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Organic Chemistry Nomenclature
1. Hydrocarbonso Alkanes o Alkenes o Alkyneso Unsaturated hydrocarbonso Cyclohydrocarbonso Aromatic compounds
2. Other functional groupso Alkyl Halideso Amineso Etherso Alcoholso Aldehides & ketoneso Carboxilic acido Salts o Esterso Amideso Nitriles
3. Isomery Patricio Gómez Lesarri
1. Introduction
Substances which consist of carbon & hydrogen (hydrocarbons)
Heteroatoms: O, N, S, P, Halogens, alkalines, etc.
Carbon tetravalence
C-C bond intensity and length (350 kJ/mol)
Chains and polymers
1.1. AlkanesSingle bond: saturated
hydrocarbons
Primary carbon: - CH3
Secondary carbon: -CH2-
Tertiary carbon: -CH-
Nomenclature: Stem + ane
General formula: CnH2n+2
1.1. Substituted alkanesMain chain: longest chain of atoms of carbon
Substituent: branch chain attached to the main chain It is named with suffix -yl
Nomenclature: branch + main chain
1.1. Branches & substituents
Branchs + main chain
Locants: numbers which precedes a substituent and show its position.
Hyphen between locant and name. Comma between two locants
Chain numbered in order to get lowest locants as possible
Substituents alphabetically ordered
Prefixes: di-, tri- tetra- for several branches
1.1. Branched alkanes
When some main chains of the same length are identified, we choose one which has greater number of branches
1.1. Branched alkanes
When there are several main chains of the same length and number of substituents, the main chain is one which has the lowest locants
1.1. Branched alkanes
1.2. AlkenesDouble bond
Nomenclature: Stem + ene
General formula: CnH2n
Locant just before the suffix –ene
Lowest locant as possible for double bonds
1.2. Branched alkenes
Prefixes di, tri, are used preceding suffix –ene
Main chain: one which has all the double bonds
Locant so as to give the place of branches and double bonds
2-methyl-3-sec-pentylpent-1,3-diene
2-ethyl-3,4-dimethylhex-1,3-diene
1.3. Alkynes
Nomenclature: Stem + yne
General formula: CnH2n-
2
Locant just before the suffix –yne
Lowest locant as possible for the triple bond
1.3. Branched alkynes
Prefixes di, tri, are used before suffix –yne
Main chain: one which has all the triple bonds
Use of locant so as to give the place of branches and triple bonds
CH3-CC-CCH
pent-1,3-diyne
1.3. Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Nomenclature: Stem + en + yne
Use of locants so as to give the position of unsaturations
Lowest locant as possible for all the unsaturations
When there are two choices lower locants are assigned to doubles bonds
1.4. CycloalkanesHydrocarbons with closed
chains: “rings”
Nomenclature: prefix Cyclo –
General formula: CnH2n
Locant for unsaturations or substituents
1.5. ArenesBenzen derivatives
Substituent: phenyl
DisubstitutedOrtho (1, 2)Meta (1, 3)Para (1, 4)
2. Other functional groupsFunctional group: group
of atmos or chemical bonds which give certain chemical properties to a molecule
Homogous serie: all the chemical substances which have the same functional group onjunto de compuestos con el mismo grupo funcional
Priority order
Name Functional group
Suffix(Main chain)
Prefix(substituent)
Carboxilic acid R-COOH - oic acid Carboxy -
Salts R-COO-M Metal - oate
Esters R-COO-R Alkyl - oate
Amides R-CONH2 - amide
Nitriles R-CN - nitrile Cyano -
Aldehides R-CHO - al Oxo -
Ketones R-CO-R - one Oxo -
Alcohols R-OH - ol Hidroxi -
Amines R-NH2 -amine Amino -
Ethers R-O-R - ether Alkoxi -
Alkenes C=C - ene
Alkynes CC - ine
Halogen R-X - Halogen -
Alkyl R - ane - yl
2. Priority order
2.1.1 Alkyl halidesFunctional group:
halogen
General formula R-X
Nomenclatur:Alkyl halideSubstituent: halogen -
2.1.2 Ethers
Functional group: ether
General formula: R-O-R´
Nomenclature:Suffix ether:
AlkylalkyletherSubstituent: alkoxy
2.1.3 AminesFunctional group: amino
General formula: R-NH2
Nomenclature: Substituent amino -Sufix amina: Alquilamina
Types:Primary, Secondary,
Tertiary
2.1.4 AlcoholsFunctional group:
hydroxylGeneral formula: R-OHNomenclature:
Suffix –ol Substituent: hidroxi – Phenol
2.2.1 Aldehides
Functional group : carbonyl
Fórmula general: R-CHO
Nomenclature:Suffix: - alSubstituent: oxo –
2.2.2 Ketones
Functional group: carbonyl
General formula: R-CO-R´
Nomenclature: Suffix: - oneSuffix: alkylalkylketoneSubstituent : oxo -
2.2. Aldehides & ketones
2.3.1 Carboxilic acidsFunctional group: carboxyl
General formula: R-COOH
Nomenclature:Suffix: – oic acidSubstituent: carboxy -
2.3.2 Salts
Functional group: carboxyl
General formula: R-COO-M
Nomenclature: Suffix: Metal - oate
2.3.3 EstersFuncional group: ester
General formula: R-COO-R´
Nomenclature: Suffix: –alkyl - oate
2.3.4 Amides
Functional group: amide
General formula: R-CONH2
Nomenclature: Suffix: -amideSubstituent: carbamoil-
2.3.5 Nitriles
Functional group: nitrile
Fórmula general: R-CN
Nomenclature: Suffix: - nitrileSubstituent: cyano –HCN Cianhidric
acid/methanenitrile CN- cyanide
