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Slides presented by Jake Coolidge at the NACIS Annual Meeting, October 14, 2011, in Madison, WI. Discusses themes from the author's Master's thesis completed in the Geography Dept. at San Jose State University.
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Jake CoolidgeSpatial History Project, Stanford University
Department of Geography, San José State University
No Little Plans: Exploring Rapid Transit Development in North America Through the Lens of Plan Design
NACIS 2011 | Madison, WI
“Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir men’s blood and probably themselves will not be realized.” Daniel Burnham, 1907
“I think we can take great pride in the plan we have sent on
its way today...Represented in these reports before us is a system that almost beggars superlatives because of its bigness. It is big in concept...big in size...big in benefits...and, unfortunately but inevitably, big in cost.” Adrien Falk, 1961
Image sources:(top left) Chicago Tribune http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2010/07/pbs-to-air-daniel-burnham-film-nationally-on-sept-6-.html accessed 9 April 2011(bottom left) Local Ecologist http://localecologist.blogspot.com/2009/03/burnhams-plan-of-chicago-1909.html accessed 9 April 2011
Envisioning the Bay Area Rapid Transit System
Railway Age Weekly, Feb. 18, 1963
Published: January 15, 1967Copyright © The New York Times
New York Times, Jan. 15, 1967
image source, postcard: Transpress NZ http://transpressnz.blogspot.com/2011/02/bay-area-rapid-transit-san-francisco.html
BART-issued postcard, Sept. 1972
Envisioning the Bay Area Rapid Transit System
Image sources, top to bottom:top left: http://www.figgbridge.com/MARTA.html accessed 11 April 2011top right: Stokes, B.R. (1973.) “Bay Area Rapid Transit: A Transportation Planning Breakthrough.” Public Administration Review 33(3) p. 206center: http://www.american-architecture.info/USA/USA-Washington/DC-015.htm accessed 11 April 2011bottom right: http://discoverlosangeles.com/guides/sample-itineraries/los-angeles-metro-nightlife-itinerary.html accessed 11 April 2011
MARTA, Atlantaopened 1979
Metro, Washington DCopened 1976
Metro, Los Angeles, opened 1993
and The Renewal of Rapid Transit in the United States
BART, opened 1972
and The Renewal of Rapid Transit in the United States
Completed Rapid Transit Projects in the US and Canada, 1890-1990
1897
: Bos
ton “T
”
1893
: Chic
ago “
L”
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1904
: New
York
City IR
T Sub
way
1907
: Phil
adelp
hia SE
PTA
1908
: New
Jerse
y PATH
1936
: Phil
adelp
hia PA
TCO (e
xtens
ion)
1951
: Chic
ago S
ubway
1954
: Tor
onto
1955
: Clev
eland
1966
: Mon
treal
1972
: San
Fran
cisco
Bay
Area
BART
1976
: Was
hingto
n DC M
etro
1979
: Atla
nta M
ARTA
1983
: Balt
imor
e Metr
o
1984
: Miam
i Metr
orail
1987
: Detr
oit Pe
oplem
over
1993
: Los
Ang
eles
1908: Ford introduces themass-produced private
automobile
WorldWar I
WorldWar II
GreatDepression
1925: Transit ridershipbegins long decline
1949: General Motorsreturns to pre-warautomobile output
1956: Construction ofUS Interstate HighwaySystem begins
1964: Urban Mass Transportation Act
1897
: Bos
ton “T
”
1893
: Chic
ago “
L”
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1904
: New
York
City IR
T Sub
way
1907
: Phil
adelp
hia SE
PTA
1908
: New
Jerse
y PATH
1936
: Phil
adelp
hia PA
TCO (e
xtens
ion)
1951
: Chic
ago S
ubway
1954
: Tor
onto
1955
: Clev
eland
1966
: Mon
treal
1972
: San
Fran
cisco
Bay
Area
BART
1976
: Was
hingto
n DC M
etro
1979
: Atla
nta M
ARTA
1983
: Balt
imor
e Metr
o
1984
: Miam
i Metr
orail
1987
: Detr
oit Pe
oplem
over
1993
: Los
Ang
eles
1908: Ford introduces themass-produced private
automobile
WorldWar I
WorldWar II
GreatDepression
1925: Transit ridershipbegins long decline
1949: General Motorsreturns to pre-warautomobile output
1956: Construction ofUS Interstate HighwaySystem begins
1964: Urban Mass Transportation Act
Image sources:(left to right) Heller, V. and New York Transit Museum (2004) The City Beneath Us pg. 40; Cudahy, B. (2003). A Century of Subways pg. 65; Heller et al. (2004). pg. 14
1897
: Bos
ton “T
”
1893
: Chic
ago “
L”
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1904
: New
York
City IR
T Sub
way
1907
: Phil
adelp
hia SE
PTA
1908
: New
Jerse
y PATH
1936
: Phil
adelp
hia PA
TCO (e
xtens
ion)
1951
: Chic
ago S
ubway
1954
: Tor
onto
1955
: Clev
eland
1966
: Mon
treal
1972
: San
Fran
cisco
Bay
Area
BART
1976
: Was
hingto
n DC M
etro
1979
: Atla
nta M
ARTA
1983
: Balt
imor
e Metr
o
1984
: Miam
i Metr
orail
1987
: Detr
oit Pe
oplem
over
1993
: Los
Ang
eles
1908: Ford introduces themass-produced private
automobile
WorldWar I
WorldWar II
GreatDepression
1925: Transit ridershipbegins long decline
1949: General Motorsreturns to pre-warautomobile output
1956: Construction ofUS Interstate HighwaySystem begins
1964: Urban Mass Transportation Act
Image sources:(left to right) Cudahy, B. (1990). Cash Tokens and Transfers pp. 153, 158.
1897
: Bos
ton “T
”
1893
: Chic
ago “
L”
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1904
: New
York
City IR
T Sub
way
1907
: Phil
adelp
hia SE
PTA
1908
: New
Jerse
y PATH
1936
: Phil
adelp
hia PA
TCO (e
xtens
ion)
1951
: Chic
ago S
ubway
1954
: Tor
onto
1955
: Clev
eland
1966
: Mon
treal
1972
: San
Fran
cisco
Bay
Area
BART
1976
: Was
hingto
n DC M
etro
1979
: Atla
nta M
ARTA
1983
: Balt
imor
e Metr
o
1984
: Miam
i Metr
orail
1987
: Detr
oit Pe
oplem
over
1993
: Los
Ang
eles
1908: Ford introduces themass-produced private
automobile
WorldWar I
WorldWar II
GreatDepression
1925: Transit ridershipbegins long decline
1949: General Motorsreturns to pre-warautomobile output
1956: Construction ofUS Interstate HighwaySystem begins
1964: Urban Mass Transportation Act
Image sources:Wikipedia; (left) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cincinnati_Subway_-_Race_St._Station.jpg accessed 2 Oct 2011. (right) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cincinnati-subway-tunnnel-door.jpg accessed 2 Oct 2011.
1897
: Bos
ton “T
”
1893
: Chic
ago “
L”
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1904
: New
York
City IR
T Sub
way
1907
: Phil
adelp
hia SE
PTA
1908
: New
Jerse
y PATH
1936
: Phil
adelp
hia PA
TCO (e
xtens
ion)
1951
: Chic
ago S
ubway
1954
: Tor
onto
1955
: Clev
eland
1966
: Mon
treal
1972
: San
Fran
cisco
Bay
Area
BART
1976
: Was
hingto
n DC M
etro
1979
: Atla
nta M
ARTA
1983
: Balt
imor
e Metr
o
1984
: Miam
i Metr
orail
1987
: Detr
oit Pe
oplem
over
1993
: Los
Ang
eles
1908: Ford introduces themass-produced private
automobile
WorldWar I
WorldWar II
GreatDepression
1925: Transit ridershipbegins long decline
1949: General Motorsreturns to pre-warautomobile output
1956: Construction ofUS Interstate HighwaySystem begins
1964: Urban Mass Transportation Act
Image sources:(left to right) Johnson, M. (1993). The Second Gold Rush plate 4; Heller et al (2004), p. 56.
1897
: Bos
ton “T
”
1893
: Chic
ago “
L”
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1904
: New
York
City IR
T Sub
way
1907
: Phil
adelp
hia SE
PTA
1908
: New
Jerse
y PATH
1936
: Phil
adelp
hia PA
TCO (e
xtens
ion)
1951
: Chic
ago S
ubway
1954
: Tor
onto
1955
: Clev
eland
1966
: Mon
treal
1972
: San
Fran
cisco
Bay
Area
BART
1976
: Was
hingto
n DC M
etro
1979
: Atla
nta M
ARTA
1983
: Balt
imor
e Metr
o
1984
: Miam
i Metr
orail
1987
: Detr
oit Pe
oplem
over
1993
: Los
Ang
eles
1908: Ford introduces themass-produced private
automobile
WorldWar I
WorldWar II
GreatDepression
1925: Transit ridershipbegins long decline
1949: General Motorsreturns to pre-warautomobile output
1956: Construction ofUS Interstate HighwaySystem begins
1964: Urban Mass Transportation Act
1897
: Bos
ton “T
”
1893
: Chic
ago “
L”
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1904
: New
York
City IR
T Sub
way
1907
: Phil
adelp
hia SE
PTA
1908
: New
Jerse
y PATH
1936
: Phil
adelp
hia PA
TCO (e
xtens
ion)
1951
: Chic
ago S
ubway
1954
: Tor
onto
1955
: Clev
eland
1966
: Mon
treal
1972
: San
Fran
cisco
Bay
Area
BART
1976
: Was
hingto
n DC M
etro
1979
: Atla
nta M
ARTA
1983
: Balt
imor
e Metr
o
1984
: Miam
i Metr
orail
1987
: Detr
oit Pe
oplem
over
1993
: Los
Ang
eles
1908: Ford introduces themass-produced private
automobile
WorldWar I
WorldWar II
GreatDepression
1925: Transit ridershipbegins long decline
1949: General Motorsreturns to pre-warautomobile output
1956: Construction ofUS Interstate HighwaySystem begins
1964: Urban Mass Transportation Act
Rapid Transit Plans Included in Study 10 total, from 1925 to 1968
1925
: Los
Ang
eles
1939
: Chic
ago
1945
: Clev
eland
, Tor
onto
1953
: Mon
treal
1956
: San
Fran
cisco
Bay
Are
a
1962
: Atla
nta,
Was
hingto
n DC
1968
: Balt
imor
e, Lo
s Ang
eles
Rapid Transit Plans Included in Study and the lead firm/organization authoring the study
1925 Los Angeles Kelker, De Leuw & Co.
1939 Chicago Chicago Dept. of Subways and Traction
1945 Cleveland De Leuw, Cather & Co.
1945 Toronto Toronto Transportation Commission
1953 Montreal Montreal Transportation Commission
1956 San Francisco Bay Area Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Hall & MacDonald
1962 Washington DC National Capital Transportation Agency
1962 Atlanta Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas
1968 Baltimore Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall
1968 Los Angeles Southern California Rapid Transit District
Washington DC, 1962
Baltimore, 1968
Toronto, 1945
Montreal, 1953
Los Angeles, 1968
Los Angeles, 1925
Atlanta, 1962
Chicago, 1939
San Francisco Bay Area, 1956
Findings , Themes• BART’s exceptionality, tempered• Shifting visual strategies• A common theme: the cure for traffic congestion• Emerging with the BART plan: a re-imagined role for rapid transit
BART’s exceptionality, tempered
San Francisco Bay Area, 1956
San Francisco Bay Area, 1956
San Francisco Bay Area, 1956
San Francisco Bay Area, 1956
San Francisco Bay Area, 1956
Los Angeles, 1925
Los Angeles, 1925
Los Angeles, 1925
Baltimore, 1968
Baltimore, 1968
Baltimore, 1968
Baltimore, 1968
Shifting visual strategies
Chicago, 1939
San Francisco Bay Area, 1956
Los Angeles, 1968
Los Angeles, 1968
Los Angeles, 1968
A common theme: the cure for traffic congestion
Toronto, 1945
Toronto, 1945
San Francisco Bay Area, 1956
Atlanta, 1962
Emerging with the BART plan: a re-imagined role for rapid transit
Cleveland, 1945
Montreal, 1953
San Francisco Bay Area, 1956
Washington DC, 1962
Atlanta, 1962
Baltimore, 1968
Los Angeles, 1968
Opportunities, suggestions for future research
• Look more broadly at rapid transit planning, from 1860s London to the present. What plan-making conventions remained a constant, while others changed with the times?
• Look at transit planning generally, across modes. Do different design tactics indicate different priorities, and is this driven by the chosen transportation technology?
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