Introduction to various raw materials used by designers and engineersSUBMITTED TO

SANDEEP SACHANSUBMITTED BYDARSHIKA GUPTA

RAW MATERIALS

Steel AluminiumCopperSilverGold BrassBronze

PlasticPvcPolytheneCottonSyntetic rubberLeathers

MgoAl2O3ConcreteCementSilicaCermaicsCardboardPaper

VARIOUS FINISHES- Varnish

Varnishes are one of the most protective finishes available. This level of protection increases with additional layers.Slow drying and not very good at color retention.

- Lacquer

Dries quickly.

- Penetrating Oil

Applied to give protection and adds beauty that penetrates the wood surface.

- Staining- Staining  is used to enhance the

true color of the woodwork. It is also used to change the colour of the wood.

- -Waxing- Waxing is the ultimate rich-

looking and labor intensive finish that seals and protects the wood. 

FINISHES

- Oil & grease

Steels rust (except stainless steel) so they need to be protected against moisture and air.Coating in oil or grease is effective as long as the coating is not removed.

. Plastic dip coating - It is very effective as it can change the appearance as well e.g. the shelves

in fridges and dishwashers are plastic coated. 

- Painting is the most common way of protecting steel from rusting e.g. car bodies, white goods, filing cabinets etc

POWDER MATERIALS

- Dyes A dye is a colored

substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution.

.- There are natural and synthetic dyes.

TYPES OF DYESAcid dyesare water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such

as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers

Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers,

but find some use for wool and silk.

Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or

near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon.

Disperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are

water insoluble. 

LIQUIDS

Paints“A paint is a

Solution or suspension of pigment, binder and mineral solvent.”

A thin dry film so formed by this Solution is then applied to a surface which is used as a decorative or protective coating.

PAINT COMPOSITION

PigmentsPigments are granular solids incorporated in the paint to contribute color.

BinderThe binder, or resin, is the actual film forming component of paint. It is the only component that must be present in paint.

SolventThe main purpose of the Solvent is to adjust the viscosity of the paint.

AddictivesAdditives are usually added in small amounts to provide a significant effect on the product.

CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTSOil paints Widely used for wooden and metallic surfaces.

Plastic paintsContains a certain amount of plastic.

Cement paintsContains white cement, lime& sodium choride.

Bituminous paintMade by dissolving bitumen in petrolum.

Distemper paintsConsists of chalk , Pigment and glue.

Water paintsMixture of pigment, binder and water.

RESINS- Resin in the most specific use of the term is

a hydrocarbon secretion of many plants, particularly coniferous trees. Resins are valued for their chemical properties and associated uses, such as the production of varnishes,adhesives and food glazing agents. They are also prized as an important source of raw materials for organic synthesis, and as constituents of incense and perfume. 

GRANULARSand- Sand is a naturally

occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.

- The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate

POP

- Can also be referred to as Gypsum Plaster.

- Very similar to cement, plaster of paris is easy to mold when wet and forms a strong structure to the molded shape when dry.

- Plaster of Paris is formed by heating Gypsum to 300 degrees Fahrenheit

- Plaster of Paris got its name from a large gypsum deposit that is located in Paris.

CLAY

- Clay common name for a number of fine-grained, earthy materials that become plastic when wet. Chemically, clays are hydrous aluminum silicates, ordinarily containing impurities, e.g., potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, or iron, in small amounts.

LINEAR

YarnsYarn is a long continuous

length of interlocked fibres, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, and ropemaking. Thread is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand or machine.

LEATHER

- Leather is a durable and flexible material created by the tanning of animal rawhide and skin, often cattle hide. It can be produced through manufacturing processes ranging from cottage industry to heavy industry.

SOLIDWood

Wood is a hard, fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. 

GLASS

- Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material that exhibits a glass transition, which is the reversible transition in amorphous materials from a hard and relatively brittle state into a molten or rubber-like state. Glasses are typically brittle and can be optically transparent.

METAL

- A metal is a solid material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and features good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable—that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking

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