Protecting Whose Forest? REDD and the

ongoing contested land claims in

Indonesia

Sandra Moniaga Learning Centre HuMa,

Indonesia

Content

• General Overview of latent “forestry” and “indigenous peoples” issues in Indonesia

• Recent Development of “REDD” in Indonesia

• Indigenous Peoples, “Forests” and REDD in Indonesia

• Recommendations

• Population : 221,932,000• Capital: Jakarta; 13,194,000• Area: 1,922,570 square km (742,308 square

miles)• Designated “state forest areas”: 1,368,600

square km ( = 71 %)• Corruption: ranked 143th worst out of 180

countries (Transparancy International, 2007)• 17,500 islands (changing)• Language: Bahasa Indonesia and more than 700

local dialects• Religion: Muslim, Protestant, Roman Catholic,

Hindu, Buddhist and indigenous religions/beliefs• GDP per Capita: U.S. $3,100

General Overview of latent “Forestry” issues in Indonesia

•Problems with definitions: forests, forest areas, deforestation, indigenous peoples

•Contested land claims

Problems of definitions

• Ecological forest vs Political forest • “Forest Areas”, customary forest,

village forest etc

• Natural forest degradation vs Political forest reduction?

• Causes of natural forest degradation (policy, institutional and market failures)

• Indigenous peoples, masyarakat adat, masyarakat hukum adat, pribumi etc.

Data Base

HuMa dan Forest Watch Indonesia

Forest and Prolonged Contested Land Claims

Recent REDD development in Indonesia

• Policy and Institutional Development – Policy development: substance and

process– Various State Institutions perspectives

• National Council for Climate Change, • Ministry of Forestry • National Planning Boards)• Ministry of Environment• Regional Governments (provincial and

district)

• Indicated REDD demonstration and or proposed demo areas

•Kuala Kampar Riau, area: 700,000 Ha - WWF

•Tesso Nilo Riau, area: 50,000 Ha -- WWF

•Kampar Project, area: 400,000 Ha -- Leaf Carbon Ltd. and APRIL/RAPP

•Harapan Rainforest, Muara Jambi, area: 101,000 Ha -- Burung Indonesia, RSPB, Birdlife

•Berbak, Jambi, area: 250,000 Ha -- ERM, ZSL, Berbak National Park

Ulu Masen Project in Aceh area: 750,000 ha -- Carbon Conservation Pty. Ltd, Flora Fauna International (FFI)

•KalimantanTengah, area: 50,000 Ha -- Infinite Earth

•KFCP in Kalimantan Tengah, area: 340.000 Ha -- AUSAID

•Katingan Central Kalimantan -- Starling Resources

•Mawas PCAP in Central Kalimantan, area: 364.000 Ha -- BOS, Dutch Govt., Shell Canada

•Sebangau National Park in Central Kalimantan, area: 50.000 Ha -- WWF, BOS, Wetlands Internasional, Care International

Poigar in North Sulawesi, area: 34,989 ha - Green Synergies

Mamuju in West Sulawesi area: 30,000 ha -- Keep the Habitat, Inhutani I

Mimika and Memberamo in Papua, area: 265,000 ha -- New Forest Asset Mgt, PT. Emerald Planet

Jayapura in Papua, area: 217,634 ha -- WWF

Merauke-Mappi- Asmat in Papua, -- WWF

Malinau in East Kalimantan - Global Eco Rescue, INHUTANI II, Malinau District Government

Berau in East Kalimantan area: 971,245 ha - TNC, ICRAF, Sekala, Universitas Mulawarman, WInrock Intl, Univ of Queensland

Locations of REDD projects in IndonesaKapuas Hulu and Ketapang, area: 157,000 Ha -- Flora Fauna Int’l, PT. Mcquirie Capital

Indigenous Peoples, “Forests” and REDD in Indonesia

• REDD – There is not any final definition –

negotiations still continuing Neo “SFM” (Sustainable Forest

Management)?

• Indicators of SFM– Ecologically, economically and

socially sustainable

Problems of SFM in Indonesia – Ecologically:

• Continuing ecological deforestation (1,8 mill/year)• Causes forest fires, flood, land slides etc.

– Socially:• Prolonged conflicts over land tenure and natural resource

managements conflict (indigenous peoples and “state”) – unclearness of “who own the forests”

• Conflict/tensions of government authorities (central vs district government etc.)

• Insufficient legal and judicial system (content of the law and regulations, enforcement mechanism and corrupt judiciary)

– Economically:• Declining forest quality and productivity, insecure rights

for IPs and local communities become disincentive for develop sustainable programs

Is REDD part of the solution or worsening the

problematic situation?

Are there rooms for developing REDD to become part of the

solutions?

Recommendations: ways to develop REDD to become part of the solutions

• Process: – Ensure the inclusion of meaningful

negotiations for resolving the prolonged land and resource tenure conflicts;

– Ensure sufficient (and critical) understanding of IPs, peasants organizations and NGOs over the issue (forestry concept/terminologies, forest management in general and REDD);

Recommendation …..

• Process:– Full participation of IPs representatives,

peasants organizations, their supporting NGOs and local governments in overall processes

– Consolidation among the different IPs, Peasants organizations, NGOs and academics

– Identify and recognize different problems and solutions (for forest management) for different regions

Recommendation …..• Substantive:

– Ensure revision of laws and regulations which constitute article/s which contradict to human rights principles (including indigenous and tribal peoples’ rights)

– Ensure the establishment of mechanism for resolving the prolonged land and resource tenure conflicts (incl. customary land right restitution);

– Adoption of Accra Caucus Key Messages Regarding REDD (contextually)• + Integrate “forest carbon” management into natural

resources management plans• At community, district, regional (main islands),

national and global policies and programs