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Urban MobilityUrban Mobility
What can we learn from ChinaWhat can we learn from China
January 21January 21stst 20142014
Current challenges in China’s urban cities are similar to the concerns in
Europe
Poor air quality �
Smog
Increasing private car ownership and ridershipNoise
Fast growing urban
population
Decline in walking
and bicycle using
Cities combining
with suburbs to
form region
Insufficient public
transportation linking
cities and suburbs
Increasing
disposable
income
Rapid industrial
development
Better payment
terms to boost
car purchase
Increasing usage of
motorcycles
2
Parking
- Beijing: 5.3 mn
vehicles vs. 2.7 mn
parking slots
-Shanghai: 2.6 million
vehicles vs. 780, 000
parking slots
Traffic congestion
80% of the roads and
90 % of the junction
have almost reached
capacity limit in Urban
Chinese cities with >1
million inhabitants
Road Safety
Road fatalities at
62,387 in 2011
- 28% are motorcycle
users
Pollution
According to the World
Bank, 16 of the world’s
20 cities with the worst
air are located in China
Increasing private car ownership and ridershipNoise car purchase
Impact Trend
Fast growing urban population
Increased private car ownership and ridership
Rapid industrial development
Pollution � Centre of concern in everyday life of China’s growing urban population � Only 1% of China’s 560 urban cities reach WHO’s safety norms for air quality
Drivers
Beijing, January 2013, central district seen from above
in heavy smog
low high
3
• Vehicle emissions contribute 60% of air pollution in large cities
� 60% of particulate from heavy diesel-powered
� 22% of particulate from passenger vehicles
• PM 2.5 reaches 4 times norm limits in major urban cities:
� 2010, more than 7,770 premature deaths were directly linked to PM 2.5 pollution in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Xi’an
� 3 times as high as traffic casualties
in heavy smog
Source: Greenpeace and Beijing University, 2010Source: NASA
Traffic CongestionThe imbalance between rapid growing private car ownership and the slower pace of road construction has caused severe traffic congestion in China’s urban cities
Impact Trend
Fast growing urban population
Increased private car ownership and ridership
Imbalance between the fast growing traffic and the pace of road construction
Insufficient public transportation both inside cities
Drivers
low high
4
• Private car ownership increased from 12 mn in 2003 to 93 mn in 2012
• Shanghai in the past decade:
� growth in private car ownership = 364 %
� increase in road capacity = 110%
• Guangzhou in the past 5 years: road capacity increased 2% while the number of motor vehicles has more than doubled
• Beijing: 21-23 km/h during rush hours
A 62-mile-long traffic jam on a highway
leading to Beijing on its ninth day, 2010
Insufficient public transportation both inside cities and linking cities and suburbs
Road SafetyCombining insufficient traffic management with inexperienced drivers and lax driving habits, China has become one of the biggest contributors to world’s traffic fatalities
Impact Trend
Inefficient regulation/management on vehicles and circulation: scooters, motorcycles and cars
Inexperienced drivers due to loose execution on getting driving licenses
Lax driving habits
Inefficient public transportation
Drivers
Scooters & bicycles circulate between
passenger cars , going into different directions:
very likely to cause traffic jam and road accident
low high
5
• With only 3% of the world’s vehicles, China accounts for 24% of the world’s traffic fatalities
• Road fatalities at 62,387 in 2011: 28% are motorcycle users
• In 2011, the mortality rate from traffic accidents was 8.7 per 100,000 people in urban areas
• Traffic accidents cost the Chinese economy $21 billion a year.
Inefficient public transportation
Poor road conditions
very likely to cause traffic jam and road accident
Source: WTO
September 2012, Shanghai: north-south and
east-west traffic to each other and lack of traffic
police to ease. Source: Dong Fang Daily
ParkingPrivate car ridership rise, along with the lack of regulations (on parking resources, prices, proper development) and lack of management have led to a nation wide parking shortage
Impact Trend
Insufficient laws on forcing property owners to provide adequate parking for cars, scooters, bicycles and delivery vehicles
Insufficient management on parking lots
Increased private car ownership and ridership
Drivers
An open-air car park in Tianjin City
with 90 parking slots, 2010
low high
6
• Severe parking shortage in large urban cities:
� Beijing:2.7 mn parking spaces (including 780 k in residential
areas) vs. 5.3 mn motor vehicles in the city
�Shanghai: 780 k parking slots vs. 2.6 mn vehicles
� Chongqing: short 190 k parking spaces and the deficit is
growing by 400 spaces / day
�Xi’an: a deficit of 400 k parking spaces
• Parking fees likely account for more than 1/3 of the annual costs of
owning a car for owners who must pay for parking.
with 90 parking slots, 2010
Crowded road side parking with car parking
inside a playground, Taiyuan city, 2010
Source: People’s Daily, Xinhua News
7 major initiatives have been carried out by the Chinese government to on
one hand reduce car foot print and on the other hand promote public and green transportation
Reduce car
footprint
Quota on new car plate
license1
Restriction on circulation2
Transport
Increased parking fees3
7
Innovation
Improved public
transportation4
Dedicated lanes for bus &
bikes5
Government push for car
electrification6
Small vehicles7
Transport
Management
1 – Quota on new car plate license4 cities in China have now implemented quota on new car plate licensing, some through a plate lottery, some through auctions even bidding � resulted in the drop of car sales
Initiatives
Beijing
From 2011, new registration limited at 240,000 per year through license plate lottery
Beijing
By the end of 2017, total motor vehicle park at 6 mn (vs. 5.2 mn end of 2012)
Guangzhou
From 2012, new registration limited at 120,000 per year. (50% license plate lottery including 10% green vehicles + 50% plate auction)
Nationwide
8 new cities intent to implement quota on new registration in 2014
Transferability to European cities
8
2011 2012 20172013 2014 2015 2016
Results
Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking
Beijing
Car sales dropped 56% in 2012
Guangzhou
• Car sales dropped 30% in 2012
• 60% mobility using public transportation in 2012
Nationwide
Car sales expected to drop approximately 400,000, which accounts for 2% of national sales
Beijing
↓25% Total amount of pollutants emission from motor vehicle
Harbin
ShenyangBeijing
TianjinDalian
UrumqiHohhot
Changchun
TaiyuanYinchuanBeijing
2 - Restriction on circulationMost tier 1 & 2 cities limited motorcycle use due to safety & environmental concerns. Some also limited car use � released the traffic and decreased the pollution level for short-term.
Motorcycle authorized
Motorcycle limited (by time period, areas and license)
Motorcycle banned in central areas and/or stopped releasing license
Electric Scooters banned or limited
Car circulation limited
Initiatives
Nationwide
Restriction of motorcycle circulation in most urban cities
Results
Foshan:
Beijing
Car Use Restriction based on odd and even-numbered license plates (during certain periods)
9
Wenzhou
GuangdongGuangzhou
ShenzhenZhuhai
ShanghaiNanjing
Suzhou
Jiangsu
Hefei
Hangzhou
Fuzhou
Xiamen
JinanQingdaoShijiazhuang
Zhengzhou
Taiyuan
GuiyangChangsha
Nanchang
Wuhan
Haikou
Chengdu
Nanning
Chongqing
Lanzhou
Xi’an
Kunming
Xining
Beijing
During restriction period in 2009:
• Traffic volume ↓19.5%
• Average speed on road network ↑15%
• PM10 emission ↓7%
Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking
Foshan: Weigh of motorcycle in urban mobility dropped from 38.6% to 19.7%
Guangzhou: • ↓20% accidents related to motorcycles,
• ↓8% related death
Kunming: ↓35% death related to motorcycles
Beijing
Started in April 2011 charge higher parking fees in non-residential areas from 7am-9pm:
3 – Increased parking feesBeijing has tripled its parking price in 13 central districts through out a policy carried out in April 2011. � Reduced parking usage and traffic volume after first month of implementation.
Initiatives Results
Beijing
1st month of implementation:
• Traffic volume ↓12% on average
• ↓25-35 minutes traffic jam in central areasUnderground Parking
5 Before
Parking price in central areas (price/hr in yuan)
10
� Parking fee paid per car / day raised to 100-150 yuan
Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking
• Usage of car parking ↓23%
Roadside Parking
Open-air Ground Parking
Parking 6
5
5
8
15 (from the 2nd hour)
After
Before
After
Before
After
4 – Improved public transportationThe initiatives to improve public transportation not only include building new infrastructures but also increasing convenience in links between different public transportation modes
City Suburbs
Travel distance
Intercity
•Bus
•Metro
•Tramway•Bicycle
•Bicycle
•Suburb buses
•Suburb trains
•Intercity Trains
•Intercity Buses
Initiatives Results
11
Initiatives Results
Beijing
•7 new subway lines between 2009-2012
•153 new bus lines between 2009-2012
• 16 subway lines in 2012 covering 397 km (+50% compared to 2009)
• Metro + Bus accounts for 39.7% of mobility methods in 2012, compared to 29.8% in 2005
Hangzhou
Bicycle stands next to subway entrances & bus stops � to ease commute between residence and the closest public transportation
• Number of bicycle rent has doubled in 4 years
�2009 (3.5 mn / year) vs. 2012 (7 mn / year)
• Bicycle rent helped reduce CO2 emission
�370 k tonne saving from 2009-2012 if compared with private car ride
Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking
5 – Dedicated lanes for buses & bikesTraffic management has been improved by prioritising buses with dedicated lanes and by separating motor vehicles from non-motor vehicles.
Bus Lane
Bikes and
Scooters
BRT in Kunming City
12
Initiatives ResultsTransferability to European cities
• Installed dedicated lane for buses to � prioritise public transportation �ease traffic management
• 14 urban cities in China now havedeveloped BRT systems
• 5 on the plan
Kunming (first Chinese city to install dedicated bus lane, in 1999)
�Public transit mode share increased from 6% (1999) to 24% (2010).
�Average waiting time for bus ↓59%
�The bus lane increased capacity from 2,000 passengers/h per direction to 7,500
Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking
6 – Government push for car electrificationGreen vehicles have been promoted by the government through subsidiaries & tax reductions � However, it hasn’t been effective to push the individual purchase of EVs
Initiatives ResultsTransferability to European cities
Governmental objective in the develop of EVs
�By 2015, the sales of electric & hybrid vehicles reaches 500,000
(5-year-plan 2011-2015)
• By 2012, 80% of bus are electric
• Sales of green vehicles the first half of 2013
�12,791 (with 11,375 electric)
� less than 1% of total vehicle sales
13
(5-year-plan 2011-2015) � less than 1% of total vehicle sales
Incentives and tax reductions
�To promote EV sales
�To ease R&D of EV industry and industries supporting this matter (such as battery suppliers)
Incentives on purchase of green vehicle are implemented in urban cities (Shanghai, Changchun, Shenzhen, Hefei, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, etc)
� Up to 60,000 yuan per vehicle for 100% electric passenger cars
Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking
7 – Small vehiclesMany automotive constructors see opportunities in small vehicles in China due to severe pollution, congestion and parking shortage
Initiatives
Governmental
3000 yuan state subsidy to owners of 1.6L and below passenger cars that consume 20% less energy than the current standard
Governmental
2-year-long tax reduction program for purchase of 1.6L and below passenger cars � Vehicle purchasing tax at 5% (2009) and 7.5% (2010) instead of 10%
Industrial
• Vehicle constructors see rising opportunities in small vehicles in China due to high level of pollution and congestion, as well as increasing parking shortage
• Toyota, Dongfeng, Ford, Nissan, VW etc intend to increase proportion of small vehicles in their product portfolio in China to reduce emission and promote energy saving
14
Results
Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking
Increased sales of 1.6L and below passenger cars in 2009-2010:
�In 2009, ↑71% sales volume, reaching 7.2 mn units
�=70% of total passenger car sales, reaching its highest market share in history
10% energy saving
2009 2010 20152011 2012 2013 2014
Toyota China released in 2013 a small car strategy:
�A New VIOS and Toyota YARIS was released
GAC Toyota plans to sell 500,000 units in 2015, of which 40% are small & medium cars
Conclusion
European CountriesSolutions from China
Currently exists
Good idea?
TransferablePollution Congestion Road Safety Parking
Quota on new
vehicle purchase1 xPollution Congestion
Road
SafetyParking
Restriction on
circulation2 xPollution Congestion
Road
SafetyParking
Increased parking
fees3 √√√√Pollution Congestion
Road
SafetyParking
15
fees√√√√Pollution Congestion
SafetyParking
Improve public
transportation4 √√√√Pollution Congestion
Road
SafetyParking
Dedicated lane for
bus & bikes5 √√√√Pollution Congestion
Road
SafetyParking
Government push
for car electrification6 √√√√Pollution Congestion
Road
SafetyParking
Small vehicles7 Pollution CongestionRoad
SafetyParking √√√√