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PC Hardware:

TASK 1:

IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERIPHERALS OF A COMPUTER

To prepare a report containing the block diagram of the CPU along with

the configuration of each peripheral and its functions. Description of

various I/O Devices

What is computer?

A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols. Its principal

characteristics are:

It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.

It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

Computers can perform complex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely and reliably.

Modern computers are electronic and digital.

The actual machinery (wires, transistors, and circuits) is called hardware; the instructions

and data are called software.

Fig: Block diagram of Computer

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Input devices:

Keyboard

Mouse

joy sticks

light pen

Microphone

Scanner

Touch Screen

Web Camera

Bar Code Reader

Output devices:

Printer

Speakers

Monitor

Plotter

Head phones

Projector

Hardware components in computer:

1. The Mother Board:

The Mother Board is the main circuit board inside the PC, which holds processor,

memory and expansion slots and it, provides the interconnecting of the circuitry through

which the primary components of the mother board receive the power and pass control

signals, data, address and instructions to each other.

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2. CPU [Central Processing Unit]:

The CPU is the brain of the system. It

reads the instructions from the software and

tells the computer what to do. It sends

commands to direct the actions of all the

other components in the PC and it manages

the distribution of data to, from those

various components.

3. SMPS [Switching mode Power Supply]:

When you plug your cable into your

PC, you are actually plugging into a socket

in the power supply unit that has been fitted

inside your case. This component is

responsible for converting the 240V AC

mains power to low voltage DC power

needed by PC components. The power

supply is connected to the ATX power

connector slot present in the mother board

via a multicolored cable and a large white

plastic connector.

4. Cabinet:

It is the skin of the computer. It supports

the rest of the computer. A computer cabinet

is used to protect the precious components,

like mother board and other electronic

equipments from dust, heat, and moisture. It

is a vital component in maintaining the

temperature of the computer.

5. CPU heat Sink and fan:

Processors were cooled with a heat sink

or cooling fan or both, attached directly to

the surface of the processor. In addition, the

system fan was reversed to extract the

heated air from inside the computer case and

forces it out.

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6. RAM [Random Access Memory]:

Random Access Memory (RAM)

is a volatile memory and losses all its

data when the power is switched off. It

stores the application programs and

the data on which the user is currently

working so that the processor can

easily access the required application

program and data in a less amount of

time.

7. HDD [Hard Disk Drive]:

The hard disk, also known as a

fixed disk, can hold a large volume of

data. The function of the hard disk is

to provide convenient, persistent and

permanent as well as transit storage

for data and programs. The

information survives when the power

to computer is turned off.

8. FDD [Floppy Disk Drive]:

The floppy disk drive also works

in the same principles as a hard disk

drive however it cannot record at such

data densities as the hard disk drive.

9. CD-R [Compact Disk Recordable]:

User can write data only once and

reading is possible much number of

times.

10.CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable):

User can write data multiple times.

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11. Different Screws Used

There are different types of

screws for fitting the mother

boards, inner parts and cabinet.

12. AGP [Accelerated Graphics Port] Card:

AGP is a more recent bus

technology designed specifically

for graphics cards. AGP video

cards are capable of a higher data

transfer rate than PCI video

cards.

13. LAN [Local Area Network] Card:

LAN adapter and by similar

terms) is a computer hardware

component that connects a

computer to a computer network.

LAN is used for connect to the

internet.

14. BIOS ROM [Basic Input and Output]:

The BIOS includes

instructions on how to load basic

computer hardware and includes

a test referred to as POST (Power

On Self-Test) that helps verify

the computer meets requirements

to boot up properly. It is called

boot startup loader.

15. CMOS Battery: [Complementary Metal-

Oxide Semiconductor]:

The CMOS battery supplies a

steady power source to store the

system configuration and system

date and time even system is

switched off.

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16. PCI: [Peripheral Component Interconnect]:

It is used for connecting sound

card, and Network Interface

card, Graphic card etc.

17. CNR [Communications and Networking

Riser]:

It is a slot found on certain

PC motherboards and used for

specialized networking, audio,

and telephony equipment.

18. I/O connectors IDE: [Integrated drive electronics]:

The mother board includes

a variety of external I/O

connectors that allow external

devices to communicate with

the CPU.

19. Plugs, Connectors and Ports:

The mother board also contains

a number of inputs and outputs,

to which various equipment are

connected. Most ports (also

called I/O ports) can be seen

where they end in a connector

at the back of the PC. These

are:

Ports for the keyboard and

mouse, Serial ports, the

parallel port and USB

ports,Sockets for speakers /

microphone etc.

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20. South Bridge:

South Bridge interconnects

primary and secondary

connectors ,PCISlots, BIOS,

Ports ,FloppyDrive Connector

It is also called as

Input/Output Controller Hub

21. North Bridge

North Bridge interconnects

Socket 478,AGP slot RAM

slots it is focal point of

motherboard and also it is also

called as Memory controller

hub

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ASSEMBLING AND DEASSEMBLING THE SYSTEM:

TASK 2:

A practice on disassemble the components of a PC and assembling them to

working condition.

Basic Tools & Requirements:

Screwdrivers

Screws

Required Components:

Mother Board, Processor ,CPU heat sink fan, RAM, SMPS ,Hard disk, CD/DVD drives

Floppy drive, AGP, LAN cards, IDE Cables Cabinet.

An Overview Of Steps Involved: Opening the empty case.

Preparing to fit the components.

Fitting the motherboard.

Fitting the RAM, processor, and CPU

heat sink fan.

Installing the AGP card and LAN card.

Fitting the hard disk and floppy drive.

Installing CD/DVD-ROM drives.

Connecting the IDE cables.

Powering the drives and motherboard and

Components.

Connecting the cables for the case front

panel.

1. Opening the Empty Case:

The cabinet is built to ATX specification and includes a 300-watt power supply. Two side

panels can be individually removed after undoing the screws.

When you have opened the case by removing the side panels, you will see what

accessories the case manufacture has supplied.

2. Fitting the Motherboard: Our case has a slide-out tray, which provides a very elegant way to install the

motherboard and all of its components. The photo shows six spacers already fitted to the

mounting plate. There are usually more holes drilled in the mounting plate than you actually

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need. There are standard locations for these holes on the mounting plate, which correspond to

the holes on the motherboard.

3. Installing the CPU and CPU heat sink fan: First, insert the CPU in its socket. To do this, raise the small lever at the side of the socket.

If you examine the CPU from underneath, you will notice that there is a pin missing at one

corner. Match this corner with the corner on the socket where there is a hole missing. Please

bear in mind that you should not force the CPU when inserting it! All pins should slide

smoothly into the socket. If you are sure that you have positioned the CPU correctly (using the

missing pin as reference), lock the lever back down.

4. Installing the RAM:

The RAM must be suitable for the motherboard. There are currently 2 types of RAM

available: SDRAM, DDRAM The motherboard's chipset determines which type of RAM may

be used. You will find the specification on the motherboard's box or in the motherboard

manual.

A notch at the bottom of the memory module ensures that the RAM is fitted correctly.

The notch is located in different places on SDRAM, DDRAM. You should line up the RAM

with its slot before installing it. Then, carefully press the module into the slot.

5. Installing the AGP card and LAN card:

In place - sound card (left) and LAN card (center) in white PCI slots. If required

Graphics cards are usually fitted in the AGP slots provided specifically for this purpose. These

are brown in color, in contrast to the PCI slots, and are generally located in the center of the

motherboard.

6. Installing the Hard Disk and Floppy:

The photo below shows the hard disk already fitted. As you can see, we can look right

through the case here. If we had slid the motherboard tray back into position, it would have

been impossible to screw the hard disk in from the left.

At the moment, we still have good access to the hard disk (bottom) and the floppy drive (top).

You can see the screws for the drive on the side.

7. Installing the CD-ROM Drive:

Installing a CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk. First, check that the jumper

configuration is correct.

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8. Connecting the IDE Cables:

There are two main cable types: the 34-pin cable for the floppy drive and the 40-

pin IDE cable (with 80 wires) for the hard disk and CD-ROM. Cables are always color-coded.

9. Drive Power Connectors:

Four-pole for 5 and 12 volts. Disk drive power connector on the right next to the IDE

cable. Power supplies are fitted with at least five plugs for delivering power to the drives.

Floppy drives have smaller plugs, which are easily recognized among the cables coming from

the power supply. Finally, there is the large ATX plug that plugs into the power socket on the

motherboard. ATX12 or P6 should be connected where required. Power supplies to floppy

drive, hard disk, CD/DVD Drives.

10. Front Panel Connections:

Front panel connections: HDD LED (hard disk light), power (on/ off) switch and RESET

switch in the top row. Below: mini speaker. All motherboards group the pins that provide

front panel functions at the bottom right of the board. You should find these described in the

handbook that came with your motherboard.

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INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS XP:

TASK 3:

Examples of Operating systems- DOS, MS Windows, Installation of MS windows on a

PC.

What is operating System?

Operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data that run on computer. It

is interface or bridge between user and computer hardware. User controls the hardware

components using only operating system.

Ex Microsoft windows XP, vista, windows 7, Mac OS, Linux, Solaris, Unix, Android ,DOS

etc

INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS 7 Ultimate:

Windows 7 system requirements: • Processor:

1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor

• RAM:

1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)

• Hard disk:

16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)

• DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver

Procedure:

Load in your Windows 7 DVD and boot it. It will now load the setup files.

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Select your language, time & currency format, keyboard or input method and click Next.

Click Install now.

Check I accept the license terms and click Next.

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Click Upgrade if you already have a previous Windows version or Custom (advanced) if you

don't have a previous Windows version or want to install a fresh copy of Windows 7.

(Skip this step if you chose Upgrade and have only one partition) Select the drive where you

want to install Windows 7 and click Next. If you want to make any partitions, click Drive

options (advanced), make the partitions and then click Next.

It will now start installing Windows 7. The first step, (i.e. Copying Windows files) was

alreadydone when you booted the Windows 7 DVD so it will complete instantly.

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After completing the first step, it will expand (decompress) the files that it had copied.

The third and fourth step will also complete instantly like the first step.

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After that it will automatically restart after 15 seconds and continue the setup. You can also

click Restart now to restart without any delays.

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After restarting for the first time, it will continue the setup. This is the last step so it will take the

most time than the previous steps.

It will now automatically restart again and continue the setup. You can click Restart now to

restart without any delays.

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Type your desired user name in the text-box and click Next. It will automatically fill up the

computer name.

If you want to set a password, type it in the text-boxes and click Next.

Type your product key in the text-box and click Next. You can also skip this step and simply

click Next if you want to type the product key later. Windows will run only for 30 days if you do

that.

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Select your desired option for Windows Updates.

Select your time and click Next.

If you are connected to any network, it will ask you to set the network's location.

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And there you have a fresh copy of Windows 7 installed!

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TASK 4:

Introduction to Memory and Storage Devices, I/O Port, Device Drivers, Assemblers,

Compilers, Interpreters, Linkers, Loaders

Introduction to Memory and Storage Devices:

Random Access Memory (RAM):

Computers store temporary data in the RAM (Random Access Memory). These could

be operating instructions, loose bits of data or content from programs that are running

The contents of RAM are constantly rewritten as the data is processed.

When the computer is switched off, all the data is cleared from the RAM.

This type of memory is called volatile because it only stores the data whilst the

computer is switched on

Memory types– RAM:

– SRAM: static RAM

– DRAM: dynamic RAM

– SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

– EDRAM (Enhanced DRAM)

– EDO (Extended Data Out)

– FLASH RAM

– Ferroelectric RAM

Read Only Memory (ROM):

When a computer is first switched on, it needs to load up the BIOS (Basic Input/output

System) and basic instructions for the hardware. These are stored in ROM (Read Only

Memory).

This type of memory is called non-volatile because it retains the data.

Data stored in ROM remains there even when the computer is switched off.

Memory types– ROM:

• ROM: read-only memory (Pre-programmed)

– PROM: programmable ROM

• Only written once

– EPROM: erasable PROM

• Use ultraviolet light to erase data

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– EEPROM: electronically EPROM

• Can be erased using electronic impulses (higher voltages)

Types of backing storage:

Computers need backing storage outside the CPU to store data and programs not currently in

use.

There are three main types of storage device:

Those that store data by magnetizing a special material that coats the surface of a disk

Those that store data using optical technology to etch the data onto a plastic-coated

metal disk. Laser beams are then passed over the surface to read the data.

Flash drives use solid state technology and store data in a similar way to the BIOS

chip

Auxiliary Storage Devices-

• Magnetic Tape,

• Hard Disk,

• Floppy Disk

Optical Disks:

• CD-R Drive

• CD-RW disks[ 800 MB]

• DVD [ Digital Versatile Disk] [4.7 GB]

• Blu ray Discs[50 GB ]

Solid state storage devices:

• Memory Cards

• SD Cards

• Pen drives

I/O Ports:

• All devices that connect outside of the computer must use a port to connect Known as I/O

ports (Input/Output)

• Bits can travel in parallel or in serial

• To receive the bytes from external peripheral(s) [or device(s) or processor(s) or

controllers] for reading them later using instructions executed on the processor or

• To send the bytes to external peripheral or device or processor using instructions

executed on processor

• A Port connects to the processor using address decoder and system buses

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• I/O Port Types:1.Serial Ports

2. Parallel Ports

Device Drivers:

• A device driver (commonly referred to as a driver) is a computer program that operates or

controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer.

• A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems

and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know

precise details of the hardware being used.

Assemblers:

• An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions[assembly language ] and

converts them into[Machine language 0/1]

• Used with low level languages

• Examples MACRO-80 Assembler, Microsoft MASM

EX:

Mov ax, 1

Mov bx, 2

Add bx

Compiler:

• A compiler is a computer program that translates a program in a source language into an

equivalent program in a target language.

• A source program/code is a program/code written in the source language, which is

usually a high-level language.

• A target program/code is a program/code written in the target language, which often is a

machine language or an intermediate code.

• Checks syntax of program

• Checks at a time all the program

• Examples C, C++, Fortran, Pascal, JAVA

Interpreter:

• Interpreter is translating and executing one statement (command of Computer Program) of

Source Code into Object Code at a time. (It means, interpreters translate and execute

computer programs line by line).

• Examples Basic,VbScript and JavaScript , PHP were usually interpreted

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The main differences between compiler and interpreter

• The interpreter takes one statement then translates it and executes it and then takes

another statement. While the compiler translates the entire program in one go and then

executes it.

• Compiler generates the error report after the translation of the entire page while an

interpreter will stop the translation after it gets the first error.

• Compiler takes a larger amount of time in analyzing and processing the high level

language code comparatively interpreter takes lesser time in the same process.

• Besides the processing and analyzing time the overall execution time of a code is faster for

compiler relative to the interpreter

Linkers:

Which combines two or more separate object programs and supplies the information needed

to allow references between them

Loaders:

A “Loader” is a program which accepts the object program into memory for execution as

input, makes them executable by the computer and initiates execution

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HARDWARE & SOFTWARE TROUBLESHOOTING:

TASK 5:

Identification of a problem and fixing a defective PC

When the computer is turned on or reset, it initializes a special program, stored on the

ROM chip, called the power-on self-test or POST. The function of the POST is to allow

the system to be ―checked out‖ every time the computer is turned on.

The POST can be divided into parts. First is the test of the most basic devices- including

the video? If anything goes wrong, the computer will beep. Second is a test of the rest of

the devices. If anything goes wrong, a text error message appears on screen. In the first

part of the POST if anything goes wrong, the computer will send a series of beeps. The

meaning of these beeps varies from one BIOS manufacturer to another.

Computer error beeps codes:

No beep: short, no power, bad CPU/ MD, loose peripherals.

One beep: everything is normal & computer posted tax.

Two beeps: post / CMOS error.

One long beep One short beep: Motherboard problem.

One long beep two short beep: video problem.

One long beep 3 short beeps: video problem.

3 long beeps: keyboard error.

Repeated long beep: memory error.

Continuous high- low beeps: CPU overheating

Common Computer Problems:

1. The Computer Won’t Start:

A computer that suddenly shuts off or has difficulty starting up could have a failing power

supply. Check that the computer is plugged into the power point properly and, if that doesn’t

work, test the power point with another working device to confirm whether or not there is

adequate power.

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2. The Screen is Blank:

If the computer is on but the screen is blank, there may be an issue with the connection between

the computer and the screen. First, check to see if the monitor is plugged into a power point and

that the connection between the monitor and computer hard drive is secure

3. Strange Noises:

A lot of noise coming from your computer is generally a sign of either hardware malfunction or a

noisy fan. Hard drives often make noise just before they fail, so you may want to back up

information just in case, and fans are very easy to replace

4. The keyboard is not working

Make sure the keyboard is connected to the computer. If not, connect it to the computer.

If you are using a wireless keyboard, try changing the batteries.

If one of the keys on your keyboard gets stuck, turn the computer off and clean with a

damp cloth.

Use the mouse to restart the computer.

5. The mouse is not working correctly

Check if the mouse is securely plugged into the computer. If not, plug it in completely.

Check to see if the cord has been damaged. If so, the mouse may need replacing.

If you are using a cordless mouse, try pushing the connection button on the underside of

the mouse to reestablish a connection.

Clean the mouse, especially on the bottom.

Maintaining a Healthy Computer:

The troubleshooting tips provided here are to primarily solve an existing problem, not to create a

new one.

Cleaning Hardware

Follow instructions in the manual or in help files that came with the computer or other

hardware devices

Before cleaning anything, unplug it from the electrical wall socket

When to clean a computer

Computers do not need to be cleaned too often if they are kept in a clean environment

Clean the computer when it looks dirty or when a device (like a mouse) does not work

right

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The two things that need the most cleaning are the screen and mouse

Materials needed for cleaning a computer

Most cleaning materials can be found in a home or any store

soft lint-free cloth’s

Computer cleaning kit

eraser

used fabric softener cloth

General tips to keep in mind:

Always check the cables

Take notes about error messages

Remember the steps you've taken, or write them down

Damage to wires - inspect the full length of the wiring from the receiver to the computer

mount for damage to the wires or brass contacts.

Maintaining a Healthy Computer:

Update Software

Run Diagnostics and Utilities

Maintenance and Cleaning

Uninstall Software Correctly

Maintaining a Healthy Computer:

Suggestions to help keep your computer problems at a minimum through proper maintenance

and care.

Update Software:

You should update (or check for updates) yearly. Remember to check the hardware

requirements for these updates, and if you can't update software due to hardware requirements

that's the first sign your hardware is getting old. Both Windows and Mac now have automatic

software updates and you should install those when prompted.

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Run Diagnostics and Utilities:

On your Windows PC you should run Scan Disk monthly and Disk Defrag quarterly or

when your computer seems very slow. These can be found in your System Tools Folder.

To run Scan Disk

Start --> Programs --> Accessories --> System Tools -->Scan Disk

To run Defrag

Start --> Programs --> Accessories --> System Tools -->Disk Defragmenter

To run Disk Cleanup

Start --> Programs --> Accessories --> System Tools -->Disk Cleanup

Maintenance and Cleaning:

. Keep mice and keyboards, monitor, CPU clean.

Uninstall Software Correctly:

Use the uninstallers that come with the program (usually in the same folder group)

Click on My Computer and navigate to the folder that holds the program you want to

uninstall.

If the program doesn’t have an uninstaller, use the Add/Remove programs feature in

Windows.

Start --> Settings --> Control Panel --> Add/Remove Programs

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SOFTWARE TROUBLESHOOTING:

Identification of a problem and fixing the PC for any software issues

Basic Troubleshooting Steps:

1. Close open programs and windows you are not currently using.

2. Make sure all of your cords are connected properly.

3. Try to repeat the sequence of commands you performed before the problem occurred. See if

this causes the same response by your computer.

4. Press the F1 key to access the Help window. You can search for a solution to your problem

once the Help window appears.

5. If there is an error message, record the full message for future reference.

6. Restart your computer to see if it clears the problem. To restart your computer, open the start

window and select the Restart button instead of the Log Off button.

7. If restarting the computer does not clear the problem, shut down the computer and then start it

back up again.

8. If the issue is still not resolved, check the common technology issues below or call your system

administrator.

Common Solutions for Technology Issues:

Issue: The computer is frozen. A program is not responding.

Push the Ctrl, Alt, and Delete keys at the same time. Then, start the Task Manager,

highlight the program’s name, and hit the End Task button.

Perform a hard reboot by simply pressing the on/off button to turn off the computer

manually. This action should only be done as a last resort if you have an unresponsive

program or critical error. This process could cause data loss or corruption.

Once the computer is responding again, run a virus check.

Issue: The computer is slow.

Restart your computer.

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Verify that there is at least 200-500 MB of free hard drive space. To do so, select Start

and click on My Computer or Computer. Then highlight the local C drive by clicking on it

once. Select the Properties button at the top left-hand corner of the window; this will

display a window showing how much free and used space you have. If you need to

recapture space:

Empty your recycle bin by right-clicking on the Recycle Bin icon (usually on the

desktop), then selecting Empty Recycle Bin.

Check your mail files. Remove any large attachments and delete unused mail.

Images and videos take up a lot of space, so consider moving those to an external drive.

Remove temporary files from the Internet. To do so:

Click Start button | My Computer or Computer.

Click Open Control Panel at the top of the window.

Click Network | Internet |Internet Options.

Select the General tab and click Delete under Browsing History.

Perform a disk cleanup. To do so:

Click Start button | My Computer or Computer.

Highlight the local C drive by clicking on it once.

Select the properties button at the top left of the window.

Go to the General tab and select Disk Cleanup.

Issue: Slow Internet

To improve your Internet browser performance, you need to clear cookies and Internet

temporary files frequently. In the Windows search bar, type ‘%temp%’ and hit enter to

open the temporary files folder.

Issue: Computer begins randomly rebooting or crashing

Check for overheating. Make sure the vents in the case are not blocked. Confirm that there

is good air flow around the computer.

Update your antivirus software and scan for viruses.

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To speed up your computer run the following commands in RUN and delete file in the folder

1. temp

2. %temp%

3. Recent

4. Prefetch

What is a virus?

A computer virus is a program that attaches to other pieces of code, so that when the user

tries to run the original they also unintentionally run the virus code as well

The virus code is designed to replicate itself and "infect" other programs, possibly in a

modified form, and may also exhibit other behavior as well

To remove virus from your system use updated available antivirus.

Do:

Always shut down your computer properly

Do regular Scan disk to check the hard disk surface for damage

Defragment the hard drive periodically

Delete all files and programs you no longer need from your computer

Use an anti-virus program to prevent a virus on your computer

Proper update anti-virus

Don't:

Do not eat around the computer

Do not drink around the computer

Do not use magnets around a computer

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INTERNET & NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

TASK 6:

Demonstrating Importance of Networking, Transmission Media, Networking Devices-

Gateway, Routers, Hub, Bridge, NIC, Bluetooth Technology, Wireless Technology,

Modem, DSL, and Dialup Connection

Importance of Networking:

Network:

A network is two or more computers connected together to share information and files

between them

Types of networks:

Wired network

Wireless networks

Networking of computers provides a communication link between the users, and provides

access to information.

Networking of computers has several uses, described as follows

Resource Sharing

In an organization, resources such as printers, fax machines and scanners. Such

resources can be made available to different users of the organization on the network.

Sharing of Information

In addition to the sharing of physical resources, networking facilitates sharing of

information. Information stored on networked computers located at same or different

physical locations, becomes accessible to the computers connected to the network

As a Communication Medium

Networking helps in sending and receiving of electronic-mail (e-mail) messages from

anywhere in the world. Data in the form of text, audio, video and pictures can be sent

via e-mail. This allows the users to communicate online in a faster and cost effective

manner.

For Back-up and Support

Networked computers can be used to take back-up of critical data. In situations where

there is a requirement of always-on computer, another computer on the network can

take over in case of failure of one computer.

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Transmission media:

• Is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver. We use different types of

cables or waves to transmit data. Data is transmitted normally through electrical or

electromagnetic signals.

Types of Media:

Guided (Wired):

• Twisted Pair

• Coaxial cable

• Fiber Optics

Unguided (Wireless)

• Radio waves,

• Microwaves

• Infared waves.

Networking Devices:

Gateway:

• A network gateway is an internetworking system capable of joining together two networks

that use different base protocols.

• A network gateway can be implemented completely in software, completely in hardware,

or as a combination of both.

• Gateways operate at the network layer of the OSI model

Routers:

• Routers are small physical devices that join multiple networks together.

• Technically, a router is a Layer 3 gateway device, meaning that it connects two or more

networks and that the router operates at the network layer of the OSI model.

Hub:

In computer networking, a hub is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple

computers together

Bridge:

• A bridge device filters data traffic at a network boundary. Bridges reduce the amount of

traffic on a local area network (LAN) by dividing it into two segments.

• Bridges operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model

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NIC [Network Interface Card]:

• In computer networking, a NIC provides the hardware interface between a computer and a

network

• Network Interface Card, a NIC is also commonly referred to as an Ethernet card and

network adapter

Bluetooth Technology:

• Bluetooth is a specification (IEEE 802.15.1) for the use of low-power radio

communications to link phones, computers and other network devices over short distances

without wires.

• The name Bluetooth is borrowed from Harald Bluetooth, a king in Denmark more than

1,000 years ago.

• Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances, typically up to 30 feet

(10 meters). Bluetooth devices generally communicate at less than 1 Mbps.

Wireless Technology:

• Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves

(rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication

path.

• Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats

and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth

• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS): a packet-based wireless communication service

that provides continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users.

• Wireless Application Protocol (WAP): a set of communication protocols to standardize

the way that wireless devices, such as cellular telephones and radio transceivers, can be

used for Internet access

Wi-Fi:

• "Wi-Fi" is a type of wireless networking protocol that allows devices to communicate

without cords or cables.

• Wi-Fi is technically an industry term that represents a type of wireless local area network

(WLAN) protocol based on the 802.11 IEEE network standard.

• It's the most popular means of communicating data wirelessly, within a fixed location.

36

Modem:

• A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates signals to encode digital

information and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information.

• The Modem is a hardware device that enables a computer to send and receive information

over telephone lines by converting the digital data used by your computer into

an analog signal used on phone lines and then converting it back once received on the

other end.

DSL - Digital Subscriber Line:

• DSL is a high-speed Internet service like cable Internet.

• DSL provides high-speed networking over ordinary phone lines using broadband modem

technology.

• DSL technology allows Internet and telephone service to work over the same phone line

without requiring customers to disconnect either their voice or Internet connections.

Dialup Connection:

• Open the Control Panel by clicking your Windows Start menu, button, then click Control

Panel.

• Double-click on the Network Connections icon.

• Click Create a new connection on the left-hand side of Network Connections. The New

Connection Wizard will now start.

• Click Next.

37

Select Connect to the Internet and click Next.

Select Set up my connection manually and click Next.

Select Connect using a dial-up modem and click Next.

38

Under ISP Name, type Westnet and then click Next.

Under Phone number, type 0198308333 and then click Next.

Type your username and password into the relevant text boxes, then click Next.

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Click on Add a shortcut to this connection to my desktop and then click Next.

You will now have a Westnet icon on your desktop. To connect to the internet, double-click the

icon and press Connect.

Orientation & Connectivity Boot Camp and web browsing:

Configure the network settings to connect to the Internet

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

TCP/IP: It is the communication protocol for the internet. TCP/IP defines the rule computers

must follow to communicate with each other over the internet. Browsers and servers use TCP/IP to

connect to the Internet.

IP (Internet Protocol) address is the 4 octets (32-bit) address used to identify your desktop

computer, notebook, router, switch or other network devices in your network or Internet. It’s also

called as IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4).

To configure TCP/IP settings:

1. In the control panel select Network and Internet Connections.

2. Select Network Connections from the Control Panel Icons Section.

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3. Right Click on the Local Area Network Icon and select Properties.

4. This will open the Network Properties Sheet. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and Double-

click it or highlight it and select the Properties Button.

5. Make sure the following settings and set for the TCP/IP Properties. Check that the Obtain an IP

address automatically and Obtain DNS server address automatically is set

6. Click OK the set the changes.

NOTE: IP address of your computer must be unique. If any 2 computers in the network can

share same IP address, it causes IP address conflict.

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Internet Connection Settings:

Creating a PPPOE connection: Point to-Point Protocol over Ethernet

1. First open the network connections menu by going to the start menu, selecting Connect to

and opening Show all Connections.

2. Now select create a new connection.

This will open the New Connection Wizard. Click Next.

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Select Connect to the internet then click Next.

Select Set up my connection manually and click Next.

Select Connect using a broadband connection that requires a user name and password then

click Next.

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Type in a name that best describes your connection (Such as Zen) in the box provided then click

Next.

Enter your Zen user name and password in the appropriate fields as shown then click Next.

Complete the Wizard by clicking finish.

The following connection window should open automatically. Select Connect and Windows will

attempt to connect to the internet.

Check for access to the Internet.

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Web browser:

A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information

resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform

Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content

Ex: google chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, opera, safari, Maxton etc

World Wide Web

A widely used information system on the Internet that provides facilities for documents to

be connected to other documents by hypertext links, enabling the user to search for

information by moving from one document to another.

Bookmarks:

Using a World Wide Web browser, a bookmark is a saved link to a Web page that has

been added to a list of saved links.

Email Access:

• Email (Simple Mail Transport Protocol)

• E-mail, or electronic mail, is an efficient way to exchange messages with others on a

network.

• An e-mail address consists of:

A user name or login ID

The ―at‖ symbol (@)

The name of the e-mail server

Ex: pragatiece@gmail.com

• Gmail

• Yahoo mail

• Rediff mail

• Microsoft Outlook

45

SEARCH ENGINES & NETIQUETTE:

TASK 7:

Students are enabled to use search engines for simple search, academic search and any

other context based search (Bing, Google etc). Students are acquainted to the principles

of micro-blogging, wiki, collaboration using social networks, participating in online

technology forums

AIM: To know what search engines are and how to use the search engines.

THEORY:

Search engine:

A search engine can be defined as a web site with tools which help you to find information on

the internet.

Ex: Google, Yahoo, Bing, Ask etc

Micro-blogging:

• Microblogging is a combination of blogging and instant messaging that allows users to

create a short message that is posted on their profile.

• Websites such as Twitter also allow these messages to be delivered on cell phones, which

allows micro-blogging to provide a quick way to communicate with a group of people.

Ex: Twitter,Zannel

Wiki:

Wiki is a piece of server software that allows users to freely create and edit Web page content

using any Web browser. Wiki supports hyperlinks and has a simple text syntax for creating

new pages and crosslinks between internal pages on the fly

Collaboration using social networks:

• Social collaboration refers to processes that help multiple people interact and share

information to achieve any common goal.

• Such processes find their 'natural' environment on the internet, where collaboration and

social dissemination of information are made easier by current innovations.

• Social network: a dedicated website or other application which enables users to

communicate with each other by posting information, comments, messages, images, etc.

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Online technology forums:

• Tech Support Forum is a free website to find solutions to all your tech support issues.

Examples:

• Geeks To

• Yahoo Answers

• Cyber Tech Help

• Tech Support forum

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CYBER HYGIENE

TASK 8:

Awareness of various threats on the internet. Importance of security patch updates and

anti-virus solutions. Ethical Hacking, Firewalls, Multi-factor authentication techniques

including Smartcard, Biometric.

Awareness of various threats on the internet:

In computer security a threat is a possible danger that might exploit a vulnerability to breach

security and thus cause possible harm.

Viruses, Trojan horses, worms, and spyware are all threats that can damage our computer

systems

Antivirus:

Antivirus software is a program that either comes installed on your computer or that you

purchase and install yourself. It protects your computer against most viruses, worms, Trojan

horses and other unwanted invaders that can make your computer sick.

Ex: AVG, Avira, MacAfee, Norton, Symantec, Avira etc….

Ethical Hacking:

An ethical hacker is a computer and networking expert who systematically

attempts to penetrate a computer system or network on behalf of its owners for

the purpose of finding security vulnerabilities that a malicious hacker could

potentially exploit

Firewalls:

• A firewall is a special software or hardware designed to protect a private computer

network from unauthorized access. A firewall is a set of related programs located at a

network gateway server which protects the resources of the private network from users

from other networks.

Windows Firewall:

• Go to Start>control panel>Network and Internet Connections>windows firewall

• In the general tab check the On(recommended) box

• If you don’t want any exceptions check on Don’t allow exceptions box

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Multi-factor authentication techniques:

Smartcard:

• A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC) is any pocket-sized card with

embedded integrated circuits. Smart cards are made of plastic.

• A smart card is a plastic card about the size of a credit card, with an embedded microchip

that can be loaded with data, used for telephone calling, electronic cash payments, and

other applications, and then periodically refreshed for additional use.

Biometrics:

• Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring and statistically analyzing

biological data. In information technology, biometrics usually refers to technologies for

measuring and analyzing human body characteristics such as

• fingerprints,

• eye retinas and irises,

• voice patterns,

• facial patterns, and

• hand measurements

Especially for authentication purposes

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MS WORD ORIENTATION:

TASK 9 Accessing, overview of toolbars, saving files, Using help and resources, rulers, formatting

,Drop Cap , Applying Text effects, Using Character Spacing, OLE in Word, using

templates, Borders and Colors, Inserting Header and Footer, Using Date and Time

option, security features in word, converting documents while saving

1. Overview of toolbars:

To get started first familiarize you with the new setup of Microsoft Word 2007. You will notice it

does not have the regular menu system anymore. It now has tabs and buttons.

1) Office button 2) Quick Access Toolbar 3) Tabs and 4) Ribbon

Office button: This is the Office button which is similar to the File menu in MW2003. This is

also where you can customize your Quick Access Toolbar.

Quick Access Toolbar: With this tool bar one can set it up to fit his/her needs. To do so just click

the arrow at the end of this bar and select which items best suit your needs.

Tabs: Tabs are similar to the menu system of MW2003 instead of having dropdown menus

MW2007 created the Tab and Ribbon system

Home Tab

Insert Tab

Page Layout Tab

References Tab

Review Tab

View Tab

Developer Tab

Ribbon: In this Ribbon there are many buttons that are grouped into categories such as

Clipboard, Font, and Paragraph

2. Saving files:

Try to save your files when you begin to prevent the possibility of losing your document

later due to some random computer failure

To save a document, select Office Button > Save or Save As This time, simply choose

Save

Word Document will save as a Word 2007 document (.docx) and is not compatible with

older versions unless the compatibility package was installed on the computer that tries to

open the file

i. Keyboard shortcut: Ctrl+S

ii. To save as an older file format

Select Office Button > Save As > Word 97-2003

This will save as a .doc

In the Title bar it now shows the document is a .doc and you are working in the

Compatibility Mode

This means that you will not have the new Word 2007 specific features

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This also means your Word 97-2003 document is compatible with the older versions of

Word

3. Using help and resources:

The Help button (circle w/ a question mark inside) is located above and to the right of the Ribbon

Once selected a new Word Help window appears Help Categories

Select any Topic under Browse Word Help to find more helpful Subtopics

Help Search

Click inside the textbox, type a topic, and click Search

4. Rulers:

1. Click the View drop-down-menu at the top of Word.

2. Check Ruler to enable the Ruler or uncheck Ruler to disable the feature.

5. Formatting:

Formatted text has control codes indicating the fonts, bold or italic type, margins, indents,

columns, tabs, headers and footers, and other attributes

a. Resize text

iii. Select any letter, number, word, sentence, or paragraph

iv. On the Ribbon, select the Home tab > in the Font group > click A or A

v. On the Ribbon, select the Home tab > in the Font group > click on the

down arrow to open a menu of different sizes, then hover over some of the

sizes and watch how the text in the document changes

b. Basic style changes

vi. On the Ribbon, select the Home tab > in the Font group > Hover over:

1. B for Bold

2. I for italics

3. U for Underline

a. There is also a dropdown menu for more underline options

c. ―Highlighting‖ text

vii. ―Highlight‖ selected text

1. Select any letter, number, word, sentence, or paragraph

2. On the Ribbon, select the Home tab > in the Font group > click

Text Highlight Color (down arrow for dropdown menu)

a. Choose Yellow

viii. ―Highlight‖ any text

1. Do not select any text

2. On the Ribbon, select the Home tab > in the Font group > click

Text Highlight Color (button)

3. Simply click and drag over the text you want to ―highlight”

4. To turn the ―highlighter‖ off select the Text Highlight Color

button again

ix. To get rid of a text ―highlight‖

1. Select the text that has the highlight

2. On the Ribbon, select the Home tab > in the Font group > click

Text Highlight Color (down arrow for dropdown menu) > No

Color

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6. Drop Cap:

The Drop Cap command increases the size of the first letter of a paragraph and then reinserts the

letter so that it aligns with the first line of text.

1. Open your document in Word 2007, and then click in the paragraph where you want to

add a drop cap.

2. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Drop Cap, and then click Dropped or In

margin. Hold the mouse pointer over your choice to see a preview in your document.

7. Applying Text effects:

1. Select the text that you want to add an effect to.

2. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click Text Effect.

3. Click the effect that you want.

8. Using Character Spacing:

Select the text you want to format.

Click the Home tab.

Click the Font Dialog Box Launcher

Click the Character Spacing tab.

Click the Spacing list arrow, click an option, and then specify a point size to expand or

condense spacing by the amount specified.

Click the Position list arrow, click an option, and then specify a point size to raise or

lower the text in relation to the baseline (bottom of the text).

9. OLE in Word:

You can use Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) to include content from other

programs, such as Microsoft Office Excel 2007, in Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007,

Microsoft Office Word 2007, or Microsoft Office Outlook 2007

Click in the document or e-mail where you want to place the linked object.

On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Object.

Click the Create from File tab.

In the File name box, type the name of the file, or click Browse to select from a list.

If you browse to the file, once you locate it, click Insert.

Select the Link to file check box.

Do one of the following:

To display the content, clear the Display as icon check box.

To display an icon, select the Display as icon check box.

To change the default icon image or label, click Change Icon, and then click the icon that

you want from the Icon list, or type a label in the Caption box.

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10.Using Templates:

A template is a predesigned document you can use to create new documents with the same

formatting. With a template, many of the big document design decisions such as margin size,

font style and size, and spacing are predetermined.

1. Click the large Microsoft Office button in the top left.

2. Click Word Options.

3. Click Popular.

4. Select the Show Developer tab in the Ribbon check box.

5. Click OK.

Once you’ve got it set up:

1. Click the Developer tab.

2. Click the Document Template button in the Templates group. This opens the Templates

and Add-ins window, which works the same as in earlier versions of Word.

3. Click Attach.

4. Select your template, then click Open.

5. Optional: If you want to apply the template’s style settings to styles of the same name in

your document, then check automatically update document styles.

6. Click OK.

11. Borders and Colors:

Apply a Border

Select the paragraph text you want to format.

Click the Home tab.

Click the Borders and Shading button arrow, and then click to select the border

commands to add or remove a border.

Apply Paragraph Shading

Select the paragraph text you want to format.

Click the Home tab.

Click the Shading button arrow, and then click to select the shading color you want

to apply to the selected text.

Apply Paragraph Shading and Borders

Select the paragraph text you want to format.

Click the Home tab.

Click the Borders and Shading button arrow, and then click Borders and Shading.

Click the Borders tab.

Click to select the type of Setting you want for your border.

Click to select the type of Style.

Apply any other options you want.

Look in the preview box to see the new border.

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12. Inserting Header and Footer:

You can make your document look professional and polished by utilizing the header and

footer sections. The header is a section of the document that appears in the top margin, while

the footer is a section of the document that appears in the bottom margin. Headers and

footers generally contain information such as page number, date, and document name

On the Insert tab, in the Header & Footer group, click Header or Footer.

13. Using Date and Time option:

Click where you want to insert the date or time.

On the Insert menu, click Date and Time.

If you want to insert the date or time in a different language format, then click the language in

the Language box. 14. Security features in word:

To enable read-only mode in Word 2007:

1. On the Review tab, click Protect Document.

2. Select Restrict Formatting and Editing.

3. Select the options that meet your formatting and editing needs.

To set a password to modify a Word 2007 document:

1. Click the Microsoft Office Button, click Save As, and click Tools.

2. Click General Options.

3. Under the File sharing options for this document, type a password in the Password to

modify box.

4. Click OK.

5. Click Save.

15. Converting documents while saving:

When you create a new document that will be used in a previous version, you can turn on

Compatibility Mode by saving the file in Word 97-2003 format.

1. Open a new document.

2. Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Save As.

3. Select Word 97-2003 Document in the Save as type list.

4. In the File name box, type a name for the document.

5. Click Save.

Save as PDF:

1. Click the Microsoft Office Button , point to the arrow next to Save As, and then

click PDF or XPS.

2. In the File Name list, type or select a name for the document.

3. In the Save as type list, click PDF.

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TASK 10: Abstract Features to be covered:-Formatting Styles, Inserting table, Bullets and

Numbering, Changing Text Direction, Cell alignment, Footnote, Hyperlink, Symbols,

Spell Check , Track Changes, Images from files and clipart, Drawing toolbar and Word

Art, Formatting Images, Textboxes and Paragraphs

1. Formatting Styles:

A style is a set of rules to be followed for an effective document. Style can be applied to text,

paragraph, table or a list.

1. Select the words, paragraph, list, or table you want to change.

2. If the Styles and formatting task pane is not open, click Styles and Formatting on the

Formatting toolbar.

(Or)

Click on format styles and formatting on the menu bar.

Click the style you want in the Styles and Formatting task pane. If the style you want is not

listed, click All Styles in the Show box.

2. Inserting Table:

There are two ways to add a table to the document using the Insert feature:

Click the Insert Table button on the standard toolbar. Drag the mouse along the grid,

highlighting the number of rows and columns for the table.

(Or), select Table->Insert->Table from the menu bar. Select the number of rows and

columns for the table and click OK.

3. Bullets and Numbering:

1. Access the dialog box by selecting Format Bullets and Numbering from the menu bar

or by right-clicking within the list and selecting Bullets and Numbering from the shortcut

menu.( or )

1. Type 1. To start a numbered list or * (asterisk) to start a bulleted list, and then press

SPACEBAR or TAB.

2. Type ay text you want.

3. Press ENTER to add the next list item. Word automatically inserts the next number or

bullet.

4. To finish the list, press ENTER twice, or press BACKSPACE to delete the last bullet or

number in the list.

4. Changing Text Direction:

You can change the text orientation in drawing objects, such as text boxes, shapes, and

callouts, or in table cells so that the text is displayed vertically or horizontally.

1.Double-click the shape or text box to select it and open the Format tab.

2.On the Format tab, in the Text group, click Text Direction. You can click Text Direction

multiple times to cycle through the three options.

55

5. Cell Alignment:

Click the cell that contains text you want to align.

On the Tables and Borders toolbar, select the option for the horizontal and vertical

alignment you want, for ex: Align Bottom Center or Align Top Right.

6. Foot Note:

Foot notes are used to comment on, or provide references for text in a document.

1. In print layout view, click where you want to insert the note reference mark.

2. Select Insert point to Reference Footnote on the menu bar.

3. Click Footnotes or Endnotes.

4. In the Number format box, click the format you want.

5. Click Insert and type the text.

7. Hyperlink:

It is a colored and underlined text or a graphic that you click to go to a file, a location in a file,

an HTML page.

1. Select the text or picture you want to display as the hyperlink, and then click Insert

Hyperlink on the Standard toolbar (or) Select insert hyperlink on the menu bar.

2. Under link to, click existing file.

3. Locate and select the document you want to link to.

8. Symbol:

1. Click where you want to insert the symbol.

2. On the Insert menu, click Symbol, and then click the Symbols tab.

3. In the Font box, click the font that you want.

4. Double-click the symbol that you want to insert and click Close.

9. Spell Check:

1. Click spelling and grammar on the tools menu or click on the Spelling and Grammar icon

on the standard tool bar.

2. When Word finds a possible spelling or grammatical problem, make your changes in the

Spelling and Grammar dialog box.

3. Shortcut key is F7.

10. Track Changes:

A track change enables a user or reviewer to keep track of the changes that have taken in a

period. Changes like insertion, deletion or formatting changes can be kept track of.

Open the document that you want to revise.

On the Review tab, in the Tracking group, click the Track Changes image.

To add a track changes indicator to the status bar, right-click the status bar and click Track

Changes. Click the Track Changes indicator on the status bar to turn track changes on or off.

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Document Views:

There are four ways to view a document after you have tracked changes:

Final Showing Markup: This shows the document with the changes displayed

Final: This shows the changed document, without the changes displayed

Original Showing Markup: The original document with the changes displayed

Original: The original document without any changes.

To change the view, click the appropriate choice in the Tracking Group of the Review Tab on the

Ribbon.

The Show Markup feature allows you to view different items (comments, formatting, etc.) and

choose to view different authors’ comments.

Accept or Reject Changes when you view the changes in a document you can either choose to accept or reject the changes.

This allows you to review the document by each change to accept or reject each change.

Comments

The New Comments icon also lets you add comments to the document. To add a new comment,

put your cursor where you would like to add the comment and click on New Comment.

11. Inserting images from files and clip art:

1. Click where you want to insert the picture.

2. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click From File.

3. Locate the picture you want to insert.

4. Double-click the picture you want to insert.

12. Clip art:

1. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click Clip Art.

2. In the Clip Art task pane, in the Search for box, type a word or phrase that describes the

clip you want or type in all or some of the file name of the clip.

3. To limit search results to a specific collection of clips, in the Search in box, click the arrow

and select the collections you want to search.

4. To limit search results to a specific type of media file, in the Results should be box, click

the arrow and select the check box next to the types of clips you want to find.

5. If you don't know the exact file name, you can substitute wildcard characters for one or

more real characters. Use the asterisk (*) as a substitute for zero or more characters in a file

name. Use the question mark (?) as a substitute for a single character in a file name.

6. In the Results box, click the clip to insert it.

13. Drawing Toolbar and Word Art:

1. Click in your document where you want to create the drawing.

2. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click New Drawing.

A drawing canvas is inserted into your document. Use the Drawing toolbar to add any shapes

or pictures that you want.

1. On the Drawing toolbar, click Insert WordArt.

2. Click the WordArt effect you want, and then click OK.

3. In the Edit WordArt Text dialog box, type the text you want.

57

4. Do any of the following:

To change the font type, in the Font list, select a font.

To change the font size, in the Size list, select a size.

To make text bold, click the Bold button.

To make text italic, click the Italic button.

15. Formatting Images:

1. Formatting of the images can be achieved by selecting the image and double click on the

picture, format picture dialog box appears.

2. The same can be achieved by selecting the tools menu > customize>tool bars tab>picture

and click close.

Basic formatting features of an image:

Resize a drawing

Select the drawing canvas.

On the Drawing Canvas toolbar, do one of the following:

To make the drawing canvas boundary larger without changing the size of the objects

on the canvas, click Expand.

To make the drawing canvas boundary fit tightly around the drawing objects or

pictures, click Fit.

To scale the drawing and make the objects and canvas proportionately smaller or

larger, click Scale Drawing, and then drag the edges of the canvas.

Resize a picture or shape

Position the mouse pointer over one of the sizing handles.

Drag the sizing handle until the object is the shape and size you want.

To increase or decrease the size in one or more directions, drag the mouse away from or

toward the center, while doing one of the following:

To keep the center of an object in the same place, hold down CTRL while dragging the

mouse.

To maintain the object's proportions, drag one of the corner sizing handles.

To maintain the proportions while keeping the center in the same place, hold down

CTRL while dragging one of the corner sizings handles.

Crop a picture:

Select the picture you want to crop.

On the Picture toolbar, click crop.

Position the cropping tool over a cropping handle and then do one of the following:

To crop one side, drag the center handle on that side inward.

To crop equally on two sides at once, hold down CTRL as you drag the center

handle on either side inward.

To crop equally on all four sides at once, hold down CTRL as you drag a corner

handle inward.

58

On the Picture toolbar, click Crop to turn off the crop command.

16. Text Box:

On the Drawing toolbar, click Text Box.

Click or drag in your document where you want to insert the Text Box.

You can use the options on the Drawing toolbar to enhance a Text Box— for example,

to change the fill color— just as you can with any other drawing object.

17. Paragraphs:

Change line spacing

Select the text you want to change on the Formatting toolbar, point to Line Spacing, and then

do one of the following:

To apply a new setting, click the arrow, and then select the number that you want.

To apply the most recently used setting, click the button.

To set more precise measurements, click the arrow, click more, and then select the

options you want under Line Spacing.

Change spacing before or after paragraphs

Select the paragraphs in which you want to change spacing.

On the Format menu, click Paragraph, and then click the Indents and Spacing tab.

Under Spacing, enter the spacing you want in the before or after box.

Change paragraph direction

Place the insertion point in the paragraph that you want to change, or select several

paragraphs.

Do one of the following:

To have text begin from the left, click Left-to-Right on the Formatting toolbar.

To have text begin from the right, click Right-to-Left on the Formatting toolbar.

When you change the paragraph direction, Microsoft Word leaves justified and

centered text as it is. In the case of left-aligned or right-aligned text, Word flips the alignment

to its opposite. For example, if you have a left-to-right paragraph that is right aligned, such as

the date at the top of a letter, clicking Right-to-Left results in a right-to-left paragraph that is

left aligned.

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MS EXCEL:

Task 11

Using spread sheet features of EXCEL including the macros, formulae, pivot tables,

graphical representations Creating a Scheduler - Features to be covered:- Gridlines,

Format Cells, Summation, auto fill, Formatting Text

1Macros:

To automate a repetitive task, you can quickly record a macro in Microsoft Office Excel. You

can also create a macro by using the Visual Basic Editor in Microsoft Visual Basic to write your

own macro script, or to copy all or part of a macro to a new macro. After you create a macro, you

can assign it to an object (such as a toolbar button, graphic, or control) so that you can run it by

clicking the object. If you no longer use a macro, you can delete it.

If the Developer tab is not available, do the following to display it:

Click the Microsoft Office Button, and then click Excel Options.

In the Popular category, under Top options for working with Excel, select the Show

Developer tab in the Ribbon check box, and then click OK.

To set the security level temporarily to enable all macros, do the following:

o On the Developer tab, in the Code group, click Macro Security.

Under Macro Settings, click Enable all macros (not recommended, potentially

dangerous code can run), and then click OK.

2. Formulae:

In Excel, formulas are used to calculate results from the worksheet data. When there is some

change in the data, such formulas automatically calculate the updated results with no extra

efforts on the part of the user.

A formula can have any or all of the following elements Must begin with the 'equal to'

= sign.

Mathematical operators, such as + (for addition) and / (for division) and logical

operators such as <, >

References of cell (including named ranges and cells)

Text or Values

Functions related to the worksheets, for example SUM or AVERAGE

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3.Pivot Tables: A pivot table is a great reporting tool that sorts and sums independent of the

original data layout in the spreadsheet. It is an interactive representation of a data table.

One can rearrange the data and choose what to display and what to hide.

1. Open your original spreadsheet and remove any blank rows or columns.

2. Make sure each column has a heading, as it will be carried over to the Field List.

3. Make sure your cells are properly formatted for their data type.

4. Highlight your data range

5. Click the Insert tab.

6. Select the PivotTable button from the Tables group.

7. Select PivotTable from the list

8. Double-check your Table/Range: value.

9. Select the radio button for New Worksheet.

10. Click OK.

4.Graphical Representations:

Excel is great at creating all sorts of charts from your data.

Create your bar chart as usual.

Right click on one of the data series bars in the chart. Excel displays a Context menu.

Choose Format Data Series from the Context menu. Excel displays the Format Data Series

dialog box.

Make sure the Fill option is selected at the left of the dialog box.

Click Picture or Texture Fill. The options in the dialog box are expanded to reflect your

choice.

Under Insert From, click File. Excel displays the Insert Picture dialog box, which is very

similar to a standard Open dialog box.

Use the controls in the dialog box to locate and select the picture you want to use.

Click on Insert. Excel closes the Insert Picture dialog box and redisplays the Format Data

Series dialog box.

Choose how you want the graphic to be applied to the bar. (I like to choose Stack And

Scale With and then specify how to many units each picture represents.)

Click on OK in each open dialog box to close them.

5.Grid lines:

1. Click the worksheet.

2. On the file menu, click page setup and the click the sheet tab.

3. Click gridlines.

4. Select the sheets on which you want to change the gridlines color.

5. On the Tools menu click options click the color you want in the color box.

6. To use the default gridlines color click automatic.

7. Lines you can add to a chart that make it easier to view and evaluate data. Gridlines

extend from the tick marks on an axis across a plot area.

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6. Format Cell:

1. Change the font and font size.

2. Change the text color.

3. Make selected text or numbers bold, italic or underlined.

4. Create a new style.

7.Summation:

1. Select the cell in which you want the sum.

2. On the standard toolbar, click the auto sum button.

3. The cells being summed are surrounded by a flashing border.

4. Press enter to display the result.

8.Auto fill:

1. To auto fill a list of months, type one month name in a cell and select that cell.

2. Move the mouse pointer over the fill handle.

3. Release the mouse button at the end of the row of the cells you want to fill.

4. To create a number series, type the first two numbers in adjacent cells, select both the

cells and then drag using the fill handle.

9.Formatting the text:

1. Select the text you want to format.

2. On the format menu click cells and then click number tab.

3. In the catalog box click text.

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Task 12

Features to be covered:- Split cells, freeze panes, group and outline, Sorting, Boolean

and logical operators, Conditional formatting

1. Split Cells:

Excel allows you to split the workbook window into two horizontal or vertical panes and also

to split cells or data across many cells.

Spread the content of one cell over many cells:

1. Copy the data you want into the upper-leftmost cell within the range.

2. Select the cells you want to merge.

3. To merge cells in a row or column and center the cell contents, click Merge and

Center on the Formatting toolbar.

Split merged cells

1. Select the merged cell when cells have been combined, Merge and Center on the

Formatting toolbar is selected.

2. Click Merge and Center on the Formatting toolbar.

Divide text across cells 1. Select the range of cells that contains the text values. The range can be any number of

rows tall, but no more than one columns wide.

2. On the Data menu, click Text to Columns.

3. Follow the instructions in the Convert Text to Columns Wizard to specify how you

want to divide the text into columns.

Split Windows:

1. At the top of the vertical scroll bar or at the right end of the horizontal scroll bar, point

to the split box.

2. When the pointer changes to a split pointer, drag the split box down or to the left to the

position you want.

Sort:

1. Click a cell in the list you want to sort.

2. On the Data menu click sort.

3. Under first key sort click the custom sort order you want and then click ok.

4. Click any other sorting option you want.

2. Freeze Panes:

To freeze a pane, do one of the following:

The top horizontal pane Select the row below where you want the split to appear.

The left vertical pane Select the column to the right of where you want the split to appear.

Both the upper and left panes Click the cell below and to the right of where you want the

split to appear.

On the Window menu, click Freeze Panes.

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3. Group and Outline:

Outline the data automatically

1. Select the range of cells you want to outline. To outline the entire worksheet, click any

cell on the worksheet.

2. On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Auto Outline.

Outline the data manually

3. Select the rows or columns that contain detail data.

4. On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Group. The outline

symbols appear beside the group on the screen.

5. Continue selecting and grouping detail rows or columns until you have created all of

the levels you want in the outline.

Group:

Group objects

1. Select the objects you want to group.

2. To select multiple objects, hold down SHIFT while you select each object.

3. On the Drawing toolbar, click Draw, and then click Group.

Ungroup objects

1. Select the group you want to ungroup.

2. On the Drawing toolbar, click Draw, and then click Ungroup.

To continue ungrouping, click Yes when the message box appears.

1. To change an individual object, continue to select and ungroup objects until the one

you want becomes available.

2. Use the tools on the Drawing toolbar to change the object.

4. Sorting:

Sorting data is an integral part of data analysis. You might want to put a list of names in

alphabetical order, compile a list of product inventory levels from highest to lowest, or order

rows by colors or icons. Sorting data helps you quickly visualize and understand your data

better, organize and find the data that you want, and ultimately make more effective decisions

To execute a basic descending or ascending sort based on one column:

Highlight the cells that will be sorted

Click the Sort & Filter button on the Home tab

Click the Sort Ascending (A-Z) button or Sort Descending (Z-A) button

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5.Boolean and logical operators:

Boolean Operator Functions

AND Tests a number of user-defined

conditions and returns TRUE if ALL of

the conditions evaluate to TRUE,

or FALSE otherwise

OR Tests a number of user-defined

conditions and returns TRUE if ANY of

the conditions evaluate to TRUE,

or FALSE otherwise

XOR Returns a logical Exclusive Or of all

arguments (New in Excel 2013)

NOT Returns a logical value that is the

opposite of a user supplied logical value

or expression

(ie. returns FALSE is the supplied

argument is TRUE and returns TRUE if

the supplied argument is FALSE)

Logical operator OR, AND, NOT

Conditional Formatting:

1. Select the cells for which you want to add, change, or remove conditional formatting.

2. On the Format menu, click Conditional Formatting.

To use values in the selected cells as the formatting criteria, click Cell Value Is, select

the comparison phrase, and then type a constant value or a formula. If you enter a formula,

start it with an equal sign (=).

To use a formula as the formatting criteria (to evaluate data or a condition other than the

values in selected cells), click Formula Is and then enter the formula that evaluates to a

logical value of TRUE or FALSE.

Click Format.

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1. Select the formatting you want to apply when the cell value meets the condition or the

formula returns the value TRUE.

2. To add another condition, click Add, and then repeat steps 1 through 3. You can specify

up to three conditions. If none of the specified conditions are true, the cells keep their

existing formats.

Change or remove a conditional format

Do one or more of the following:

1. To change formats, click Format for the condition you want to change.

2. To reselect formats on the current tab of the Format Cells dialog box, click clear and

select new formats.

3. To remove one or more conditions, click Delete, and then select the check box for the

conditions you want to delete.

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MS POWER POINT:

Task 13: PPT Orientation, Slide Layouts, Inserting Text, Word Art, Formatting Text, Bullets and

Numbering, Auto Shapes, Lines and Arrows, Hyperlinks, Inserting –Images, Clip Art,

Tables and Charts in Power point

1.PPT Orientation

By default, Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007 slide layouts are presented in landscape page

orientation, or you can rotate your slide layouts to portrait page orientation

On the Design tab, in the Page Setup group, click Slide Orientation, and then click Portrait .

2. Slide Layout:

1. On the format menu, click slide layout.

2. On the slides tab in normal view, select the slides; you want to apply a layout too.

3. In the slide layout task pane, point to layout you and then click it.

4. A new slide can also be inserted within the task pane. Point the layout you want the

slide to have, click the arrow and then click the insert new slide.

3. Insert Text:

1. Text can be added to layout.

2. Align text in the top, middle or bottom of a cell.

3. Align text on the right or left, or in the center of a cell.

4. Change cell margins.

5. Insert a tab in a table.

6. To make the symbol command available, in normal view, place the insertion point on

the outbox tab or in a text place holders on the slide.

7. On the insert menu, click symbol.

8. To change fonts, click a name in the font box.

4.Formatting Text:

1. Select the text you want to format as superscript or subscript.

2. On the format menu, click font.

3. To show or hide text formatting, on the standard toolbar, click show formatting.

5.Bullets and Numberings:

1. Select the lines of text that you want to add bullets or numbering to.

2. Click bullets or numbering.

6. Auto shapes:

1. Select the auto shape that has the text you want to position.

2. Double-click the selection rectangle of the auto shape or text box and then click the

text box tab in the format dialog box.

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3. in the text anchor point box, click the position you want the text to start in.

7. Lines and arrows:

1. In Microsoft power point, double click the chart.

2. Double click the chart item you want to change.

3. On the patterns tab, do one or both of the following.

4. To change the colors, patterns or lines, select the options you want.

5. To specify a fill effect, click fill effect and then select the options you want on the

gradient, text patterns or picture tabs.

6. To return to the slide, click outside the about.

8.Hyperlink:

1. Select the text or object that you want to represent the hyperlink.

2. Click insert hyperlink.

3. Under link to, click place in the document.

9.Inserting Images:

1. Click where you want to insert the picture.

2. On the drawing tool bar, click insert picture.

3. Locate the folder that contains the picture that you want to insert, and then click the

picture file.

10.Clipart:

1. On the insert menu, point to picture and then click clipart.

2. In the clipart task pane, in the search for box, type a word or phrase that describes the

clip.

3. In the results box, click the clip to insert it.

11.Table:

1. On the standard tool bar, click insert table.

2. Select the numbers of rows and columns you want and then click ok.

12.Chart:

1. Click the slide where you want to place the chart.

2. On the insert menu, click chart.

3. Click a cell on the data sheet and then type the information you want.

4. To return to the slide, click outside the chart.

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Task 14: Master Layouts (slide, template, and notes), Types of views (basic, presentation, slide slotter,

notes etc), Inserting – Background, textures, Design Templates, Hidden slides, OLE in PPT.

1. Types of Views:

Normal view Displays three panes – outline pane, slide pane, note pane.

Outline view Displays an outline format of the slideshow.

Slide view Default view. It is used to create and edit slides

Slide sorter view Displays a miniature picture of each slide.

Slide show displays the slides in full screen.

2. Master Layout:

1. On the view menu, point to master, and then click slide master.

2. To insert a slide master, do the presentation given in slides and lastly add date and footer

to the slides.

3. Slide Show:

1. On the slides tab in the normal view, select the slides you want.

2. On the slide show menu, click side transition.

3. Under advance slide, select the automatically after checkbox, and then number of seconds

you want the slide to appear on the screen.

4. Background:

a) Right click a blank area on the slide and choose background from context menu.

b) Click the drop down arrow to display a list of colors.

c) Click on a color to apply it.

5. Textures:

When opting to choose a textured background for your PowerPoint presentation, choose a

subtle design and make sure that there is good contrast between the background and the text.

6. Design templates:

From the new presentation task pane, click on from design template you Want.

7. Hidden slides.

On the Slides tab in normal view, select the slide you want to hide.

On the Slide Show menu, click Hide Slide.

The hidden slide icon appears with the slide number inside, next to the slide you have

hidden.

8. OLE in PPT

Click in the slide where you want to place the linked object.

On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Object.

Click Create from File.

In the File name box, type the name of the file, or click Browse to select from a list.

To change the default icon image or label, click Change Icon, and then click the icon that

you want from the Icon list, or type a label in the Caption box.