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© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-1
Job-CostingSystems
6
© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-2
Product Costing
Job Order
Allocate costs to productsthat are readily identifiable
Common in construction,print shops, unique goods
Accumulate costs forspecific jobs
Produce for sale
Process Costing
Average costs over large number of nearly identical units
Common in chemical, textiles, lumber, glass, food processing
Accumulate costs by departments
Produce for inventory
© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-3
Job-Order Costing
Job Cost Sheet
Job #963 12 units
Direct materials $460.00
Direct labour 267.50
Applied factory overhead 180.00
Total cost $907.50
Unit cost ($907.50 / 12 ) $75.625OverheadApplication
Rate
LabourTime
Ticket
Direct MaterialRequisition
Sheet
© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-4
Job-Costing Cost Flows• Apply material, labour and overhead costs to work in process • As goods as produced costs flow to finished goods inventory • When sold, costs shift to cost of goods sold
DirectMaterial
Inventory
BuyMaterial
Work inProcess
Inventory
FinishedGoods
Inventory
Cost ofGoods Sold
Use
Material
Labour Costs
OverheadCosts
Production Sales
OverheadControl Account Over / under
applied overhead
(at year end)
© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-5
Accounting for Factory Overhead Overhead Application (Overhead Absorption) • Allocation of overhead costs to products
Budgeted Factory Overhead Rate• Calculated at the beginning of the year and used to apply overhead
to products throughout the year
Six Steps in Applying Overhead
1. Select a cost driver for overhead2. Prepare a budget for yearly overhead costs and yearly volume of the
cost driver3. Calculate the budgeted factory overhead rate as
Overhead rate = budgeted total overhead / budgeted cost driver4. Obtain data on the actual cost driver5. Apply overhead to products 6. At year end, account for difference between actual overhead costs
and applied overhead costs
© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-6
Over / Under Application of Overhead
Actual overhead• a mixed cost function with variable and fixed costs• Y = F + VX
Applied overhead• a variable cost function• Applied overhead = overhead rate x actual driver
• Overapplied: Applied > Actual • Underapplied: Applied < Actual • Dispose of over/under applied
overhead at year end
$
Volume
Applied Overhead
Actual Overhead
Volume
Volume
$
$
© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-7
Fixed Manufacturing Overhead & Absorption Costing
• Firms use a overhead rate to smooth the application of overhead to work in process and determine "full" product costs
Budgeted overhead = Budgeted total factory overheadapplication rate Budgeted total of cost driver
• difference between actual and applied fixed overhead relates to:• spending more or less than expected• producing more or less than expected
ActualFixed
Overhead
BudgetedFixed
Overhead
Applied FixedOverhead
Rate x Actual Volume
Fixed Overhead Spending Variance Production-Volume Variance
Over / Under Applied Overhead
© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-8
Budgeted and Applied Fixed Overhead
$
Volume
Budgeted Fixed Overhead
$
Volume
Applied Fixed Overhead
© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-9
Production Volume Variance in Absorption Costing
• Change in net income due to not producing the amount of output expected when we determined the P.O.R. at the beginning of the year
Production = Actual - Expected x BudgetedVolume Variance volume volume overhead rate
$
Volume of activity
Applied Overhead
Actual Overhead
Budgeted Overhead
© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-10
Dell’s Value Chain and ABC System
R & D
ProductDesign
Production
Marketing
Distribution
CustomerService
Indirect costs are
allocated to product
lines based on ABC
cost drivers
Individual Job
Direct material $xxx
Direct labour xxx
Applied overhead xxx
Total job cost xxx
Markup xxx
Job price $xxx
Otherindirect costs
+ profit
© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-11
Example:
• September production resulted in the following activity in a key account of Colebury Costing Company (in thousands)
September 1 balance 12$ DM used 50$ DL charged to jobs 25$ Factory overhead applied to jobs 55$
Work in Progress Inventory
• Job Order 13N and 37Q, with total costs of $70 and $54 thousand, respectively were completed in September.
1. Journalize the completed production in September
2. Compute the balance in WIP inventory, Sept 30 after recording the completed production
3. Journalize the credit sale of Job 13N for $101,000
© 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Slide 6-12
Suggested Problems
• Questions all even (page 264)• Problems 6, 8, 10, 14, 20 (page 266)
Assignment• Problems 13, 15, 17 (page 269 )