© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The single most powerful ideology of the nineteenth century was: 1.nationalism 2.liberalism 3.conservativism 4.socialism

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

The single most powerful ideology of the nineteenth century was:

• nationalism• liberalism• conservativism• socialism

20.01 Q


The single most powerful ideology of the nineteenth century was:

• nationalism• liberalism• conservativism• socialism

20.01 A


EXPLANATION:The single most powerful ideology of the nineteenth century was:

• nationalism

Nationalism proved to be the single most powerful European political ideology of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

20.01 E


During the nineteenth century, nationalists challenged the political status quo in:

• Ireland• Germany• Italy• All of the above

20.02 Q


During the nineteenth century, nationalists challenged the political status quo in:

• Ireland• Germany• Italy• All of the above

20.02 A


EXPLANATION:During the nineteenth century, nationalists challenged the political status quo in:

• All of the above

During the nineteenth century, nationalists challenged the political status quo in six major areas of Europe. England had brought Ireland under direct rule in 1800, abolishing the separate Irish Parliament and allowing the Irish to elect members to the British Parliament. German nationalists sought political unity for all German-speaking peoples. Italian nationalists sought to unify Italian-speaking peoples on the Italian peninsula and to drive out the Austrians.

20.02 E


Economic liberals favored:

• protective tariffs• free trade• price controls• progressive taxation

20.03 Q


Economic liberals favored:

• protective tariffs• free trade• price controls• progressive taxation

20.03 A


EXPLANATION:Economic liberals favored:

• free trade

The economic goals of nineteenth-century liberals also divided them from working people. regulated economies of enlightened absolutists. They wanted to manufacture and sell goods freely. To that end, they favored the removal of international tariffs and internal barriers to trade.

20.03 E


Louis XVIII agreed to a constitution knownas the:

• Declaration of National Unity• Charter• Code Bourbon• Declaration of Civil Order

20.04 Q


Louis XVIII agreed to a constitution knownas the:

• Declaration of National Unity• Charter• Code Bourbon• Declaration of Civil Order

20.04 A


EXPLANATION:Louis XVIII agreed to a constitution knownas the:

• Charter

Louis XVIII agreed to become a constitutional monarch, but under a constitution of his own making called the Charter.

20.04 E


Ferdinand VII of Spain initially promised to:

• reject all attempts to draft a constitution• sever all ties with France• govern according to a written constitution• govern as an absolute monarch

20.05 Q


Ferdinand VII of Spain initially promised to:

• reject all attempts to draft a constitution• sever all ties with France• govern according to a written constitution• govern as an absolute monarch

20.05 A


EXPLANATION:Ferdinand VII of Spain initially promised to:

• govern according to a written constitution

When the Bourbon Ferdinand VII of Spain (r. 1814–1833) was placed on his throne after Napoleon’s downfall, he had promised to govern according to a written constitution. Once in power, however, he ignored his pledge, dissolved the Cortés (the parliament), and ruled alone.

20.05 E


A full-fledged slave rebellion erupted in Haiti in:

• 1786• 1791• 1807• 1799

20.06 Q


A full-fledged slave rebellion erupted in Haiti in:

• 1786• 1791• 1807• 1799

20.06 A


EXPLANATION:A full-fledged slave rebellion erupted in Haiti in:

• 1791

In 1791, a full-fledged slave rebellion shook Haiti. It arose as a result of a secret conspiracy among the slaves. François-Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture (1743?–1803), himself a former slave, quickly emerged as its leader.

20.06 E


In 1821, Simon Bolívar was named president of:

• Peru• Ecuador• Venezuela• Columbia

20.07 Q


In 1821, Simon Bolívar was named president of:

• Peru• Ecuador• Venezuela• Columbia

20.07 A


EXPLANATION:In 1821, Simon Bolívar was named president of:

• Venezuela

By the summer of 1821, Bolívar’s forces captured Caracas, and he was named president of Venezuela.

20.07 E


In 1822, Dom Pedro became emperor of:

• Peru• Ecuador• Portugal• Brazil

20.08 Q


In 1822, Dom Pedro became emperor of:

• Peru• Ecuador• Portugal• Brazil

20.08 A


EXPLANATION:In 1822, Dom Pedro became emperor of:

• Brazil

In September 1822, Dom Pedro embraced the cause of Brazilian independence against the recolonizing efforts of Portugal. By the end of the year, he had become emperor of an independent Brazil, which remained a monarchy under his son and successor Dom Pedro II (r. 1831–1889) until 1889.

20.09 E


The Decembrist Revolt was led by:

• junior officers• Russian socialists• leaders of the emerging middle class• angry peasants

20.09 Q


The Decembrist Revolt was led by:

• junior officers• Russian socialists• leaders of the emerging middle class• angry peasants

20.09 A


EXPLANATION:The Decembrist Revolt was led by:

• junior officers

Junior officers had indeed plotted to rally the troops under their command to the cause of reform. On December 26, 1825, the army was to take the oath of allegiance to Nicholas, who was less popular than Constantine and regarded as more conservative. Although the Decembrist Revolt failed completely, it was the first rebellion in modern Russian history whose instigators had had specific political goals.

20.09 E


Nicholas I saw serfdom as:

• a great evil that required immediate action• part of the natural order of society• the basis of Russian prosperity• a great evil, but too dangerous to reform

20.10 Q


Nicholas I saw serfdom as:

• a great evil that required immediate action• part of the natural order of society• the basis of Russian prosperity• a great evil, but too dangerous to reform

20.10 A


EXPLANATION:Nicholas I saw serfdom as:

• a great evil, but too dangerous to reform

In 1842, he Nicholas I told his State Council, “There is no doubt that serfdom, in its present form, is a flagrant evil which everyone realizes, yet to attempt to remedy it now would be, of course, an evil more disastrous.” To remove serfdom would necessarily, in his view, have undermined the nobles’ support of the tsar. So Nicholas turned his back on this and practically all other reforms.

20.10 E


In the French elections of 1830, the liberals:

• saw their power diminished• suffered an unprecedented defeat• won a stunning victory• were not represented on the ballot

20.11 Q


In the French elections of 1830, the liberals:

• saw their power diminished• suffered an unprecedented defeat• won a stunning victory• were not represented on the ballot

20.11 A


EXPLANATION:In the French elections of 1830, the liberals:

• won a stunning victory

In 1830, Charles X called for new elections, in which the liberals scored a stunning victory.

20.11 E


When Charles X abdicated the French throne, he was succeeded by:

• Napoleon III• Louis Napoleon• Louis XIX• Louis Philippe

20.12 Q


When Charles X abdicated the French throne, he was succeeded by:

• Napoleon III• Louis Napoleon• Louis XIX• Louis Philippe

20.12 A


EXPLANATION:When Charles X abdicated the French throne, he was succeeded by:

• Louis Philippe

On August 2, Charles X abdicated and went into exile in England. The Chamber of Deputies named a new ministry composed of constitutional monarchists. In an act that finally ended the rule of the Bourbon dynasty, it also proclaimed Louis Philippe (r. 1830–1848), the duke d’Orléans, the new king instead of the Count de Chambord, the infant grandson of Charles X in whose favor Charles had abdicated.

20.12 E


The Great Reform Bill increased the number of voters by:

• 50 percent• 10 percent• 10,000 percent• 500 percent

20.13 Q


The Great Reform Bill increased the number of voters by:

• 50 percent• 10 percent• 10,000 percent• 500 percent

20.13 A


EXPLANATION:The Great Reform Bill increased the number of voters by:

• 50 percent

The Great Reform Bill expanded the size of the English electorate, but it was not a democratic measure. It increased the number of voters by more than 200,000, or almost 50 percent.

20.13 E


The Concert of Europe was:

• a free trade zone• an arrangement for resolving mutual foreign

policy issues• an organization of economic liberals• a term for the cultural flowering of the early

nineteenth century

20.14 Q


The Concert of Europe was:

• a free trade zone• an arrangement for resolving mutual foreign

policy issues• an organization of economic liberals• a term for the cultural flowering of the early

nineteenth century

20.14 A


EXPLANATION:The Concert of Europe was:

• an arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues

At the Congress of Vienna, the major powers—Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain—had agreed to consult with each other from time to time on matters affecting Europe as a whole. This new arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues was known as the Concert of Europe. It prevented one nation from taking a major action in international affairs without working in concert with and obtaining the assent of the others.

20.14 E

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© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The single most powerful ideology of the nineteenth century was: 1.nationalism 2.liberalism 3.conservativism 4.socialism