Приложение 1 - edu.semgu.kzedu.semgu.kz/ebook/umkd/ffa74d22-d155-11e5-bf37... · Web viewAutomation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes ... Когда

ҚАЗАҚСТАН РЕСПУБЛИКАСЫНЫҢ БIЛIМ ЖӘНЕ ҒЫЛЫМ МИНИСТРЛIГI

СЕМЕЙ ҚАЛАСЫНЫҢ ШӘКӘРIМ АТЫНДАҒЫ МЕМЛЕКЕТТIК УНИВЕРСИТЕТI

«Мамандандырылған шет тілі» пәні 5В070400 – «Есептеуіш техника және программалық қамтамасыз ету»,

5В070200 – «Автоматтандыру және басқару» мамандығына арналған

ӘДІСТЕМЕЛІК МАТЕРИАЛДАР

Семей2014

Алғы сөз

1. ҚҰРАСТЫРҒАНҚұрастырушы________ Жанузаков Е.Т., «Автоматика және

электротехника» кафедрасының оқытушысы.«_____» ____________________ 2014 ж.

2. ТАЛҚЫЛАНДЫ2.1. «Автоматика және электротехника» кафедрасы отырысында

қарастырылды. Хаттама №___ « _____» ______ 2014 ж.Кафедра меңгерушісі __________ А.Д.Золотов

2.2. Факультеттің оқу-әдістемелік бюросы отырысында қарастырылды. Хаттама № ____ «_____» ______ 2014 ж.Төрайымы __________ Р.С.Бекбаева

Модуль 1

Практикалық сабаққа арналған оқу-әдістемелік нұсқаулар №1

Сабақтың мақсаты:1. Мамандыққа байланысты сөздік қорын молайту үшін жаңа

лексиканы енгізу және бекіту.2. Шет тілінде сөйлеу және арнайы мәтіндерді оқу, түсіну, аудару

дағдыларын қалыптастыру.Әдістемелік нұсқау:Мәтінді аудару үшін мәтінді оқып алып, таныс емес сөздерді теріп

жазып, сөздікпен аударыңыз. Жаңа сөздерді бекіту мақсатында берілген жаттығуларды орындаңыз.

Exercise 1. Мәтінді оқып, аударыңыз.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

The engineer typifies the twentieth century. He is making a vast contribution in design, engineering and promotion. In the organization and direction of large-scale enterprises we need his analytical frame of mind. We need his imagination.

He is either designing the product itself or inventing new products or testing the product, its components, and the materials in it; or analyzing its performance and making a mathematical analysis.

He may be engaged in the development of the new product, making drawings and specifications.

He may be concerning himself with the development of a new production process, or the adaptation of a current process to a new product.

He may be utilizing his engineering know-how in determining the best processes and equipment for the mass production of high-quality products.

He may be the project engineer in charge of the design and installation of a highly automatic conveyer system for handling different kinds of parts between various assembly stations.

He may be working on designing and developing tools, dies, jigs, assembly fixtures and welding fixtures for the production of an automotive body.

In the 20th century, the engineer had at his command many new sources of power. He worked hard to develop better materials, especially new alloys for special purposes. He wanted to make machinery automatic.

Exercise 2. What does the engineer do? деген сұраққа жауап беріп кестені толтырыңыз.

At the plant In the lab In the designing office

1.2.3.4.

Exercise 3. Жақшаны ашып, етістікті тиісті шаққа қойыңыз.1. I know she (to prepare) for a difficult experiment now. 2. What you (to

do) when I came in? — I (to read) an article on the British educational system. 3. I thought you (to do) this work yesterday. — Yes, and I still (to do) it. 4. Tomorrow at 6 o'clock I (to report) the results of this analysis. 5. Our laboratory will be provided with new equipment. These two engineers (to mount) a new electronic system.

Exercise 4. Сөйлемдерді оқып шығып, модельге сәйкес өткен және келесі шақта жазыңып, ана тіліне аударыңыз.

Model:The engineer must know all the properties of this material.The engineer had to know all the properties of this material.The engineer will have to know all the properties of this material.1. You must use this equipment. 2. The scientists can test their new

apparatus in the laboratory. 3. This plant can provide our research institute with a new type of fuel equipment. 4. This scientist may investigate new means of production. 5. Our scientific research laboratory must launch a new programme this year. 6. New tyres of this plant can have a longer period of their durability. 7. He may use these reference books for his report. 8. Nobody can lift this heavy tyre.


1. Мамандыққа байланысты сөздік қорын молайту үшін жаңа лексиканы енгізу және бекіту.

2. Шет тілінде сөйлеу және арнайы мәтіндерді оқу, түсіну, аудару дағдыларын қалыптастыру.

Әдістемелік нұсқау:Мәтінді аудару үшін мәтінді оқып алып, таныс емес сөздерді теріп



ENGINEERING AND AUTOMATION

We now use the term automation for specific techniques combined to operate automatically in a complete system. These techniques are possible because of electronic devices, most of which have come into use in the last thirty years. They include program, action, sensing or feedback, decision, and control elements as components of a complete system.

The program elements determine what the system does and the step- by-step manner in which it works to produce the desired result. A program is a step-by-step sequence that breaks a task into its individual parts. Some steps in an industrial automation program direct other parts of the system when and how to carry out their jobs.

The action elements are those which do the actual work. They may carry or convey materials to specific places at specific times or they may perform operations on the materials. The term mechanical handling device is also used for the action elements.

Perhaps the most important part of an automated system is sensing or feedback. Sensing devices automatically check on parts of the manufacturing process such as the thickness of a sheet of steel or paper. This is called feedback because the instruments return or feed back this information to the central system control.

The decision element is used to compare what is going on in the system with what should be going on, it receives information from the sensing devices and makes decisions necessary to maintain the system correctly. If some action is

necessary the decision element can give instructions or commands to the system.The control element consists of devices to carry out the commands of the

decision element. There may be many kinds of devices: valves that open or close, switches that control the flow of electricity, or regulators that change the voltage in various machines; they make the necessary corrections or adjustments to keep the system in conformity with its program.

An industrial engineer working with automated systems is part of a team. Many components of the system, such as computers, are electronic devices so electronic engineers and technicians are also involved. Many of the industries in which automation has proved particularly suitable — chemicals, papermaking, metal processing — involve chemical processes, so there may be chemical engineers at work too. An industrial engineer with expertise in all these fields may become a systems engineer for automation projects thereby coordinating the activities of all the members of the team.

Exercise 2. Сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз.1 .What are some elements of an automated system? What makes them

possible? 2. What is a program? What does it do in an automated system? 3. Name two terms used to describe the elements which do the actual work. What are some jobs these elements may do? 4. What are some of the things sensing devices do? 5. How do sensing devices act on the information they receive? Why is the process sometimes called feedback? 6. What is the function of the decision element? What can it do? 7. What does the control element consist of? What can these devices do? What is their purpose?

Exercise 3. Қажетті шылауды қолдана отырып, жай сөйлемдерді күрделі сөйлемге айналдырыңыз.

Model: The students have many labs with modern equipment at our institute. They can conduct scientific research. The students have many labs with modern equipment at our institute where they can conduct scientific research.

1. Correspondence and evening education is an effective form of getting a higher education. Experience shows this.

2. The student's grades in high school are satisfactory. He is admitted to university or college.

3. The professors were discussing it. It was clear to the students.4. The advantage of higher education in our country is this. It is available

to everybody.5. The problem was that. What kind of practical work must follow the

general engineering training.


Сабақтың мақсаты: 1. Мамандыққа байланысты сөздік қорын молайту үшін жаңа лексиканы енгізу және бекіту.





Introduction

One of the most important developments of the 20th century is the computer. Computers are used nowadays for many different kinds of work, e.g. in offices, banks, factories, hospitals, universities and schools. Their use is becoming more widespread as cheaper and smaller computers become available.

Computers are electronic systems. They are used for handling, or processing facts and figures. Computers can process large amounts of data very quickly.

From the programmer's point of view, all members of the PC family consist of a processor, memory chips, and several smart chips. With the invention of chips, computer manufacture has become much simpler. The manufacturer does not have to connect thousands of components together. Most of the connections are made inside the chip. All the main circuit components that make the computer work are located on the system board; other important parts are located on expansion boards, which can be plugged into the system board.

The system board contains the microprocessor, which is tied to at least 64

KB of memory; some built -in ROM programs, such as BASIC and the ROM BIOS; and several very important support chips. Some of these chips control external devices, such as the disk driver or the display screen, and others help the microprocessor perform its tasks.

Exercise 2. Терминдердің аудармасын табыңыз.

1. support chips A. могут быть вставлены2. disk driver B. выполнять свои задачи3. some built -in С. схема памяти4. perform its tasks D. некоторые встроенные5. control external devices Е. дисковод6. can be plugged F. другие важные части7. expansion boards G. управляют внешними

устройствами8. other important parts Н. привод9. located on the system board I. плата расширения10. main circuit J. схема поддержки11. smart chips К. основная схема12. memory chips L. располагается на системной плате13. drive М. гибкая схема

Exercise 3. Ағылшын тіліне аударыңыз.1. Все компьютеры состоят из процессора, схем памяти и нескольких

схем.2. Все основные схемы располагаются на системной плате.3. Другие важные части располагаются на плате расширения.4. Некоторые схемы помогают микропроцессору выполнять свои

задачи

Exercise 4. Сөздіксіз аударыңыз.Processor, memory, control, comparison, different, difference, similar,

similarity, manage, management, to contain, efficiency, to calculate, copy, to copy, manufacture, reason, conductor, data, task, original, percent.

Exercise 5. Сomponents, expansion, contains, boards, in ROM, perform, control сөздерін қолданып сөйлемдерді толықтырыңыз. Аударыңыз.

1 . All the main circuit . . . that make the computer work are located on the system board. 2. Some important parts are located on ... boards. 3. Expansion ... can be plugged into the system board. 4. The system board ... the microprocessor. 5. The microprocessor built - ... programs is used in the system board. 6. Some of these chips ... external devices. 7. Some of them help the microprocessor ... its tasks.

№1 модуль бойынша сабақтан алған білімді тексеру тапсырмалары

Exercise 1. Келесі зат есімдердің көпше түрін беріңіз.Computer, device, knowledge, goal, man, language, life, study, news,

calculator.

Exercise 2. Оң жақ бағанадағы сөз тіркестерін қолданып, сөйлемдерді аяқтаңыз.

1.The engineer typifies...2. Не makes a great contribution...3. His main functions are...4. The engineer also analyzes...5. So he can work in...6. At present the engineer...7. The work of the engineer requires...

a) the products' performances.b) deals with the automation of production processes.c) the 20th century.d) the analytical frame of mind and imagination.e) to progress.f) designing, developing and testing the products.g) the designing office, in the lab and in the production field ofengineering.

Exercise 3. Сөйлемдерді оқып шығып, модельге сәйкес сұраулы және болымсыз түрінде жазыңыз. have to модальды етістігінің эквиваленті сұраулы және болымсыз түрлерін do көмекші етістігі арқылы жасайды.

Model:— Не had to meet this delegation of engineers from the Tula plant.— Did he have to meet the delegation of engineers from the Tula plant?— No, he didn't have to meet this delegation from the Tula plant.1. All the units of a new tractor can be produced at this plant. 2. Our

laboratory has to launch a new programme this month. 3. The scientist was allowed to take part in the conference on automobile designing. 4. This new minibus can hold 18 passengers. 5. Everybody must be present at the lecture of Prof. Ivanov. 6. Student Smirnov is to defend his diploma project next month, 7. This new plant is to build only body fixtures. 8. She may use this new device for testing her design.


ENGINEERING

Today machines have to withstand such tremendous stresses and to be able of such complex motions that complicated and specialized calculations taking hundreds of factors into account are needed in the design of even quite a simple machine like a motor-car engine.

So, as engineering progresses, engineers must become ever more scientific and specialized. Today the branches of engineering are so wide that it is impossible to classify them satisfactorily. But we may try to divide them into uses. The main divisions of engineering may be listed as follows:

1. Mechanical engineering.Steam engines, internal combustion engines, turbines (steam, gas, water),

pumps; compressors; machine-tools; mechanisms.2. Electrical engineering.a) Power: generators; motors; transformers; transmission (power lines and so

on).b) Electronics: radio, radar, television.

3. Civil engineering.Dams; tunnels; roads, and so on.4. Structural engineering.The structural details of all large buildings and bridges.5. Chemical engineering.Any of these branches of engineering may require the special services of the

following specialists: the metallurgist; the strength of materials expert; the thermodynamics of heat expert, the mechanics or machines experts; the various production engineering experts such as the engineering designer or the tool designer; the mathematician specializing in engineering problems and many more.

The engineer must also deal with the economists to assure himself that he is producing what is wanted, and economically.

So What is Engineering?In recent years, engineering has changed out of all recognition. The sheer

speed of change in many manufacturing technologies is startling. Thanks to the introduction of computers and new technologies like Virtual Reality, people are more in control than ever. This also means the engineering employers are looking for people with a wider range of skills and personalities: from lone-theorists to more gregarious and practical individuals; from managers who can handle people, lead teams and solve problems, to creative designers with a keen sense of market realities. Engineering needs them all — women as well as men.

Exercise 5. Мәтінге сұрақ қойыңыз.

Модуль 2






The Microprocessor I

In order to use computers effectively to solve problems in our environment, computer system are devised. Computer system may be divided in two parts. The first part is hardware – the physical, electronic and electromechanical devices. The second part is software – the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data.

In all PCs, the microprocessor is the chip that runs programs. The microprocessor, or central processing unit (CPU), carries out a variety of computations, numeric comparisons, and data transfers in response to programs stored in memory.

The CPU controls the computer's basic operation by sending and receiving control signals, memory addresses, and data from one part of the computer to another along a group of interconnecting electronic pathways called a bus. Located along the bus are input and output (I/O) ports that connect the various memory and support chips to the bus. Data passes through these I/O ports while it travels to and from the CPU and the other parts of the computer.

CPU is the portion of a computer composed of ALU and control unit. It is where instructions are fetched, decoded and executed, and the overall activity of the computer is controlled.

Bus is a circuit for the transfer of data or electrical signals between

two devices.Port is a connection between the CPU and another device, such as

main memory. By means of it data can enter or leave the computer or be transferred between the CPU and memory.

Exercise 2. Сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз:1. What does the microprocessor carry out?2. What does the CPU control?3. What do the input and output ports connect?4. What is the CPU?Exercise 3. Дұрыс нұсқаны таңдаңыз.1. The central processing unit ... a) the various memory and support

chips to the bus.2. The input ports connect ... b) sending and receiving control

signals.3. The CPU controls the computer'sbasic operation by ... c) a variety of computations.

Exercise 3. Мәтіндегі асты сызылған сөздердің қай сөз табына жататынын анықтаңыз.

Exercise 4. Дұрыс нұсқаны таңдаңыз. Аударыңыз.1. The microprocessor is the chip that ... programs. 2. The microprocessor

carries out a variety of computations, ... comparisons, and data transfers.3. The CPU controls the computer's ... operation by sending and ... control signals. 4. Input and output ports connect the various ... and support chips. 5. Data passes through these ... and output ports. 6. CPU is the portion of a computer composed of ALU and ... unit. 7. Instructions are fetched, ... and executed. 8. Bus is a circuit for the transfer of ... . 9. Port is a ... between the CPU and another device. 10. Data can enter or ... the computer. 11. Data can be transferred ... the CPU and memory.

a) control, data b) leave, c) connection d) between e) memory

f) runs g) numeric h) decoded i) receiving j) input k) basic







The Microprocessor II

The microprocessor cannot control the entire computer without some help -nor should it. By delegating certain control functions to other chips, the CPU is free to attend to its own work. These support chips can be responsible for such processes as controlling the flow of information throughout the internal circuitry and controlling the flow of information to or from a particular device attached to the computer. These so-called device controllers are often mounted on a separate board that plugs into one of the PC's expansion slots.

Many support chips in the PCs are programmable, which means they can be manipulated to perform specialized tasks.

The hardware consists of Central Processing Unit (CPU), input devices and output devices. The CPU is made up of a processor and a main memory, or main store. The processor carries out, or executes, instructions in the program. The main memory stores input data and the program needed by the processor. The main

memory also holds output data, or the results of processing.

Exercise 2. Сөйлемдерді аяқтаңыз.1. The microprocessor cannot control the entire computer without ....2. The CPU is free to attend ....3. ... can be responsible for such processes as controlling the flow of

information throughout the internal circuitry.4. These device controllers are often mounted ... that plugs into one of the

PC's expansion slots.5. Many support chips ... are programmable.6. Many support chips can be manipulated to perform ....

Exercise 4. Анықтамаларды аударыңыз.SOFTWARE- programs, languages that control the operations of a computer

in solving a given problem.HARDWARE- the physical equipment and components in a computer

system.LIVEWARE- all people engaged in production of the computer and

maintenance (conpOBOK^eHHe) of its work.FIRMWIRE- a program built into the circuitry of a ROM that controls the

operation of the computer.

Exercise 5. Келесі сөздердің синонимдерін табыңыз.1. memory A. to process2. chip B. to achieve3. to locate C. storage4. card (плата) D. to determine5. to manage E. board6. to handle F. circuit7. to leave G. sophisticated8. complicated H. routine9. to reach I. purpose







ChipComputer components (such as transistors, diodes, resistors) can now be

made from semiconductor materials of different shapes. Nowadays, complete circuits can be made from a single piece of semiconductor, called a chip. Such circuits are called integrated circuits (ICs). Computers using integrated circuits were first produced in the 1960s. Their integrated circuits had about 200 components on a single chip. Today, we can produce more than 100,000 components on a single chip. A chip can be as small as 0.5 cm square.

Chip is an integrated circuit created on a tiny silicon flake. Upon the flake a large number of gates and paths connecting them are formed. They are formed by very thin films of metal acting as wires. The chip can be used as main memory and logic capabilities are contained in the same chip, it is called a microprocessor or a computer on a chip. It consumes very little power, is compact and of low cost. It can currently process as many as a million or more instructions per second. The chip is used in a wide, ever-increasing variety of devices. They are PCs, calculators, digital watches, robots, and electronic games.

Exercise 2. Сөйлемдерді аяқтап, аударыңыз.1. Chip is an integrated circuit created on a ... .2. Large number of gates and

paths are formed by very thin films of.... 3. The chip can be used as main .... 4. Microprocessor consumes very .... 5. A computer is compact and of low ... . 6. It can currently process as many as a million or more .... The chip is used in a wide, ... of devices. They are ....

Exercise 3. Сөйлемдердің қайсысы дұрыс?1. Chip is not an integrated circuit.2. They are formed by very thick films of metal acting.3. The chip can be used as main memory.4. Logic capabilities are contained in different chips.5. It consumes very much power.6. It can currently process as many as a million or more instructions per

second.7. The chip is not used in a wide, ever-increasing variety of devices.

Exercise 4. Сұраулы және болымсыз сөйлемдер құрастырыңыз.Chip is an integrated circuit created on a tiny silicon flake. The chip can be

used as main memory logic capabilities are contained in the same chip It consumes very little power The chip is used in a wide, ever-increasing variety of devices. They are PCs, calculators, digital watches, robots, and electronic games.

Exercise 5. Дұрыс нұсқаны таңдаңыз. Аударыңыз.1. Chip is ... on a tiny silicon flake. 2. ... a large number of gates and paths

connecting them are formed. 3. The chip can be used ... and logic capabilities are contained in ..., it is called a microprocessor or a computer on a chip. 4. It ... very little power, is compact and of low cost. 5. It can currently process as many ... instructions per second. 6. The chip is used in a wide, ever-increasing .... 7. ... are PCs, calculators, digital watches, robots, and electronic games.

a) the same chip b) as a million or more c) they d) created e) upon the flake f) consumes g) variety of devices


Exercise 1. Сөйлемдерді ырықсыз етіске аударыңыз.

1. They will start production of the new type of engine soon. 2. That country doesn't produce any heavy industrial machinery. 3. Jilles de Dion built the first mechanically propelled vehicle. 4. They reconstructed this plant entirely. 5. Our laboratory employs the most modern technology. 6. Tsarist Russia produced only a few automobiles before World War I.

Exercise 2. Оң жақ бағанадағы сөз тіркестерін қолданып, сөйлемдерді аяқтаңыз.

1. At present there are...2. It is very difficult...3. The main divisions of

engineering are...4. So, engineers must

become...5. In designing even a

simple machine...

6. Thus, any branch of engi-neering may require...

соответствующие окончания в правом

a) more scientific and specializ-ed.

b) the special services of spe-cialists from various branches.

c) numerous branches of engi-neering.

d) complicated and specialized calculations are needed.

e) to give a satisfactory classifi-cation of these branches.

f) mechanical engineering, elec-trical engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering and chemical engineering.

Exercise 3. Сөздіксіз аударыңыз. Conductor; to contain; application; to automize; attraction; efficiency;

creature; to extract; expansion; percent; variation; original; compression; to modify; the same; to calculate; copy; to copy; memory; to alter; manufacture; routine; to detect; to invalidate; multiple; reason; authority; definition.


ENGINEERING AND AUTOMATION

A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer belt, moves the product to stations where each worker performs a limited number of operations until the product is assembled. In the automobile assembly plant such systems have reached a highly-developed form. A complex system of conveyer belts and chain drives moves car parts to workers who perform the thousands of necessary assembling tasks.

Mass production increases efficiency and productivity to a point beyond which the monotony of repeating an operation over and over slows down the workers. Many ways have been tried to increase productivity on assembly lines: some of them are as superficial as piping music into the plant or painting the industrial apparatus in bright colours; others entail giving workers more variety in their tasks and more responsibility for the product.

These human factors are important considerations for industrial engineers who must try to balance an efficient system of manufacturing with the complex needs of workers.

Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part. Automation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes by which machines do tasks previously performed by people. The word was new but the idea was not. We know of the advance in the development of steam engines that produced automatic valves. Long before that, during the Middle Ages, windmills had been made to turn by taking advantage of changes in the wind by means of devices that worked automatically.

Automation was first applied to industry in continuous-process manufacturing such as refining petroleum, making petrochemicals, and refining steel. A later development was computer-controlled automation of assembly line manufacturing, especially those in which quality control was an important factor.

Exercise 5. Мәтінге сұрақ қойыңыз.

Модуль 3







Computer science

Computer science is a part of an applied mathematics. Specialists in computer science say that this field of knowledge is very interesting because it deals with computer-aided-manufacturing (CAM) and computer-aided-design (CAD).

Computers are intended to improve the productivity of labor of scientists, designers, managers and other specialists because computer offer quick and optimal solutions. One of the main goals of using CAD/CAM is to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing.

Moreover, computers came in our life and to our houses and now we can solve our everyday problems with their help.

Computers can be divided into simple and complex devices. Simple computers such as calculators can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. As far as complex computers are concerned they can do different logical operations and some of them even have artificial intelligence.

Thus in order to elaborate up-to-date and inexpensive programs as well as to defend them from viruses, it is important to know some programming languages.

There are low-level programming languages such as a machine language and high-level programming languages, for instance, FORTRAN, PASCAL, ADA, C,

BASIC, etc.

Exercise 2. Сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз.1. What is a part of an applied mathematics?2. What does the computer science deal with?3. What are the computers intended to do?4. What is one of the main goals of using CAM and CAD?5. Can we solve our everyday problems with computers help?6. What kind of operations can simple devices perform?7. What kind of operations can complex devices perform?8. Why is it important to know some programming languages?9. What kind of low-level programming languages do you know?10. What kind of high-level programming languages do you know?

Exercise 3. Мәтіннен келесі сөздер мен сөз тіркестерінің аудармасын табыңыз.

Вычислительная наука, прикладная математика, область (сфера) знания, предназначен, предлагать быстрое решение, использование, сложение, вычитание, умножение, деление, решать ежедневные проблемы, современные программы, языки программирования высокого уровня, языки программирования низкого уровня.

Exercise 4. Сөйлемдерді аяқтаңыз.1. ... is a part of an applied mathematics. 2. Computers came ... and to our

houses. 3. Computers offer quick and ... .4. Computers can be ... devices. 5. Calculators can perform addition, ... .6. Some of computers even have ... .7. To defend programs from viruses, it is important to know ....

Exercise 5. Терминдердің баламасын табыңыз.1. up-to-date A. проектирование2. an applied mathematics B. производство3. to deal C. сложные устройства4. the productivity of labor D. языки программирования5. complex devices E. сложение

6. solutions F. прикладная математика7. programming languages G. могут быть разделены8. designing H. умножение9. to solve I. решения10. addition J. современный11. can be divided into K. выполнять12. manufacturing L. иметь дело13. to perform M. решать14. multiplication N. производительность труда







PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Computers can deal with different kinds of problems but they must be given the right instructions. Instructions are written in one of the high- level languages, for example, FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, PASCAL, BASIC, or C. But a program written in one of these languages should be interpreted into machine code. Usually when one instruction written in a high- level language is transformed into machine code, it results in several instructions. A brief description of some high- level languages is given below.

FORTRAN is acronym FORmula TRANslation. This language is used for solving scientific and mathematical problems it consists of algebraic formulae and

English phrases.COBOL is acronym for COmmon Business - Oriented Languages. This

language is used for commercial purposes. COBOL deals with the problems that don't involve a lot of mathematical calculations.

ALGOL is acronym for ALGOrithmic Language. It is used for mathematical and scientific purposes.

BASIC is acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instructions Code. It is used by students who require a simple language to begin programming.

C is developed to support the UNIX operating system. C is a general -purpose language.

When a program is designed to do a specific type of work it is called an application program.

Exercise 2. Оң бағанадан ағылшын сөздері мен сөз тіркестерінің дұрыс баламаларын табыңыз.

1. high- level language- a. язык общего назначения2. to solve scientific problems- b. для научных целей3. consists of- c. иметь дело 4. is used- d. требовать5. to deals (with)- e. состоять из6. algebraic formulae- f. язык высокого уровня7. general-purpose language- g. простой язык8. simple language- h. решать научныепроблемы9. to require- i. используется10. for scientific purposes- j. языки программирования11. application program- k. алгебраические формулы12. programming languages- l. прикладная программа

Exercise 3. Дұрыс нұсқаны тауып, сөйлемді аяқтаңыз.1. FORTRAN is a high- level language which is used fora) supporting the UNIX operating system.b) commercial purposes.c) solving scientific and mathematical problems.2. ALGOL is a high- level language which is intended to ....a) solve mathematical and scientific purposes.

b) be used for commercial purposes.c) be used by students who require a simple language to begin programming.3. COBOL is a high- level language which is designed ....a) to solve mathematical and scientific problems.b) be used for commercial purposes.c) to support the UNIX operating system.4. BASIC is a high- level language which is used ....a) used for solving mathematical problems.b) for commercial purposes.c) by students who require a simple language to begin

programming.5. C is a high- level language which is developed ....a) to deal with mathematical problems.b) for commercial purposes.c) to support the UNIX operating system.

Exercise 4. Берілген сөйлемнің қайсысы дұрыс?1. Computers can deal with different kinds of problems.2. Instructions are written in one of the low-level languages.3. FORTRAN is used to support the UNIX operating system.4. FORTRAN consists of algebraic formulae and English phrases.5. COBOL deals with the problems that involve a lot of mathematical

calculations.6. ALGOL is used for commercial purposes.7. BASIC is used by students who require a simple language to begin

programming.8. BASIC is a general -purpose language.9. When a program is designed to do a specific type of work it is called an

application program.

Exercise 5. Сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз.1. What can computers deal with?2. What kind of high-level programming languages do you know?3. What is FORTRAN?

4. What language is used for solving scientific and mathematical problems?5. What does COBOL deal with?6. What language is used for commercial purposes?7. What language is used by students who require a simple language to

begin programming?8. What is C?

Exercise 6. Сұраулы және болымсыз сөйлемдер құрастырыңыз.Computers can deal with different kinds of problems. FORTRAN is acronym

FORmula TRANslation. It consists of algebraic formulae and English phrases. This language is used for commercial purposes. COBOL deals with the problems that don't involve a lot of mathematical calculations. Students require a simple language to begin programming.







FOUR MAIN CLASSES OF COMPUTERS

Computer can perform many functions: they can do mathematical and logical operations. Mathematical operations include arithmetic and algebraic operations: such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, rising to a power, differentiating and integrating. Logical operations include comparing, selecting, sorting and matching.

Computers are divided into four main classes: microcomputers, minicomputers,

mainframes and supercomputers.A microcomputer is a computer manufactured on a single printed board which

contains one or more chips. Most microcomputers are personal computers. At present personal computers have become so powerful that they are used as CAD/CAM systems.

A microprocessor is a very small device used in microcomputers, which deals with memories by reading and writing process. Microprocessors can obtain from memory and execute a limited set of instructions in order to perform addition or subtraction on a binary word and to input or output binary data.

Memory is a device for storing digital information. Memory should be small in size and large in capacity. It should take little power and work at the same speed as computer logic. There are many types of memories. AH microcomputers use Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).

RAM is called so because information can be put into or out of any single byte of memory. ROM is permanent memory for program storage.

People know many types of memory units, hard disks and floppy disks being widely used. Floppy disks (flexible plastic disks) are used in personal computers.

Exercise 2. Ағылшын баламаларын табыңыз.Математические и логические операции, включать, умножение,

вычитание, деление, сложение, возведение в степень, делятся на, печатная плата, очень маленькое устройство, выполнять ограниченный набор инструкции, хранить цифровую информацию, жёсткий диск, гибкий диск, широко.

Exercise 3. Сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз.1. What functions can computer perform?2. What operations do mathematical operations?3. What operations do logical operations include?4. What kind of classes are computers divide?5. Are most computers personal computers?6. What is memory?7. What types of memory do you know?8. What is RAM?9. What is ROM?

10. What types of memory units are widely used?

Exercise 4. Дұрыс нұсқаны тауып, сөйлемді аяқтаңыз.1 . A microcomputer is ... . a) a computer which can perform addition or subtraction on a binary word; b) a computer manufactured on a single printed board which contains one

or more chips; c) a very small device that can obtain from memory and execute a limited

set of instructions.

2. A microprocessor is .... a) a device which can perform logical operations; b) a computer manufactured on a single printed board which contains one

or more chips; c) a device which can obtain from memory a limited set of instructions in

order to perform addition or subtraction;

3. RAM is... . a) memory for a limited set of instructions; b) permanent memory for program storage; c) memory when information can be put into or out of any single byte of

memory.

4. ROM is .... a) memory for limited set of instructions; b) permanent memory for program storage; c) random access memory.

Exercise 5. Мәтінді сөздіксіз аударыңыз.

Application of computers

Railways use large computer systems to control ticket reservations and to give immediate information on the status of its trains. The computer system is

connected by private telephone lines to terminals in major train stations and ticket reservations for customers are made through there The passenger's name, type of accommodation and the train schedule is put into computer's memory.

On a typical day, a railway's computer system gets thousands of telephone calls about reservations, space on other railways, and requests for arrivals and departures. A big advantage of the railway computer ticket reservation system is its rapidity because a cancelled booking can be sold anywhere in the system just a few seconds later. Railway computer systems are not used for reservations alone. They are used for a variety of other jobs including schedule, planning, freight and cargo loading, meal planning, personnel availability, accounting and stock control.

Exercise 6. Мәтінді мазмұнға дайындаңыз.







COMPUTER

One of the most important developments of the 20th century is the computer. As a consequence, there is now at the service of man an inanimate power of over 200 billion calculating operations per second, supplementing the thinking and the memory of man.

Computers are used nowadays for many different kinds of work, e.g. in offices, banks, factories, hospitals, universities and schools. Their use is becoming more widespread as cheaper and smaller computers become available. People can

now buy small personal computers.What are computers? And what can they be used for? Computers are

electronic systems. They are used for handling, or processing, facts and figures. The facts and figures processed by a computer are usually known as data. Computers can process large amounts of data very quickly.

The data fed, or put, into a computer is input data. Input data is processed according to a set of instructions called a program. Both input data and programs are needed for processing. The results of processing are output data. Very often, the output data is new and useful information. "Information" here means output data useful for making decisions.

A computer can be used to process many different types of data. For example, a scientist can use a computer to do numerical calculations. A businessman can use a computer to analyze a list of customers or stock (stores held by the business). An engineer can use a computer to produce diagrams or plans.

Exercise 2. Бос орынды мағынасына сәйкес келетін сөздермен толтырыңыз.

a) operation, operate, operator, operational, operationally, operating1. A computer can perform mathematical... very quickly. 2. One of the first

persons to note that the computer is malfunctioning is the computer.... 3. The job of a computer is to ... the various machines in a computer installation. 4. The new machines in the computer installation are not yet....

b) acceptance, accept, accepted, acceptable, acceptably1. A computer is a device which... processes and gives out information. 2.

The students are still waiting for their... into the Computer Science program. 3. It is ... to work without a template if the flowcharts are not kept on file.

c) solution, solve, solvable, solver

input data

programCOMPUTER

output data

1. It may take a lot of time to find a ... to a complex problem in programming. 2. A computer can ... a problem faster than any human being. 3. A computer has often been referred to as a problem ....

d) remark, remarkable, remarkably1. Today's computers are ... faster than their predecessors. 2. Systems

analysts will often make ... about existing programs so as to help make the operations more efficient. 3. There have been... developments in the field of computer science in the last decade.

e) communication, communicate, communicable, communicative, communicably

1. A computer must be able to... with the user. 2. Fibre optics is a new development in the field of... . 3. Some people working in computer installations aren't very ... because they are shy.

f) calculation, calculate, calculating, calculated, calculator, calculable, calculus

1. A computer can do many kinds of... quickly and accurately. 2.... is a branch of mathematics for making ... without the use of a ... machine. 3. A computer can ... numbers much faster than a manual... . 4. Some problems aren't... without logarithm tables.

g) mechanic, mechanism, mechanize, mechanical, mechanically, mechanistic, mechanics, mechanization, mechanized

1. Today's computers are less... than they used to be. 2. The... devices in a computer system operate more slowly than the electromagnetic devices. 3. The ... of the brain is very complicated but unlike a computer it isn't....

h) necessity, necessitate, necessary, necessarily, necessities, need, needed1. Because it is expensive to set up a computer department it is... tobudget well for the basic ... of the installations. 2. A good programmer isn't...

going to be a good systems analyst. 3. Students' lack of understanding of the basic concepts in computer science may... the instructor to restructure the course.

i) dependence, depend on, dependable, dependably, dependent, dependency, depending

1. The length of time a programmer takes to make a program will vary ... on the complexity of the problem and his ability and experience. 2. One can always ... a computer to obtain accurate answers because it's probably the most... machine in the world today.

j) technology, technological, technologically, technologist1. Computer... is a fast growing discipline. 2. The ... improvements of

computers are reducing man's workload.

Exercise 3. Мәтінді мазмұндауға дайындаңыз.







FLEXIBLE PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS

This country's machine-building industry is now facing the task of restructuring on a large scale engineering production, and developing new methods of organization, new equipment and new technologies. This is

a global process. Swift production automation, the introduction of microprocessors, robotics, rotary and rotary-conveyer lines, flexible readjustable production is vital for today's industry.

Industrial robots play an important part in the process. Many institutes are currently engaged in developing them. The concept of designing robot modules is making successful headway.

The task today is to raise their reliability, speed and failure-free operation.Russian engineers cooperate in the development of flexible production

systems with experts from different countries.Also needed for the operation of flexible systems are robots which will

transport billets and parts between machine-tools, i.e. transport robots, robot

trailers, as well as measuring robots. Experts from the Institute of Machine Studies are developing measuring manipulators and coordinate- measuring machines.

It is hard to enumerate all the problems facing our engineers and designers in the development of flexible productions. Automated systems of adjusting, controlling instruments, machined parts and many other things are needed.

The combination of flexible systems with the general system of programmed production, the spreading of flexibility to the processes of preparatory productions — foundry, forging and welding — are also very complicated problems. The flexible system must embrace all the stages of machine building, all its processes.

Exercise 2. Берілген сөйлемдерден инфинитив оралымдарын тауып, олардың аударылу ерекшеліктерін көрсетіңіз.

1. Engineers must know the best and most economical materials to use, understand the properties of these materials and how they can be worked. 2. Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part. 3. Industrial robots to be built now perform certain tasks even better than a human being. 4. There are few written instructions to help a melter in determining alloying additions to be made to a heat of steel melted in an induction furnace. 5. Heating temperatures, methods of quenching and shape of the part to be treated are the factors which particularly affect the amounts of distortion. 6. The tube to be drawn is mounted on the rollers on the turn-table bed-piece, and the left-hand end of the tube is brought in contact with the stripper plate incorporated in the head.

Exercise 3. Берілген сөйлемдерден инфинитив оралымдарын тауып, модельге сәйкес олардың аударылу ерекшеліктерін көрсетіңіз.

Model 1: То obtain a steel of the desired quality is the main subject of the experiments carried out in the research laboratory of the plant. — Получение стали желаемого качества является основной целью опытов, проводимых экспериментальной лабораторией завода.

Model 2: То obtain a steel of the desired quality the research laboratory of the plant carried out a lot of experiments. — Для того чтобы получить сталь желаемого качества, экспериментальная лаборатория завода провела много опытов.

1. То develop a new method of cutting metals was necessary. To develop a new method of cutting metals the engineers made some interesting experiments. 2. To make good castings it is necessary to use large and properly placed risers to feed heavy sections. To make good castings is impossible without using large and properly placed risers to feed heavy sections. 3. To discover the stresses occurring requires careful figuring. To discover the stresses occurring, we require careful figuring. 4. To use an aluminium paint spray was the only really promising mold- treatment developed in the test work. To use an aluminium paint spray the engineers developed the only really promising mold-treatment during the test work. 5. To design new machine-tools is the task of a mechanical engineer. To design new machine-tools a mechanical engineer must study a lot. 6. To be an ideal engineer means to have knowledge, to improve one's ability to analyze, synthesize and develop insight into one's field. To be an ideal engineer one is to have knowledge, to improve one's ability to analyze, synthesize and develop insight into one's field.

Exercise 4 Match the pairs of words: Сопоставьте пары слов:A. adequate 1. ясноB. to tit into 2. локализоватьC. inter-office memos 3. двоичное значениеD. suppose 4. достаточно мал, чтобыE. allocate 5. одновременноF. at a time 6. отображатьG. binary value 7. 2/3 своего обычного размераH. is just small enough 8. в большей части текстаІ. two-thirds its normal size 9. для более часто встречающихся

секцийJ. thus 10. итак, таким образомК. in most text 11. встречаться с различной

частотойL. occur with different frequences 12. встречаются режеМ. for commoner sections 13. тем не менееN. occur less often 14. больше, чемО. clearly 15. меньше, чемP. less than 16.соответствующийQ. more than R. howeverS. for space to be saved

17. внутриофисные документы 18. предположим 19. чтобы сохранить пространство


Мәтінді оқып, аударыңыз.

What is a computer?

The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements:

• Hardware• Software• People• Procedures• Data/informationWhen one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer

system, connectivity becomes the sixth element.Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware

how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do.

People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.

The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a program and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed, refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form.

Exercise 1. Аударыңыз.Ability; probability; compatibility; to enable; unable; programmable;

reliable; disable; capable; capability; readable; testability; addressable; expandability.

Exercise 2. Берілген сөйлемнің қайсысы дұрыс?1. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as software.2. There are five elements of computer system: hardware, software, people,3. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do.4. The information is raw material.5. Computer is used to convert data into information.

Exercise 3. Дұрыс нұсқасын табыңыз.1. The term computer is used to describe ... made up of a combination of

electronic and electromechanical components.2. When one computer system is set up ... with another computer system,

connectivity becomes the sixth element.3. ... is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how

to perform a task.4. ... create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures

that those instructions present.5. Computers accept information in the form of characters called data to

perform6. Computer is also used to store information in the ....a) softwareb) peoplec) mathematical and logical operationsd) to communicatee) digital formf) a device

Exercise 4. Берілген сөздерге синонимдер беріңіз.Memory; chip; to locate; card (плата); to manage; unit (прибор); peripheral;

description; to run; to handle (обрабатывать); to enter; to leave; usage; aim (цель); to believe; expansion; complicated (сложный); to project; management; to decide; to suggest (предлагать); to present; meaning; sequence (последовательность); to reach; additional part; program; accuracy.

Exercise 5. Берілген сөздерге антонимдер беріңіз.external; input; to send; to enter; similarity; constantly; shortcoming

(недостаток); fraction; rigid (жесткий, негнущийся); full; inaccuracy; insecure.

Модуль 4






1. Мәтінді оқып, аударыңыз.

THE PARTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

In order to use computers effectively to solve problems in our environment, computer systems are devised. Computer systems may be discussed in two parts.

The first part is hardware — the physical, electronic, and electromechanical devices that are thought of and recognized as "computers". The hardware consists of Central Processing Unit (CPU), input devices and output devices. The CPU is made up of a processor and a main memory, or main store. The processor carries out, or executes, instructions in the program. The main memory stores input data and the program needed by the processor. The main memory also holds output data, or the results of processing.

Input devices are used to provide data for the CPU. The keyboard is a common data input device. By using a keyboard, a user can enter data directly into the computer system. Data is sometimes entered on cards. The cards are read by an input device called a card reader. Data is often input from a mass storage device, such as magnetic tape or magnetic disc. A mass storage device has a much larger capacity than main memory. That is, it can store more data. The tapes or discs are read by an input device called a tape drive or a disc drive.

Output devices receive data from the CPU. The Visual Display Unit (VDU) and printer are common output devices. The VDU is similar to a television screen.

The printer produces printed output on paper. Both the VDU and printer present output data for immediate use. Sometimes, the output data is transmitted along a telephone line to another computer. Output data can also be stored for future use on a mass storage device, such as magnetic tape or magnetic disc.

Input devices, output devices and mass storage devices are collectively called

Exercise 2. Терминдердің дұрыс аудармасын табыңыз.1.hardware a) a set of instructions for the CPU2.software b) devices used to provide data for the CPU3.CPU c) devices which receive data from CPU4.input devices d) parts of hardware in which instructions are5.output devices carried out and data is stored e) physical, electronic and

electromechanical devices

Exercise 3. Дұрыс нұсқаны тауып, бос орынға қойыңыз.1. Computer is a machine that performs tasks under the control of a set

of instructions called a program. Program results are ... (read, transported, stored) in the main memory or directed to ... (software, input devices, output devices) such as video display monitors or printers.

2. Robots require a lot of sensors and powerful computers... (to process, to consist of, to put into) the complex information.

3. A major user of robots is the automobile industry. It uses robots for tasks such as spot (точечная)... (hardware, welding, introducing), adjusting ... (forging, instruments, storage), preparatory production, parts transfer. Assembly is one of the fastest growing industrial applications of robotics. Robotic manipulators create manufactured products that are of higher quality and lower cost. ... (robotics, transport, application) can result in the loss of unskilled jobs, particularly on assembly lines. New jobs are created in ... (methods, persons, software) development, in robot installation and maintenance. At the same time, new design robot modules are ... (manipulated, introduced, measured), new ... (reliability,

flexible, forging) systems are developed, the ... (diagram, module, hardware) of computers is improved, so that automated machines could assist humans in the manufacture of new products.

Exercise 4. Мәтінді мазмұндауға дайындаңыз.




1. Грамматикалық дағдыларын дамыту.2. Іштей оқу дағдыларын дамыту, сөздік қорды молайту. Әдістемелік нұсқау:Мәтінді аудару үшін мәтінді оқып алып, таныс емес сөздерді теріп


Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

TYPES OF SOFTWAREA computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment

or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.

Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.

Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.

System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the

operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can be brought in.

System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate a peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly goes along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your mainboard to «understand» the newly attached part.

Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include as much as possible in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the

marketing point of view.Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by

system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.

Exercise 2. General understanding1. What is software?2. In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided?3. What is system software for?4. What is an operating system — a system software or application

software?5. What is a «driver»?6. What is application software?

7. What is application software used for?8. What is the tendency in application software market in the recent years?9. What is the application of the communication software?

Exercise 3. Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text:

1) Computer programs only instruct hardware how to handle data storage.2) System software controls internal computer activities.3) System software is very dependable on the type of application software

being used.4) The information about memory capacity, the model of the processor and

disk drives are unavailable for system software.5) The driver is a special device usually used by car drivers for Floppy-disk

driving.6) It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when you buy a new piece of

hardware.7) Software developers tend to make their products very small and with poor

interface to save computer resources.8) Communication software is in great demand now because of the new

advances in communication technologies.9) Application software is merely a general-purpose instrument.10) Web-browsers is the class of software for electronic communication

through the network.

Exercise 4. Find English equivalents in the text:1) Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения

операций.2) Прикладные программы выполняют поставленную вами конкретную

задачу (удовлетворяют вашу потребность).3) Этот класс программ — самый многочисленный и перспективный с

точки зрения маркетинга.4) Системные программы предназначены для конкретных устройств

компьютерной системы.5) Устанавливая драйвер, вы учите» систему «понимать» вновь

присоединенное устройство.

6) Когда компьютер впервые включается, одна из системных программ должна быть загружена в его память.

7) Развитие систем электронной коммуникации за последние пять лет стимулировало производство соответствующих программных продуктов возрастающим числом компаний-разработчиков.

Exercise 5. Give definitions to the following using the vocabulary:1) Software2) Driver3) Application software4) Operating system5) Communication software6) Computer7) Peripheral device8) Operating system






Exercise 1. Read and translate the text

OPERATING SYSTEMS

When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program

instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.

Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.

DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.

The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number.

Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 processor or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 processor with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities.

OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled.

UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use.

Windows 95 & 98 (Windows 2000) are the most popular user-oriented

operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system.

Windows 95 requires 486 processor with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.

Exercise 1. General understanding:1) What problems faced programmers in the 1940's and 1950's?2) Why were the first programs «complex» and «time-consuming»?3) What are the basic functions of operating system?4) What does the abbreviation DOS mean?5) What company developed the first version of DOS operating system? For

what purpose was it done? Was the new operational system successful?6) What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS-DOS7) What does the abbreviation NT stand for? Is NT DOS-compatible? What

are the basic requirements for NT?8) Who is the developer of OS/2?9) What makes UNIX so different from the other operational systems?10) What are the special features of Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows

2000?

Exercise 2. Match the following:1) Like NT, ... is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface

that lets you run programmes with a click of a mouse.2)... is the most commonly used PC operating system3)... is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the

system4)... is an operating system developed by Microsoft, an enhanced version of

the popular Microsoft Windows programs.5) The usage of... is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very

quickly.

a) UNIX

b)DOSc) NTd) OS/2e) Windows 95

Exercise 3. Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.

1) When computers were first introduced in 40's and 50's programmers had to write programs to instruct CD-ROMs, laser printers and scanners.

2) The operational system controls and manages the use of the hardware and the memory.

3) There are no commands available in operating systems, they are only in word processors.

4) Microsoft developed MS-DOS to compete with IBM's PC-DOS.5) NT requires computers with 486 CPU and 16 M random access memory.6) OS/2 is DOS compatible because it was developed by Microsoft.7) Traditionally, UNIX was run by many users simultaneously.8) Windows 95 and Windows 98 are DOS compatible and have very

«friendly» and convenient interface.

Exercise 4. Describe the table using given words. Table (таблица); shows (показывает); increases in performance

(увеличивают свою производительность); transistor count; over their history (за свою историю); summarizes the evolution; key features (ключевые характеристики); is indicated by (обозначены); MIPs (Millions of Instructions per Second); preferred measure of CPU performance; benchmarks (точка отсчета), span (диапазон), six generations of (шесть поколений), given here (данные здесь), correspond to... (соответствуют); maximum; are given in bits (даны в битах); there are; integrated into the...; and beyond (и ниже); are 2 to 4 times wider than (от 2 до 4 раз шире); for each processor (для каждого процессора); in addition to (в дополнение к); large general-purpose caches (большая кэш-память общего назначения); listed in the table (приведенный в таблице); has the same (имеет такой же); described for the... (описанный для); as well as (а также); structure; except (кроме); the size of each (размер каждого).

Processor Performance Over Time and Other Intel Architecture Key Features

Intel Processor

Date of Product Introduction

Performance in MIPs 1

Max CPU Frequncy at Introduction

Number of Transistors in the Die

Main CPU Register Size 2

External Data Bus Size 2

Max. External Addr. Space

Cashes in CPU Package

8086 1978

0.8

8 MHz

29 К

16 16

1 MB

None

Intel 286

1982

2.7

12.5 MHz

134 К

16 16

16MB

Note 3

Intel386™ DX

1985

6.0

20 MHz

275 К

32 32

4 GB

Note 3

Intel486™ DX

1989

20

25 MHz

1.2 M

32 32

4 GB

8KB LI

Pentium ®

1993

100

60 MHz

3.1 М

32 64

4 GB

16 KB LI

Pentium ® Pro

1995

440

200 MHz

5.5 М

32 64

64 GB

16KB LI; 256KB or 512KB L2

Pentium II ®

1997

466

Ж 7 М

32 64

64 GB

16KB LI ; 256KB or 512KB L2

Pentium III

1999

1000

500 8.2 М

32 GP 128 SIMD-FP

64

64 GB

32KB LI ; 512KB L2






Exercise 1. Read and translate the text

INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphi-cal interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.

Exercise 1. General understanding:1) What is Internet used for?2) Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are

possible through the Internet?3) What is World Wide Web?4) What is Web browser?5) What does a user need to have an access to the WWW?6) What are hyperlinks?7) What resources are available on the WWW?8) What are the basic recreational applications of WWW?

Exercise 2. Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.

1) There are still not so many users of the Internet.2) There is information on all sorts of topics on the Internet, including

education and weather forecasts.3) People can communicate through e-mail and chat programs only.4) Internet is tens of thousands of networks which exchange the information

in the same basic way.5) You can access information available on the World Wide Web through

the Web browser.6) You need a computer (hardware) and a special program (software) to be a

WWW user.7) You move from site to site by clicking on a portion of text only.8) Every time the user wants to move somewhere on the 'eh he/she needs to

step by step enter links and addresses.9) Films and pictures are not available on the Internet.10) Radio and TV-broadcasting is a future of Internet. They're not available

yet.

Exercise 3. Match the following:1) You access the information through one interface or tool called a...2) People connected to the WWW through the local... have access to a

variety of information.

3) The user doesn't need to know where the site is, the... follows the...4) In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the...5) Each... provides a graphical interface.6) Local... charge money for their services to access... resources.

Words to match with:1) web browser, providers, link, WWW,

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text without dictionary.

WHAT CAN ROBOTS DO?

The word "robot" was first used by Czech playwright Karel Capek, who in 1920 wrote a drama about machines that could move like human beings — and do their work. Today this idea has become a reality. Industrial robots now being manufactured perform certain tasks even better than a human being. We are thus at the threshold of the era of robots — what might be called a "robolution".

An industrial robot is a unit which has movement functions with a high degree of freedom similar to human arms and hands and is able to move autonomously on the basis of sense and perceptions.

There are six categories of robots: (1) the manual manipulator, remotely controlled by a person, which carries out hand-and-arm functions to hold and move objects; (2) the fixed-sequence robot, which performs a series of operations in a preset order, always in the same series of locations in space; (3) the variable-sequence robot, which operates in the same manner as a fixed-sequence robot but can easily be reprogrammed for a different sequence of operations; (4) the playback robot, which repeats a sequence of movements and operations that are first "taught" by manual movement of a manipulator and stored in the robot's memory unit; (5) the numerically- controlled robot, which moves from one position to another according to numerical instructions in such forms as punched paper tapes or cards; and (6) the intelligent robot, an advanced type that can decide its course of action on the basis of its sensing devices and analytical capability.

Today robots play a major role in welding, press-forming, coating and other operations, particularly in the automotive industry.


Мәтінді оқып, аударыңыз.

Hardware.

Hardware is the mechanical magnetic, electronic and electrical devices composing a computer system.

Computer hardware can be divided into four categories: 1. input hardware 2. processing hardware 3. storage hardware 4. output hardwareInput hardware.

The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand held device connected to the computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the mouse pad, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to command to the computer.

Processing hardware. The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the

execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and main memory.

The CPU is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing activities. The design of the CPU affects the processing power and the speed of the computer, as well as the amount

of main memory it can use effectively. With a well- designed CPU you can perform highly sophisticated tasks in a very short time.

Exercise 1. Сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз.1. What is hardware?2. How many categories is computer hardware divided into?3. What is the purpose of the input hardware?4. What is the most common input device?5 . What is the purpose of processing hardware?6. What does the CPU do?7. What tasks can you perform with a well- designed CPU?

Exercise 2. Сөздермен сөз тіркестерінің аудармасын табыңыз.1. input hardware- a) управлять2. amount- b) устройство обработки данных3. to execute- c) устройство хранения данных4. output hardware- d) влиять5. to retrieve- e) цель6. to interpret- f) клавиатура7. to provide- g) достигать8. to reach- h) извлекать9. the purpose- i) переводить10. storage hardware- j) устройство ввода данных11. to direct- k) выполнять12. processing hardware- l) количество13. keyboard- m) сложный14. sophisticate- n) обеспечивать15.to affect- o) выходные устройства отображения информации

Exercise 3. Сөйлемдерді аяқтаңыз. 1 . The purpose of the input hardware is ... it into a form suitable for

computer processing.2. Keyboard looks very much like a ....3. ... is a hand held device connected to the computer by small cable.4. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually ... on the

mouse once or twice to command to the computer.5. The purpose of processing hardware is ... the execution of software

instructions provided to the computer.6. The most common components of processing hardware are ....7. The CPU is ... of the computer.8. The CPU ... software instructions and coordinates the processing

activities.9. ... you can perform highly sophisticated tasks in a very short time.

Exercise 4. Мәтінді сөздіксіз аударыңыз.

Memory

Memory is the system of component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM.

RAM (random access memory) is the volatile computer memory, used for creating loading and running programs and for manipulating and temporarily storing data;

ROM (read only memory) is nonvolatile, no modifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed instructions to the system.

The more memory you have in computer, the more operations you can perform.

Documents

Приложение 1 - edu.semgu.kzedu.semgu.kz/ebook/umkd/ffa74d22-d155-11e5-bf37... · Web viewAutomation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes ... Когда