1

2

INTRODUCTION

People must interact with one another from different communities.

People are born into a certain group most certainly will from new groups throughout their lives.

3

DEFINITIONS OF SOCIAL GROUPrefers to a group of people that share things in common namely; purpose, goals, hobbies, behavior etc. (BOTTOMORE, T.B. )

There is a connection between individual and a social group.

Every individual is aware of groups and symbols involved.

TWO DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUPING

1

2

4

DEFINITIONS OF SOCIAL GROUPIt is a group of people which interacting with one another in a particular way. (Merton, R.)

They share mutual interaction among members and have a sense of belongingness.

Every social group differs in terms of its size, purpose and structure.

If individuals become members of a particular social group, they can also become members of another social group.

5

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP

Basic Group

6

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP

Basic Group

Secondary Group

7

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP

Basic Group

Secondary Group

Out and In Group

8

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP

Basic Group

Secondary Group

Out and In Group

Peer Group

9

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP

Basic Group

Secondary Group

Out and In Group

Peer Group

Reference Group

10

OTHER TYPES OF GROUPS

Statistical Group

11

OTHER TYPES OF GROUPS

Statistical Group

Categorical Group

12

OTHER TYPES OF GROUPS

Statistical Group

Categorical Group

Aggregate Group

13

OTHER TYPES OF GROUPS

Statistical Group

Categorical Group

Aggregate Group

Association Group

14

BASIC GROUP Cooley, C.H. claims that basic group consists of both small and informal group.

PATTERNS OF INTERACTIONPersonal, direct and Intimate namely;

Personal, Family, and Play Group

They are responsible for moulding personalities of their members.

Acts as initial group discovered by individual since birth.

15

Involves face to face intimate interaction, bound by commitment of its members.

Very influential in shaping and developing personalities and identities of individuals.

Gives a sense of belonging among its members enabling them to share each others emotions and identities.

Relationship not based on returns.

Able to share conversation, experiences and emotions with one another.

Not bound by formal rules or law but involves the integrity and their own rules.

16

CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC GROUP

Small size group to promote good and more intimate interaction .

If number of members increase interaction becomes less focused owing to the fact that members fail to understand each others roles.Size does not really matter as it does not really portray the real situation. Example in a broken family.

17

FACE –TO- FACE INTERACTION

Regular meeting among members to create intimate bond in their group.

Members must know each other and interaction would be meaningless if there is no understanding.

Example: Students sit in for lecturers with other students without knowing each

other is not a basic group.

A broken family.

18

DURATION OF INTERACTION

Regular and long interaction to build intimacy.

Members in basic group who have achieved intimacy, find themselves reluctant to leave the group.

Example: Children stay in their parents or vice- versa.

19

Why is basic group important to individuals and society?

Develops personality and self-esteem that are acceptable to the society.

20

SECONDARY GROUP

Relationship among members is less intimate compared to the basic group.

Members interact indirectly, formally and rarely face to face.Formed for specific purpose and for a specific amount of time only. Once aims are achieved the group will disperse.

The size of secondary group is relatively bigger than that of a basic group.

Members differ in terms of likes, behavior, morale and etc.

21

SECONDARY GROUP

Actions and feelings among members are controlled hence members become less intimate with one another.When situation and conditions are right, secondary group may evolve into basic group.

Example: Students rally together to sort out and settle problems they encounter in their residential college.

However, such basic group is not permanent, it may regress back in to the secondary group once solutions to their problems are found.

22

Why is secondary group important to individuals and society?

It fulfills a certain purpose namely to fix a policy pertaining to a matter in a committee.

23

IN AND OUT GROUP

Social group has its own principles and practices.

Members hold strongly to the principles hence share a “Sense of “Belonging.

Appear to be isolated from the rest of the groups because members hold strongly to their own practices and principles.

24

DEFINITION OF IN-GROUP

Individuals feel that they ought to belong to a group. The members strongly hold to their own set of ideologies, fate, come from the same background and highly aware.

The strength of the IN-GROUP depends on the support among members of the group.

Individuals that belong to a superior group cannot become a member of another group. (Summer, W.G.)

Example: Members of the Republicans will not be accepted into the democrats.

25

DEFINITION OF OUT-GROUP

Individuals feel as if they do not belong to any group.

An individual plays two different roles (IN-GROUP and OUT-GROUP) simultaneously.

Example: A Muslim Group (IN-GROUP) considers a group of Buddhists as an OUT-GROUP and vice-versa.

OUT-GROUP is viewed as INFERIOR by the IN-GROUP. IN-GROUP considers those in the OUT-GROUP as just like the rest.

When tested either tangibly or intangibly by the Out-Group, the strength of an In-Group becomes good.

26

Two Features of IN AND OUT GROUP

Involvement among the In-group gives a sense of belonging and strength but with it comes conflicts which pose obstacles

in interaction with other communities..

Forced collaboration between two groups will bring about true

cooperation bringing down boundaries and even differences.

Example: Cooperation in the Aftermath of natural Disasters.

27

PEER GROUP

Considered to be a basic Group that is both informal and small.

Made up of a group of people that share the same status and usually are of the same age group. Equality is the key success.

Nonetheless, there are Peer Groups that may not be of the same age but share the characteristics of Peer Group namely informal, basic relationship and have equality.

Example: Peer friends are Clubbing friends, Peer friends in school, Street gangs and etc.

28

PEER GROUP

Teenagers who form this group share similar behavior, norms, interest and interest.

Everyone in this group share equal position.Likewise, secondary group also exists among adults.

29

TWO PROBLEMS THAT MAY ARISE IN PEER GROUP

(Mayo, E.)

Power and Social Control

• Problem within a group may occur if more than one member wish to be a leader.

30

TWO PROBLEMS THAT MAY ARISE IN PEER GROUP

(Mayo, E.)

Power and Social Control• Problem within a group may occur if more than one

member wish to be a leader.

Integration• Problems occur when a new student tries to mix around in

his/her new group especially when Junior mix with the Seniors. They tend to go through the integration process.

“When Integration takes place in a Peer Group, personal problem is inevitable.” – Durkheim, E.

31

REFERENCE GROUPActs as a guide to an individual when shaping the belief, attitude, value and behavior.

Psychologically identified as a group that provides a mirror to evaluate ourselves.

Influences the way we think and behave.A member of a group cannot be a member of the Reference Group looked up upon.

Becomes an attraction due to its intelligence, dressing and behavior.

32

• Compares itself with the Reference Group and able to point out the differences involved.

Reference Comparative

Group (COMPARATI

VE)

33

• Compares itself with the Reference Group and able to point out the differences involved.

Reference Comparative

Group (COMPARATI

VE)

• When someone tries to conform to the norms of the group.

Reference Normative

Group (NORMATIVE)

34

“Reference group acts as a yard stick to our attitude and behavior.” - Hodges, C.

Reference Group can be divided into two groups:

• Attitude and behavior that should be followed.

POSITIVE

• Attitude and behavior that should not be avoided.

NEGATIVE

35

STATISTICAL GROUPFounded by Sociologists and Statisticians.Made up of members of society and its phenomenon.

Example: Men with the body mass of between 55-80- kg and undergraduates with accumulative points of 3.5.

36

CATEGORICAL GROUPPlaces a certain characteristics as an important element.

Example: A Millionaire who lives in Kenny Hill amongst the other millionaires.

37

AGGREGATE GROUP

Members of the society ay coincidentally meet or gather.

Example: A group of students waiting for a bus.

Interactions that takes place can be brief and short. Members may not be familiar with one another.

38

GROUP

STRUCTURE

Norms and roles will dictate the behavior of a group once a group is set up.

Size and power within the group determine the kind of relationship that takes place in the group.

DYADS TRIADS

39

DYADSThe smallest group in the society.

Example: A couple

The strength of this relationship depends solely on the involvement of both parties.

“A failed DYAD relationship is the result of either one of the party withdraws or retreats.” - Simmel

Social interaction that involves a threesome.

40

TRIADS is Based on Rules and Regulations(STARK, R.)

TRANSITIVITY (BALANCED)

• Inconsistent relationship with the third party• Said to be INTRANSITIVE if either one of them is no

longer in favor with the other two in the Triad.

41

TRIADS is Based on Rules and Regulations(STARK, R.)

TRANSITIVITY (BALANCED)

• Inconsistent relationship with the third party• Said to be INTRANSITIVE if either one of them is no

longer in favor with the other two in the Triad.

COALITION FORMULATION

• Two of the three some get together and confront the third party.

42

PRESSURES FROM GROUP AND CONFORMITY

According to ASCH (1952), pressure subjected to the minority may result in 1/3 of the subject conforming to result made by the majority even though the result is the opposite to its perception.

ASCH came up with a few important assumptions: Though 2/3 of subject did not conform to the majority, there was a handful that agreed with the results.

When ASCH introduced new student in his case study, the student choose not to conform. With the existence of a nonconformist, group think becomes impaired.

43