1. CREATIVE COGNITION IN THE CITY Underlying principles for creativity and innovation in citiesANDY DONG Faculty of Engineering & Information Technologies University of Sydney

2. Many diverse properties of cities from patent production and personal income to electrical cable length are shown to be power law functions of population size with scaling exponents, Bettencourt, L. M. A., Lobo, J., Helbing, D., Khnert, C., & West, G. B. (2007). Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(17), 7301-7306. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0610172104 3. absolute brain size measures were the best predictors of primate cognitive ability Deaner, R. O., Isler, K., Burkart, J., & van Schaik, C. (2007). Overall Brain Size, and Not Encephalization Quotient, Best Predicts Cognitive Ability across NonHuman Primates. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 70(2), 115-124. 4. ( capability to design ) biological / evolutionarydesign competencecognitivesocio-political 5. Premise 1 The fundamental organizing principle underlying the brain is prediction.Premise 2 Design thinking consists of a set of cognitive strategies closely aligned with prediction.Premise 3 Design thinking is an adaptive function of cognitive abilities relevant to prediction.Conclusion The organizing principles for creative cities should follow principles underlying the predictive brain and design thinking. 6. Premise 1 The fundamental organizing principle underlying the brain is prediction.Premise 2 Design thinking consists of a set of cognitive strategies closely aligned with prediction.Premise 3 Design thinking is an adaptive function of cognitive abilities relevant to prediction.Conclusion The organizing principles underlying creative cities should follow principles underlying the predictive brain and design thinking. 7. Rather than passively waiting to be activated by sensations, it is proposed that the human brain is continuously busy generating predictions that approximate the relevant future. Bar, M. (2007). The proactive brain: using analogies and associations to generate predictions. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11, 280-289. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.005 Clark, A. (2013). Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(03), 181-204. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X12000477 8. Ibid., Fig. 1 9. Leslie, A. M. (1987). Pretense and Representation: The Origins of "Theory of Mind". Psychological Review, 94(4), 412426 10. recursion holds the key to that [difference in mind between man and higher animals], underlying such uniquely human characteristics as language, theory of mind, and mental time travelCorballis, M. C. (2011). The recursive mind : the origins of human language, thought, and civilization. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 11. an overwhelming urge to seek novelty and alternative vantage points, is a major characteristic of the human CNS Mesulam, M. M. (1998). From sensation to cognition. Brain, 121(6), 1013-1052. doi:10.1093/brain/121.6.1013 12. Premise 1 The fundamental organizing principle underlying the brain is prediction.Premise 2 Design thinking consists of a set of cognitive strategies closely aligned with prediction.Premise 3 Design thinking is an adaptive function of cognitive abilities relevant to prediction.Conclusion The organizing principles underlying creative cities should follow principles underlying the predictive brain and design thinking. 13. noveldesign is the capacity {faculty of the brain} to envision a non-existent material world to a level of complexity that is not obvious based on the local material environment and then to reify that nonexistent world in material or symbolic semiotic form Dong, A. (2010). Biological first principles for design competence. Artificial Intelligence Engineering Design Analysis and Manufacturing, 24(4), 455-466. doi:10.1017/S0890060410000338 14. framinganalogisingabductionProducing a novel standpointmental simulationanalogisingUncertainty resolution 15. is design-by-analogy worth the extra time and effort? Our findings suggest that if the goal of conceptual ideation is to ultimately generate and develop a concept that is high quality and novel, then the answer is yes. Chan, J., Fu, K., Schunn, C., Cagan, J., Wood, K., & Kotovsky, K. (2011). On the Benefits and Pitfalls of Analogies for Innovative Design: Ideation Performance Based on Analogical Distance, Commonness, and Modality of Examples. Journal of Mechanical Design, 133(8), 081004-081004. doi: 10.1115/1.4004396 16. analogical reasoning is a core design strategy that is instantiated coincident with situations of design uncertainty, serving to facilitate the resolution of such uncertainty Analogies within mental simulations have a generative role [and] to explain the nature of the simulation run or resulting representation Ball, L. J., & Christensen, B. T. (2009). Analogical reasoning and mental simulation in design: two strategies linked to uncertainty resolution. Design Studies, 30(2), 169-186. doi:10.1016/j.destud.2008.12.005 17. novel (out-of-domain); explain (within-domain)design Bar, Fig. 1frame 18. Premise 1 The fundamental organizing principle underlying the brain is prediction.Premise 2 Design thinking consists of a set of cognitive strategies closely aligned with prediction.Premise 3 Design thinking is an adaptive function of cognitive abilities relevant to prediction.Conclusion The organizing principles underlying creative cities should follow principles underlying the predictive brain and design thinking. 19. design thinking framing mental simulationabductionanalogizingmeta representation recursionsecondary representation primary representationcuriosity 20. What are the primary functions of the ability to imagine what is not available to the senses and the creative faculty of the mind? we would like here to emphasize two potential adaptive functions that appear to be fundamental to the modern human mind and crucial to our current dominance on this planet: mental time travel and design. Suddendorf, T., & Dong, A. (2013). On the evolution of imagination and design. In M. Taylor (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Development of Imagination (pp. 453467). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 21. Gentner, T. Q., Fenn, K. M., Margoliash, D., & Nusbaum, H. C. (2006). Recursive syntactic pattern learning by songbirds. Nature, 440(7088), 1204-1207. doi: 10.1038/nature04675 22. Santino, a 31 year old male chimpanzeeHis cache of rocks to throwOsvath, M. (2009). Spontaneous planning for future stone throwing by a male chimpanzee. Current Biology, 19(5), R190R191. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.010 23. Figure 4 from Torigoe, T. (1985). Comparison of object manipulation among 74 species of non-human primates. Primates, 26(2), 182-194. doi: 10.1007/BF02382017 24. Premise 1 The fundamental organizing principle underlying the brain is prediction.Premise 2 Design thinking is an adaptive function of cognitive abilities relevant to prediction.Premise 3 Design thinking consists of a set of cognitive strategies closely aligned with prediction.Conclusion The organizing principles underlying creative cities should follow principles underlying the predictive brain and design thinking. 25. Predictive & Creative Brain(A)natomy or (F)unctionCreative City Principletransmodal pathwaysAmulti-scale, multi-modal transport optionslarger working memoryAhistoricity of placeanalogyFcreate unexpected (physical, socio-economic) encounters; mixed-used schemesrecursionFhierarchically embedded sociospatial forms (e.g. fractals Batty & Longley 1986)novelty-seeking behaviourFsocial value for novelty 26. [ To build creative cities, apply design principles of the predictive and thereby creative brain.] 27. Dorst, K. (2011). The core of 'design thinking' and its application. Design Studies, 32(6), 521-532. doi:10.1016/j.destud.2011.07.006 28. noveldesign is the capacity to envision a nonexistent material world to a level of complexity that is not obvious based on the local material environment and then to reify that non-existent world in material or symbolic semiotic form Dong, A. (2010). Biological first principles for design competence. Artificial Intelligence Engineering Design Analysis and Manufacturing, 24(4), 455-466. doi:10.1017/S0890060410000338 29. (top) a good nest rated good (bottom) crude nest(top) animal sitting at rest in a nest(figure) suggestive of a large birds nest(bottom) another lying asleep in a nestBernstein, I. S. (1962). Response to nesting materials of wild born and captive born chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, 10(1-2), 1-6. doi: 10.1016/00033472(62)90123-9 30. Bird uses hook to grab bucket containing foodBird makes hook to grab bucket containing foodBird, C. D., & Emery, N. J. (2009). Insightful problem solving and creative tool modification by captive nontool-using rooks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(25), 1037010375. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0901008106 31. competitorsubjectFigure 1 from Kaminski, J., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Chimpanzees know what others know, but not what they believe. Cognition, 109(2), 224-234. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.08.010 32. ( Design Capability Set ) Abstraction (the stock of valuable cultural resources that provide the raw material for creative activities such as design) Authority (the capability to exert positive or negative obligation on government to design a world that they value) Evaluation (the capability to validate design solutions put forward both during the design process and when the design work has been completed) Information (a right to information that is authoritative, complete and truthful) Knowledge (the capability to have general knowledge of the practice of design) Participation (capability for setting conditions for meaningful citizen participation) Dong, A., Sarkar, S., Nichols, C., & Kvan, T. (2013). The capability approach as a framework for the assessment of policies toward civic engagement in design. Design Studies, 34(3), 326344. doi: 10.1016/j.destud.2012.10.002