HISTORY OF

CPU

IN 1950s ERA

Basic features introduced during this period included index registers , a return-address saving instruction (UNIVAC I), immediate operands (IBM 704), and the detection of invalid operations (IBM 650).

IBM 650 punch cards or tapes.

Eventhough computers were built for specific numerical processing tasks, many machines used decimal numbers.

Most machines actually had ten vacuum tubes per digit in each register.

An early project for the U.S. Air Force, BINAC attempted to make a lightweight, simple computer by using binary arithmetic.

1960s: the computer revolution and CISC

In 1962, IBM designed a single reference computer called the System/360 (or S/360).

simple processor for low cost but with a higher microcode emulator.

high-end machine would use a much more complex processor that could directly process more of the System/360 design, thus running a much simpler and faster emulator.

"Complex Instruction Set Computer,” CISC.

There was also the BUNCH (Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, Control Data Corporation, and Honeywell) that competed against IBM.

The Burroughs Corporation offered an alternative to S/360 with their B5000 series machines. In 1961, the B5000 had virtual memory, symmetric multiprocessing, a multi-programming operating system , written in ALGOL 60, and the industry's first recursive-descent compilers as early as 1963.

IN 1970s

Around 1970, the first calculator and clock chips began to show that very small computers might be possible.

first commercially available microprocessors was the BCD based Intel 4004, designed in 1970 for the japanese calculator company Busicom.

By the mid-1970s, the use of integrated circuits in computers was introduced.

The Burroughs B5000/B6000/B7000 series reached its largest market share. It was a stack computer whose OS was programmed In a dialect of Algol.

RAM was introduced by IBM.

1980s: the lessons of RISC

RISCs had larger numbers of registers, accessed by simpler instructions, with a few instructions specifically to load and store data to memory.

Harvard Architecture machine. Von neumann. MISC ; stack .

New Era of CPU

Advancements:

Multi-threading Multi-core Intelligent RAM Reconfigurable logic Open source processors Asynchronous CPUs

New Era of CPU

VLIW In the early 1990s, a significant innovation was done and the coordination of a multiple-ALU

computer was moved into the compiler and a software that translates a programmer's instructions into machine-level instructions was introduced.

This type of computer is called a very long instruction word (VLIW) computer. Statically scheduling the instructions in the compiler (as opposed to letting the processor do the

scheduling dynamically) can reduce CPU complexity. This can improve performance, reduce heat, and reduce cost.

EPIC Intel's Itanium chip is based on what they call an Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC)

design. This design supposedly provides the VLIW advantage of increased instruction throughput. However, it avoids some of the issues of scaling and complexity, by explicitly providing in each "bundle" of instructions information concerning their dependencies. This information is calculated by the compiler, as it would be in a VLIW design.

Introduction of Intel Processors:

Intel 80486

The first x86 chip to use more than a million transistors

A 50 MHz 486 executes around 40 million instructions per second on average and is able to reach 50 MIPS peak performance.

Pentium microprocessor

A 32-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1993.

It contains 3.3 million transistors, nearly triple the number contained in its predecessor, the 80486 chip. Though still in production, the Pentium processor has been superseded by the Pentium Pro and Pentium II microprocessors. Since 1993, Intel has developed the Pentium III and more recently the Pentium 4 microprocessors

Cont..

1995. Intel introduces the Pentium Pro which becomes the foundation for the Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium M, and Intel Core Architecture

Athlon In 2000,AMD hits 1 GHZ with its Athlon microprocessor. Dual Core and Core 2 Duo: here we started with dual cores and each core has

32-bits of transmission. In 2010 Intel introduced Core i3, i5, i7 processors. In 2011 AMD announces the appearance of the world's first 8 core CPU for

desktop PC's.

Quad Core & Octa Core Quad Core Processors:

• In 2011 these processors were invented and it has 4 cores in a single chip which has 32 bits each.

• It will do 128 bits processing in a single instant without any leakage.

• Intel Corporation introduced these to the market with the Core I3 and AMD Corporation with the line of AMD A4 and rest.

Octa core:

• In 2012 these processors were invented and it has 4 cores in a single chip which has 32 bits each.

• It will do 128 bits processing in a single instant without any leakage.

Xeon:This is the latest processor which has 8 cores and maximum clocked frequency with much power efficiency.

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