating roofs, booms

Microbial Contamination: Sessile Microbes & Biomass


Biomass blooms: lipopolysaccharides

Offer microbes protection & a breeding area

Can be difficult to remove, even manually

Biocides only penetrate the outer layer, increasing chances of reinfection.

Microbial Contamination Product: Biomass


Biomass build-up in tanks and on filters

Microbial-Induced Storage Tank Problem


Biomass build up

Biomass deposited on the inside of sampling thief after collection of tank bottom sample.

Sludge and water bottoms

Microbial-Induced Diesel Fuel Problems: Biomass in Tank & Engine


Biomass build upFuel filter blockingFuel line blockage

Sock Filter GM light duty truck

Furnace Filter

Heavy DutyDiesel Truck Filter

Problems Caused by Microbial Presence: Filter Blocking


Fuel deposits and biomass resulting from microbial activity can foul fuel injectors

Problems Caused by Microbial Presence: Fuel Injector Fouling


Corrosion resulting from acidic products of microbial respiration and reproduction.

Expensive problem for storage tank, metal fuel distribution parts, and stand-by systems exposed to fuel for longer periods of time.

Acidic components also destroy fuel stability.

Problems Caused by Microbial Presence: Corrosion


Examples of corrosion resulting from acidic products of microbial respiration and reproduction. Aluminum Saddle Tank

Problems Caused by Microbial Presence: Corrosion


Physical removal of biomass (and sessile microbes)

Remove the water bottoms (and monitor future development)

Treatment with Biocide Remember that a clean tank does

not mean a sterile tank Fuel polishing & tank cleaning,

without a biocide, will not solve the problem.

How To Fix The Problem?


What Are The Signs of Microbial Contamination?

Visual inspection of fuel showing discoloration or presence of biomass, or sulfurous smell

Water phase in tank sample strongly correlates with microbial presence


What Are The Signs of Microbial Contamination?

Increase in filter change frequency (vehicle or tank)

Change in engine performance to indicates poor fuel combustion– Emissions, smoothness


Industry leading efficacy on bacteria and fungi Through its thiocyanate chemistry

Effective in both fuel & water phases “Partitions” into water phase to kill microbes

Highly effective in both B100 and all range of Bxx bio-blends

Leaves no corrosive deposits

Bellicide™ Features (The Good Stuff)


How Bellicide compares to other chemistries

Most true biocides fall into 3 or 4 main chemistry groups. Some are better than others. Thiocyanate(Bellicide) – Very

effective and tolerant of most environments of use. Does impart some sulfur. Works in both oil and water phase.

Carbamate (Pri-ocide/Aquatreat) – Very effective. But contains a lot more sulfur.


How Bellicide compares to other chemistries

Boron-based (Biobor JF) – The “industry standard” in that it is the most well known (because it was the first to be approved for use in jet fuel). Ineffective with biodiesel blends. Deactivated in the presence of water. Within the industry, Biobor JF is considered the worst of the bunch.


How Bellicide compares to other chemistries Isothiazone (Kathon) – Imparts small

amount of sulfur. Works well in water phase. Takes longer to kill and does no last as long as Bellicide chemistry.

Nitromorpholine (Dow Fuel Saver) – biggest downside is they lose effectiveness in higher acid environments, such as when acetobacter is present.


Burns similar to fuel (>106,000 BTU/gal)

Good temperature stability Will not ignite at temps. <174oF /

79oC

Imparts low amount of sulfur relative to typical biocides

Low VOC content: 6.25 w%

More Good Stuff About Bellicide

Performs well in the typical thick emulsions that exist in slop/waste water tanks


Not registered for use in jet fuel

Adds small amount of sulfur to fuel < 3 ppm at shock dosage

Use proper person protective equipment (see MSDS for guidelines)

BELLICIDE™ Handling and Cautions


Treat rate by volume for stored diesel fuels New tanks: 200 ppm Shock dose: 200 ppm when fuel is fouled Maintenance dose: 100 ppm when new fuel is added

Treat rate by volume Slop/Waste Water Tanks New tanks: 200 ppm Shock dose: 200 ppm when waste water is fouled Maintenance dose: 100 ppm when new waste stream is

added to the tank

Treatment Recommendations


Add enough biocide to treat maximum anticipated volume of fuel

Wait up to 8 hours after biocide application and circulation before using fuel (if feasible) To allow for settling of dead microbes

User may need to change filters to remove dead microbes

How To Apply Bellicide


Bellicide performance is enhanced when continually injected in delivery lines, but can be splash blended if provided sufficient time to homogenize through normal thermal convective processes. Essential to ensure proper contact and residency time in the

fuel

Additional Application Guidelines


Regulatory Rules for Biocides Biocides must be registered with the EPA Office of Pesticides Must contain EPA Registration and Fulfillment Number(s) on

label Product name must be registered with national EPA & with each

individual state DOE. Products that make claims to kill (or imply to kill) microbes must

be registered as a biocide because the EPA considers those to be “biocide claims”.

Products that claim to “prevent microbial growth” through the absorption of water are not biocides and should not claim to act as such (but many do).


Anyone who stores fuel• Fleets & business• Municipalities• Marine• Fuel distributors (blame the fuel supplier)• Emergency generation systems

In addition to fuels, also suitable for use in: Drilling fluids Cooling towers Refined middle oils in storage

Who’s Going To Use Bellcide


Bellicide is highly effective for treating fuel and other liquids at treat rates of 100-200 ppm.

Industry-leading kill rates and efficacy period

Effective in diesel & bio-diesel Imparts a minimum amount of

sulfur (to protect ULSD fuels) Proper mixing and metered

application highly recommended

What Have We Covered Today?


Review

Documents

© 2013 BELL PERFORMANCE INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Biocide Factors & Use NEW DIMENSION LOGISTICS – JANUARY 2015