Early Development in Electronic

Data Processing

The Bachelor of Science in Office

Administration

To be presented by:

Group 1

Grace

Kenelyn

Mhel

Dhang

Natz

Ghel

Early Computing

Device

Abacus

Often credited to China but actuallystarted from Babylonia

Napier's Bones

John Napier by:

Slide Rule

William Oughtred by:

Pascal’s

Calculator

Blaise Pascalby:

Leibniz Calculator

Gottfried Leibnizby:

JACQUARD’S WEAVING LOOM

Joseph Marie Jacquardby:

Difference Engine

Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage

by:

HOLLERITH’S PUNCH-CARD MACHINE

Herman Hollerith by:

Hollerith's technique was successful. He built a company, the Tabulating

Machine Company which, after a few buyouts, eventually became International Business Machines, known today as IBM.

IBM continued to develop mechanical calculators for sale to businesses

But the U.S. military desired a mechanical calculator more optimized for scientific computation to be used for battleships

That is why Howard Aiken began to work on Mark 1 with assistance of students and engineers of Harvard University and IBM.

Howard Aiken

(March 8, 1900 – March 14, 1973) was a pioneer in computing

Aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and later obtained hHoward Hathaway Aiken is PhD in physics at Harvard University in 1939

He envisioned an electro-mechanical computing device that could do much of the tedious work for him. This computer was originally called the ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator) and later renamed Harvard Mark I

Howard Hathaway Aiken

Mark 1

was completed and installed at Harvard in February, 1944.

50 ft long and8 ft. high With 700,000 moving parts or 50 ft

rotating shaft turned by a 5 horsepower electric motor

incorporated with 500 miles of wire ran non-stop for 15 years, sounding

like a roomful of ladies knitting

MARK 1

could add or subtract two of these numbers in three-tenths of a second

multiply them in four seconds, and divide them in ten seconds.

Even though the Mark I had three quarters of a million components, it could only store 72 numbers!

The first automatic general-purpose digital computer which is now displayed at the Harvard University.

MARK 1

Grace Hopper

Programmer of Mark 1 Started to use “bug” to describe a

defect of program Received credit for the word

“debugging” meaning “ to eliminate program faults”

invented the high-level language “flow-matic” in 1953 which later called COBOL one of the first modern programming languages

Constructed the first compiler, a program use to translate a high level language into binary language that a computer can read.

Remained an active Rear Admiral in the navy until she turned 79.

THE “BUG”

MARK 2

Completed on 1947 constructed with high-speed

electromagnetic relays instead of electro-mechanical counters used in the Mark

addition time was 125,000 microseconds

multiplication time was 750,000 microseconds

unique feature of the Mark II is that it had built-in hardware for several functions such as the reciprocal, square root, logarithm, exponential, and some trigonometric functions. These took between five and twelve seconds to execute.

The Mark II ran some realistic test programs in July 1947. It was delivered to the US Navy Proving Ground at Dahlgren, Virginia in 1947 or 1948.

MARK 3

also known as ADEC (for Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Calculator)

was an early computer that was partially electronic and partially electromechanical consisted of 16 bits.

used 5,000 vacuum tubes and 1,500 crystal diodes.

used magnetic drum memory of 4,350 words.

addition time was 4,400 microseconds and the multiplication time was 13,200 microseconds

was finished in September 1949 and delivered to the U.S. Naval Proving Ground at the US Navy base at Dahlgren, Virginia in March 1950.

Harvard Mark IV was an electronic stored-program computer built by Harvard University under the supervision of Howard Aiken for the United States Air Force.

The computer was finished being built in 1952. It stayed at Harvard, where the Air Force used it extensively.

MARK 4

But the title of forefather of today's all-electronic digital computers is usually awarded to

ENIAC

Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Calculator

ENIAC

was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two professors, John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert,

filled a 20 by 40 foot room, weighed 30 tons, 27,215.5422 kilograms and used more than 18,000 vacuum tubes

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator

When operating, the ENIAC was silent but you knew it was on as the 18,000 vacuum tubes each generated waste heat like a light bulb and all this heat (174,000 watts of heat) meant that the computer could only be operated in a specially designed room with its own heavy duty air conditioning system.

Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Calculator

To reprogram the ENIAC you had to rearrange the patch cords that you can observe on the left in the prior photo, and the settings of 3000 switches that you can observe on the right.

To perform computation on ENIAC you had to rearrange a large number of patch cords and then locate three particular knobs on that vast wall of knobs and set them to 3, 1, and 4.

ENIAC was proved worthy of the cost of its development but its designers set about to eliminate the obnoxious fact that reprogramming the computer required a physical modification of all the patch cords and switches. It took days to change ENIAC's program. Eckert and Mauchly's next teamed up with the mathematician John von Neumann to design EDVAC

Thank you !!!

and that is to be presented to you by Group 2…