1. A/Prof Jeffrey Funk Division of Engineering and Technology Management National University of SingaporeFor information on other technologies, see http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations

2. This is part of the Eighth Session of MT5009 Session Technology 1Objectives and overview of course2 3Two types of improvements: 1) Creating materials that better exploit physical phenomena; 2) Geometrical scaling Semiconductors, ICs, electronic systems4 5 6 7MEMS and Bio-electronic ICs Lighting and Displays (also roll-to roll printing) Nanotechnology, 3D printing and DNA sequencing Human-computer interfaces8Superconductivity, fusion, energy storage9 10Solar cells, wind turbines Telecommunications and Internet 3. http://larouchepac.com/node/14726The Sun is a natural fusion reactor 4. Controlling Fusion is the Challenge Very hot temperatures are required and thetemperatures will vaporize any containment vessel So must use more sophisticated methods of controlling fusion Main two methods Magnetic Confinement (most widely used); sometimescalled Tokamak Inertial Laser Confinement 5. As Noted in Previous Session, Two main mechanisms for improvements Creating materials (and their associated processes) that better exploit physical phenomenon Geometrical scaling Increases in scale Reductions in scale Some technologies directly experience improvements while others indirectly experience them throughimprovements in components A summary of these ideas can be found in 1) forthcoming paper in California Management Review, What Drives Exponential Improvements? 2) book from Stanford University Press, Technology Change and the Rise of New Industries 6. Both are Relevant to Fusion Creating materials (and their associated processes) that better exploit physical phenomenon. Creatematerials that Better exploit superconductivity: Tokamak Enable higher power lasers: Inertial laser confinement Geometrical scaling Increases in scale: larger reactors probably lead to lower cost Some technologies directly experience improvements while others indirectly experience them throughimprovements in components Better superconductors and lasers can lead to better fusion 7. Magnetic Fields are the Primary Method of Controlling Fusion Strong magnetic fields and thus better superconducting magnets are an important part of making fusion economically feasibleSource: http://www.plasma.inpe.br/LAP_Portal/LAP_Site/Text/Tokamaks.htm 8. One Way to Measure Progress in Controlled Fusion When I started in this field as graduate student we made 1/10 of Watt in pulse of 1/100 of second. Now record in range of 10 million Watts for second. improvement by an overall factor of 10 billion. The ITER project will produce 500 million Watts for periods of 300 - 500 seconds. Rob Goldston, Director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 2009? According to Michio Kaku (2011) Current record is 16 MW, created by European Joint European Trust Target date for breakeven in energy is now set to be 2019 DEMO expected to continually produce energy in 2033; two billion watts ofpower (2 GW) or 25 times more energy than it consumes March 12, 2013 article JET in UK generated 16 MW for a few seconds Global fusion research including ITER construction