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UNDERSTANDING CONCEPT OF PERCEPTION
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PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION
NISHA HARIYANI
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PERCEPTION
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Objectives of The ChapterObjectives of The Chapter
To understand Meaning of Perception Sensation Vs Perception Sub processes of Perception Perceptual Selectivity Factors influencing Perception Perceptual Organization Social Perception Impression Management Linkage between Perception and Individual
decision-making
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What do You Understand by this Picture?
What do You Understand by this Picture?
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Meaning of PerceptionMeaning of Perception
Perception may be defined as the
process by which an individual selects,
organizes and interprets stimuli into a
meaningful and coherent picture of the
environment in which he lives.
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Sensation Vs PerceptionSensation Vs Perception
Sensation deals with the basic behavior
of an individual, caused by his
physiological functions.
Perception is the process by which an
individual selects, organizes and
interprets stimuli into a meaningful and
coherent picture of the environment in
which he lives.
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Sub processes of Perception
External Environment
Confrontation
Consequences Behavior
Feedback
InterpretationRegistration
Sociocultural Environment
Physical Environment
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Perceptual SelectivityPerceptual Selectivity
Though people are exposed to several
stimuli , they tend to select only a few at a
given point of time, this is perceptual
selectivity.
Subliminal Perception : when the stimuli
is so subtle that an individual may not even
be conscious that he is exposed to some
stimulus.
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Factors Influencing Perceptual Selectivity
Factors Influencing Perceptual Selectivity
External Attention Factors
Intensity Size Contrast Repetition Motion Novelty and familiarity
Internal Set Factors
Learning and Perception
Motivation and Perception
Personality and Perception
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External Attention FactorsExternal Attention Factors
Intensity
According to the intensity principle of attention, the intensity of an external stimulus determines its probability of being perceived.
Example:
Light Colour Bright Colour
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Size:A larger object is more likely to be noticed than a smaller object.Example:
Which you can read fast?
God is great God is great
External Attention Factors
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Contrast: According to the principles of contrast, the stimuli that contradict most with the background or the expectations of people receive maximum attention.
Example: Which white square is smaller?
External Attention Factors
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Motion:
People gives more attention to moving objects than the stationery objects.
Example:
Moving object Stationery object
External Attention Factors Contd…
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Repetition
The more number of
times a stimulus is
repeated, the more it
is likely to be noticed
Novelty and Familiarity:
New objects in a
familiar situation or
familiar objects in a
new situation draw the perceiver’s attention.
External Attention Factors Contd…
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Internal Set FactorsInternal Set Factors
Learning and Perception:
Learning by itself plays a major role in developing the perceptual set.
Example:
Hilly
Terrrain
Ahead
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Motivation and Perception:
The primary motives:
Hunger and Thirst
The secondary motives:
The need for power, The need for affiliation and The need for achievement
Personality and Perception:
Personality of a
person influence
perception
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Factors Influencing PerceptionFactors Influencing Perception
The Perceiver
The Target
The Situation
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Emphasizes on the
subsequent activities that
take place in the perceptual
Process after a stimulus is
received.
Perceptual Organization
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Forms of Perceptual OrganizationForms of Perceptual Organization
Figure-ground Perceptual Grouping
Closure Continuity Proximity Similarity
Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Context Perceptual Defense
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Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization
Figure-ground:
In perceiving stimuli or phenomena, the
tendency is to keep certain phenomena
in focus and other phenomena in
background.
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An individual tends to group several stimuli together into a recognizable pattern.
Various forms Closure
Continuity
Proximity
Similarity
Perceptual GroupingPerceptual Grouping
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The perception of elements like size, shape, color, brightness and location of an object remains constant and does not change from individual to individual.Example: Photograph
Perceptual ContextIt provides meaning and value to objects, events, situation and other people in the environment.
Perceptual ConstancyPerceptual Constancy
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It refers to the screening of those
elements which create conflict and
threatening situation in people.
Perceptual Defense
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Social PerceptionSocial Perception
It is directly concerned with how one individual perceives other individuals; how we get to know others.
Factors affecting Social
perception
Attribution Stereotyping The Halo Effect
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AttributionAttribution Attribution refers to how people
explain the cause of another’s or their own behavior.
The determination depends on three factors: Distinctiveness
Consensus
Consistency
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Stereotyping Stereotyping
It is the tendency to perceive another
person as belonging to a single class or
category
Halo effect The person is perceived on the basis of
one trait or event.
It is the tendency to perceive another
person as belonging to a single class or
category
Halo effect The person is perceived on the basis of
one trait or event.
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Impression ManagementImpression Management
It is referred to as “self presentation”
It is the process by which people try
to manage or control the perceptions
formed by other people about
themselves.
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Impression Management Strategies Used By Employees
Impression Management Strategies Used By Employees
Demotion-preventive strategy Accounts Apologies Disassociation
Promotion-enhancing strategy
Entitlements Enhancements Obstacle-disclosure Association
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It is used when employees want to
minimize their responsibilities for negative
outcome
Accounts
Apologies
Disassociation
Demotion-Preventive Strategy
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It is used when employees want to
maximize their responsibility for a positive
outcome or improve their image
Entitlements
Enhancements
Obstacle-disclosure
Association
Promotion-Enhancing Strategy:
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Linkage Between Perception and Individual Decision-making
Linkage Between Perception and Individual Decision-making
Perception has a crucial role in individual decision-making in organizations, by affecting both the decision as well as the quality of the decision.
The decision taken by an individual is a complex process involving the intake of data, screening procession and interpreting and evaluating of data, based on the perceptions of the individual.
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Summary of The ChapterSummary of The Chapter
Meaning of Perception Sensation Vs perception Sub processes of perception Perceptual selectivity Factors influencing perception Perceptual organization Social Perception Impression management Linkage between perception and individual
decision-Making
