Wireless charging of smartphones

Wireless Charging for Smartphone

Kandan Jayaraj (A0028319E)

Karthik TR (A0082036M)

Sathish Narayanan (A0080102A)

Jaskirat Kaur (A0077146B)

Wong Wee Yap (A0077152H)

Tonmoy Kundu (A0028202X)

2 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project

Wireless Charging of Smartphone

Presentation Outline

Smartphones

Current Trends – Impact on Power

Wireless Charging Products for the Smartphone

Charging your Smartphone – Current Technology

ENERGY GAP in Smartphones

Value Proposition – Road to True Mobility

Our Vision of Wireless Charging

Wireless Hotspots

Technology Progress

Cost Structure and Trends

Market Drivers

Array of Opportunities

Future of Wireless Charging



Current Trends in Smartphones – Impact on

Power

Convergence of communication,

entertainment and computing

More transistors and migration to smaller, leakier

geometries

New Apps , Need for Speed High performance power

hungry processors

Higher Memory Memory consumes more

power

Increased talk time demand and craze for smaller, sleeker

devices Higher battery capacity

Whatever be the technological advancements, it

ends up asking for MORE POWER



Wireless Charging Products for Smartphones

Cost = $4.70 each (in USD) Cost = $3.60 each (in USD)

Skins

Cases / Covers

Charge Pads / Bundle Kits

Inductive Coupling

IT IS CHEAP!!



Wired

Equipment Portability

User Mobility

Safety

Li-ion technology

15+ years old

Simple energy storage, one cell

system, minimized packing

Power and energy: well balanced

Charging your Smarphone – Current technology



Relative performance improvements in Li

Battery technology VS HDD / CPU



IMPLICATIONS TO CHARGING SYSTEM:

Battery Capacity – Fails to meet demand

Charging Interval – More frequent

Variance in System Charging Performance

Energy Gap in Smartphones



• Battery is not sufficient to fulfill Smartphone power needs Problem

• Use wireless technology to fill the energy gap Solution

• Wireless energy product that allows ‘recharging on the go’ -

convenient and practical manner – True Mobility Value Proposition

Value Proposition – Road to True Mobility

Wireless

Charging

Our Vision for

WIRELESS CHARGING



Wireless Charging Hotspots

AC Electricity

Circuit Hotspot Source

Oscillating Magnetic Field

The mobile phone is

powered to tune to the

same frequency as the

hotspot source and in

the process of

resonant magnetic

coupling, power is

transferred.






Intelligent Wireless Charging System

•Wireless power Detection

•ID and Energy Demand

communication

•Request for Charging

Power Receiver Power Transmitter

•Wake up from IDLE mode

•Power Receivers Authentication

•Power Transfer according to

Energy Demands Adaptive

Power Transfer Mode

•Power Charge Complete

•Power Transmitter/IDLE

Mode (optional)

•Power Transfer Off

•Switch to IDLE mode

•Wireless power Detection

•ID and Energy Demand

communication

•Multiple Request for

Charging

•Wake up from IDLE mode

•Power Receiver Authentication

•Power Transfer according to

Energy Demand



Range

Near Field

Inductive Coupling

Resonance Coupling

Far Field

RF / Microwave

Technology Paradigm – Wireless charging

MT5009 Videos/movie_1.avi



EM Resonance Coupling

• Superior to inductive charging

• Offer larger distances between the charged device

and the source

• Easily charge multiple gadgets simultaneously,

regardless of their position

• Can transmit across barriers

Range

Near Field

Inductive Coupling

Resonance Coupling

Far Field

Microwave / RF

• Blue line: Magnetic Fields

Created when the current

flows through the coil

• Yellow line: Flow of

energy from the sources

to Capture Coil

Is it practical to develop

this technology for the

mass market?

MT5009 Videos/movie_ 2.avi



Wireless Charging Hotspots: Road to

Mainstream Market

Understanding the Roadmap from Labs to Market

R&D Commercialization Market Adoption

3 Major Factors:

Technology Progress – Efficiency vs Distance / Efficiency vs Size

o Efficiency Improvement

Better Design

Better Materials

Cost Structure and Trends

o Cost of Ownership vs Market Adoption

Market Drivers


Technology Progress



Wired

Wireless AC->DC

50Hz

DC->AC

Hi-Freq

AC->DC

50Hz

DC->AC

HiFreq

AC->DC

AC->DC

Magnetic f

ield

Connecto

r

Charge

control

Charge

control

Energy

storage

efficiency

Energy

storage

efficiency

XX% 90% 99% 70%

99%

Up to 80%

~1% cable loss

Efficiency Break-down: Wired vs Wireless

Charger Smartphone

Transmitter / Charger Smartphone



10-2

Distance [m]

10-1 100 (1 meter) 10

1 (10 meters)

Inductive Pad Solutions

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

(1 W)

101

(10 W)

102

(100 W)

Tran

sfer

red

po

wer

[W

]

Magnetic coupled Resonance, +60% efficiency

Proximity coupling Vicinity coupling

High Efficiency

High Power

Low Power

Near Field Wireless Charging: Distance vs Efficiency



Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency E

ffic

ien

cy

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Distance (m)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Inductive

coupling to

Resonant

Inductive

Coupling

Kurs, Moffat and Soljačić —

found that powering two

devices at once led to higher

efficiency than one device

alone.

Team from MIT,

wirelessly power a

60W light bulb

with 40%

efficiency at a 2

metres

VISION

Pushing the Mid-Range Efficiency Curve Outwards



Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency

Source: Simultaneous mid-range power transfer to multiple devices

André Kurs, Robert Moffatt, and Marin Soljačić

The efficiency should continue to rise as more devices are added,

climbing toward a theoretical limit of 100 percent.

The two receiving coils resonate with each other

as well as with the transmitting coil, and help to

reinforce the strength of the magnetic field.

Technology Driven by Mass Adoption




0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Source: JiWire Mobile Audience Insights Report

We anticipate the market for Wireless Charging Hotspot trend will follow

that of the Wi-Fi adoption Trend and the scaling effect driving efficiency

up.

Technology Driven by Mass Adoption



Transmitter

Receiver

• The Coils offer inductance for resonance at desired frequency.

• Size - Bigger the coil, higher the efficiency

• Higher coil Q factor offer longer range

Q = Quality factor of Transmitter / Receiver coil

Near Field Wireless Charging: Size vs Efficiency



Reducing Receiver Coil Size


1. A large size difference of the coils

reduces efficiency – Problem for Mobile

Charging with Hotspots

2. A higher Quality Factor of coils pushes

the efficiency curve up

Source: Limitation of inductive

power transfer for consumer

application

Eberhard Waffenschmidt, Philips

Research

Typical arrangement of a wireless inductive power

transmission system.




K – coupling coefficient

Q1 – Quality Factor of Transmitter coil

Q2 – Quality Factor of Receiver Coil

Improving K,Q1 or Q2 will drive

efficiency of resonant magnetic

coupling and performance despite

limitations created by varying coil

sizes

Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ?

Improving K, Q1 or Q2

Better Design

Better Materials




The multi-layer design incorporating lamination of four layers together with width

variation exhibited a Q-factor improvement of 150% in comparison to the single-

layer inductor.

Research conducted to improve Q2 –

through Better Design

Source:

Watt-Level Wireless Power Transfer Based on Stacked Flex Circuit Technology,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

*National Semiconductor Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA





As the spacing decreases between the elements, the magnitude of the coupling

between that structure and the receiving element increases Coupling coefficient

(k) increases

Research conducted to improve k –

through Better Design

Source:

Optimization of Near Field Coupling for Efficient Power Transfer Utilizing Multiple

Coupling Structures , Devin Wells Williams





The use of negative-index Metamaterials to enhances coupling coefficient (k) of

two resonators and improves efficiency.

Research conducted to improve k –

through Better Materials


Source:

Wireless Power Transmission Efficiency Enhancement With Metamaterials,

MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES




Recent Research Breakthrough on Wireless Power Transfer

March 14, 2012


Cost Structure & Trends



Efficiency Vs Cost

Increasing the number of stacks

Adding Material

Reducing space between coils

Increasing Efficiency– Impact on Cost



Powdered-iron-based, wireless

charging receiving coil

Cost = USD $5.48

TI’s bq51013 Receiver IC

Cost = USD $3.50

TI’s bq500210 Transmitter IC

Cost = USD $3.95

Cost Analysis for Wireless Charging – BOM Level



Cost Analysis for Wireless Charging: Reducing

Cost – In the footsteps of Integrated Circuits ???

1] Increasing the

number of stacks

2] Adding

Material

3] Reducing space

between coils 1] More process steps overtime

2] Increasing number of layers with technology node

3] Smaller and smaller feature Size overtime

Cost Reduction in IC manufacturing had been

possible with advances in science enabled by

research, better manufacturing equipment with

benefits from reduction in scale.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Smt_closeup.jpg

http://www.singularity.com/images/charts/AverageTrans.jpg



Improvements in System Integration - Size & Cost

Path to delivering Power on to the IC directly System Integration 3D IC and SiP Power delivery from coil/inductor to the Die



WIFI vs Wireless Power Transfer

Wireless Adapter Transmits Radio

Signal. Router Receives the Signal.

Data Transfer Rate declines with distance

Efficiency

Push

True Mobility attained from shifting to

Wireless



Cost Reductions in Wireless Power

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Wireless Power Chip Set Pricing Forecast (Anticipated)

(in dollars)

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

2011 - Texas Instruments Incorporated introduced its

next-generation bqTESLA™ wireless power

transmitter integrated circuit (IC). The IC lowers the

transmitter bill of materials cost by more than 50

percent, compared to existing solutions, by integrating

the transmitter and supporting components into a

single chip.

4.50

9.10

The price of wireless routers fell from

$1,000 in 2000 to just $59 in 2004. - Dean Takahashi, San Jose Mercury News.

Latest reports suggest the

inclusion of the

"revolutionary" wireless

charging feature in Galaxy

S3. – International Business Times,

March 22,2012.

Market

Adoption



Mobile Apps for Intelligent Wireless Charging

Apps will help to

Increase efficiency of wireless

charging

Control the cost of charging for

consumers

Make the product more

economically feasible and

commercially viable Wireless Hotspot Detected: - NUS Hspot ))))))) Excellent

- McD Hspot ))) Average

Estimated cost for full charge: $0.10

Amount in account: $10.32

Top-up account

Share power mode


Market Drivers



Market Drivers for Wireless Charging

User Expectation

Limits to Competing Technologies

Efficiency Improvements

Rapid Market Growth

Road to

True Mobility



Wireless Charging System Scenarios



Advantages of Wireless charging

Universal wireless charging environment

Convenient & Simple to use

Safe, Reliable & Efficient

Low Maintenance Cost

Environmentally Protective

More Energy Savings

Reduction of Electronic Waste



Array of Opportunities

Consumer Electronics

• Laptops

• Digital Cameras

• Television / Media Remotes / Gaming controls

Industrial Applications

• Automated Material Handling

• Industrial Micro- Robots

Biomedical Devices

• Implants

• Pacemakers

• Defibrillators

Other Applications

• Electric Vehicles

• LED Lighting

• Military Applications

Wireless Charging Solutions



Future of Wireless Power - Consumer Electronics

Wireless Power will change our world…

AT WORK

IN THE AIR

AT THE HOTEL

AT THE CAFE

ON THE GO

AT HOME



AT WORK

Digital Camera

Cell Phone

Laptop

Coffee Mug



IN THE AIR

Cell Phone

/ Kindle

Laptop



AT THE HOTEL

Digital Camera

Kindle

Laptop

Cell Phone



AT THE CAFÉ

Cell Phone

Blender

Laptop

Coffee Mug

Kindle



ON THE GO

Parking Lot

Cell Phone / Bluetooth Device

Media Player

GPS Tracking System

Charging Car Battery



AT HOME

Cell Phone

Laptop

Blender

Electric Pan



AT HOME



Conclusion

Wireless Charging is Smart Charging

Wireless Charging would be extremely beneficial to society

Efficient & much better than conventional wired power

Freedom of movement in charging area

Eliminates tangled cords

GREEN & Universal

It is a universal, interoperable solution that meets and anticipates

immediate and future consumer needs

In near future, the world will be completely

WIRELESS!



Are you Still Wired ??