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Dans le contexte de l’avènement de la société de la connaissance, la diffusion des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) associée aux nouveaux modèles de travail (tels que la décentralisation de la prise de décision ou le travail en équipe) permettent d’accroître la performance des entreprises. Le problème économique majeur pour les entreprises, dans ce contexte, est de fournir un environnement de travail motivant favorisant le bien être et la performance de leurs salariés. La présentation visera à donner un éclairage récent sur le thème des TIC, pratiques managériales innovantes en lien avec le bien-être au travail et la performance des salariés. Pour cela, le Dr. Ludivine Martin nous présentera les principaux résultats mis en évidence par ses travaux de recherche.
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TECHNOLOGY USE, INNOVATIVE WORKPLACE PRACTICES
& EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE AND WELL BEING
DR. LUDIVINE MARTIN RESEARCH FELLOW IN ECONOMICS
TECHNOLOGIES ET BIEN-ÊTRE AU TRAVAIL
LUXEMBOURG, JEUDI 14 NOVEMBRE 2013
2
“You want to know the difference information and communication technologies make? Try to live
without them”
International Telecommunication Union – 2006
3
CONTEXT
• Advent of the knowledge society: Large diffusion of ICT within firms (computer, Internet, e-mail, ERP, ... ) à Strengthen the acquisition and the transfer of information and knowledge between employees
• Associated with innovative work practices:
Tayloristic organization
Holistic organization
4
STYLIZED FACTS IN THE ECONOMIC LITERATURE
• At the firm level: • Technologies and innovative work practices increase
firms' productivity
• At the employee level: • Technologies and innovative work practices influence
working conditions quality
5
REPORTS ON THE TOPIC
• EUROFOUND – European level December 2008:
• “Use of technology and working conditions in the European Union”
www.eurofound.europa.eu • Centre d’analyse stratégique (CAS) – France
February 2012: • “L’impact des TIC sur les conditions de travail”
www.strategie.gouv.fr
6
MAIN CONCLUSIONS FROM THOSE REPORTS
• Diffusion of ICT strengthens: • the acquisition of new competencies • the transfer of information and knowledge inside firms
• ICT play a central role in workplaces: • enabling a faster production of goods and services • facilitating innovation processes
7
MY RESEARCHES
1. Technology use, innovative workplace practices and employee’s performance
2. Technology use, innovative workplace practices and employee’s well being
3. Main current conclusions
4. New preliminary results on Luxembourg
8
1. Technology use, innovative workplace practices and employee’s
performance
16 European countries – EWCS 2005 - 2010
9
RESEARCH ARTICLE
"The complementarities between ICT use, new organizational practices and employees’ contextual performance: Evidence from Europe in 2005 and 2010" with A. Ben Youssef (University of Nice Sophia Antipolis) and N. Omrani (Ecole Polytechnique)
• Work in progress presented at the 62th Annual Meeting of French Economic Association (AFSE)
• Data: Eurofound Europe (EWCS) 2005 and 2010 à 11 100 observations in 2005 and 16 400 in 2010 in 16 European countries
10
TECHNOLOGY USE AND EMPLOYEE’ PERFORMANCE
3 measures of contextual performance:
• Interpersonal Citizenship Performance (ICP): behaviours to assist, support and cooperate with co-workers
• Organizational Citizenship Performance (OCP): citizenship behaviours that demonstrate commitment to the organization
• Job/Task Conscientiousness (JTC): extra efforts demonstrating dedication to the job
Technology use (computer and Internet)
Contextual performance New organiza=onal
prac=ces (HRM, quality management, Just-‐in-‐
=me)
11
SOME FIGURES
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
Interpersonal Citizenship
Performance (1-5)
Organizational Citizenship
Performance (1-5)
Job/Task Conscientiousness
(1-4)
Internet use
Average
Non users
Almost never
Around 1/4 of time
Around 1/2 or 3/4 of time
Almost all of the time or all of the time
Source: EWCS 2005
12
USE OF AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL
• To highlight significant links between two variables… • Here computer, Internet use and employee’s contextual
performance
• … when controlling for several other variables: • Employees’ characteristics (gender, age, etc.) • Jobs characteristics (occupation, tenure, etc.) • Firms characteristics (size, business sector, etc.) • Work practices (HRM, quality management, just-in-time)
13
MAIN ECONOMETRIC RESULTS
• The frequency of Internet use is positively associated with all facets of contextual performance
• Asymmetric effects between Internet and computer use:
• The recent generation of ICT (Internet) is more likely to induce changes in workers’ behaviour than the previous one (computers)
14
MAIN ECONOMETRIC RESULTS
• HRM: formal assessment, telework, team work are posit ively associated with al l facets of contextual performance
• To t a l q u a l i t y m a n a g e m e n t e n h a n c e s t h e commitment to organizational rules
• Contraints on work rythm (Just-in-time) is negatively associated with almost all facets of contextual performance
15
2. Technology use, innovative workplace practices and employee’s
well being
France – EPCV 2005
16
RESEARCH ARTICLE
• "Usage des TIC, conditions de travail et satisfaction des salariés" (ICT usage, working conditions and employees' job satisfaction) with N. Colombier and T. Pénard (University of Rennes 1)
• Published in 2007 in Vol. 25, No. 143, pp. 115-146 http://reseaux.revuesonline.com/
• Data: INSEE France (EPCV) 2005
2 400 employees
IFMA – WORKPLACES GETTING SMARTER
17
Autonomy
TECHNOLOGY USE AND WORKING CONDITIONS: SATISFACTION AND/OR STRESS?
Technologies: Computer, Internet and mobile phone
Enriching work
Promo=on opportuni=es
Must handling incidents alone
Conflict delay/quality
Need to rush
18
SOME FIGURES
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Enriching work Promotion opportunities
Must handling incidents alone
Conflict delay/quality
Need to rush
Satisfaction Autonomy Stress
Average
Computer non users
Computer users
Internet non users
Internet users
Mobile phone non users
Mobile phone users
Source: EPCV 2005
19
USE OF AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL
• To highlight significant links between two variables… • Here ICT use (computer, Internet, mobile phone) and
employee’s well being
• … when controlling for several other variables: • Employees’ characteristics (gender, age, etc.) • Jobs characteristics (occupation, tenure, etc.) • Firms characteristics (size, business sector, etc.) • Work practices (work schedule flexibility, repetitive work)
20
MAIN ECONOMETRIC RESULTS, IN 2005:
• Intensive use of a computer: • + satisfaction • + autonomy • - stress
Use of Internet: • + satisfaction • autonomy and stress: no additional link
Intensive use of mobile phone after working hours: • + satisfaction • + autonomy • + stress
21
3. Main conclusions
22
MAIN CURRENT RESULTS ON ICT USE BY EMPLOYEES
Computer during working t ime: + sat isfact ion and - stress Internet use: + sat isfact ion E-contact after working hours : + sat isfact ion but + stress
Internet use: Contextual performance
improved
+ behaviours to assist, support and cooperate with co-workers
+ behaviours that demonstrate commitment to the organization
+ extra efforts demonstrating
dedication to the job
23
4. New preliminary results on
Luxembourg
24
TWAIN (2012-2015)
New research project supported by
TWAIN: Technology use at Work And INnovative work practices: Assessing the impact on work environment, employees’ motivations and effort in Luxembourg
• 3 research questions: • What are the impacts of ICT use and new work models on employees'
work environment, motivations and performance?
• How do ICT affect the decentralization of the decision making and its consequences on work motivation and effort?
• How does the virtualization of contacts affect the outcome of a team?
25
SOME FIGURES ON IT AND SATISFACTION
Source: QVT 2013
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
Sa=sfac=on (0-‐10)
Average
Internet non users
Internet users
Email pro non users
<30'
30'-‐1h
1-‐2h
>2h
Smartphone non users
Smartphone users
No IT
Never IT failure
Some=mes
O\en
Email Pro smartphone IT failure Internet
26
SOME FIGURES ON IT AND STRESS
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
Stress (1-‐4)
Average
Internet non users
Internet users
Email pro non users
<30'
30'-‐1h
1-‐2h
>2h
Smartphone non users
Smartphone users
No IT
Never IT failure
Some=mes
O\en
smartphone Internet Email pro IT failure
27
USE OF AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL
• To highlight significant links between two variables… • Here 3 ICT uses and IT failure and employee’s well being
• … when controlling for several other variables: • Employees’ characteristics (gender, age, nationality, education) • Jobs characteristics (occupation, tenure, income, full time, CDI) • Firms characteristics (size, business sector, etc.) • Incentives (monitoring and pay-for-performance) • Work practices (norms, hierarchical constraint on work
schedule, teamwork, telework, job rotation, assessment)
28
MAIN PRELIMINARY ECONOMETRIC RESULTS
• Internet use: • + satisfaction • - stress
• Email pro: • No link with satisfaction • + stress
• Smartphone: • + satisfaction • + stress
• IT failure: • - satisfaction • + stress
29
MAIN PRELIMINARY ECONOMETRIC RESULTS
Innovative work practices: • Norms: + satisfaction ; + stress • Hierarchical constraint on work schedule:
- satisfaction ; + stress • Teamwork: No link with satisfaction ; + stress • Job rotation: +satisfaction ; - stress • Job assessment: + satisfaction ; No link with stress • Telework: + satisfaction ; - stress
Incentives: • Monitoring: - satisfaction; + stress • pay-for-performance: + satisfaction ; + stress
Dr. Ludivine Martin [email protected] https://sites.google.com/site/ludivinemartinceps/