Ds(world wide) pj

Sino College

Diploma in Hospitality & Tourism

Destination Studies (Worldwide)

Arthur Chan

Janaki Chhantyal

Kenneth Tsim

Fiona Tsui

Destination Studies (Worldwide) - Australasia1

Contents

Title Page P.1Contents P.2Introduction P.3Australasia of Geographical & Natural

environment

P.4-8

Australasia of Demographic & Social Issues P.9-13Australasia of Culture P.14-15Australasia of Tourism Attraction P.16-18Australasia of Tourism Development P.19-20Australasia of Tourism Policy P.21-22Australasia of Effects of Tourism Development P.23-24Australasia for Reminders for Traveling to the

Tourists

P.25-26

References P.27-28

Introduction

Australasia is in a region of the Oceania, they comprise Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and neighboring islands in the Pacific Ocean.


Australasia is from the Latin for the “south of Asia” whom differentiated the area from Polynesia (to-the-east) and the southeast Pacific (Magellanica), but nor include Micronesia (to-the-northeast).

Generally natural and geographical mostly including Australia (include Tasmania) , New Zealand and Melanesia; sometimes its refers all land and islands in the Pacific equator 47 ° south latitude between.

Part of the territory in Indonesia Australasian Australian plate located in south and west, which is side the Indian Ocean and the Antarctic Ocean South. Neighboring territories to the north of the Eurasian plate in the northwest, the Philippine Plate, and numerous marginal seas in the Pacific, the Pacific Plate to the north and east.

At the human geography, widely considered the country region: Australia and New Zealand. Countries in Australasia sometimes are Papua New Guinea.

Australasia of Geographical & Natural environment

I. Australia

Geography


~ G.P.S.: 28° 46′ 3.57″ S, 133° 46′ 10.31″ E

~ In the Southern Hemisphere, Eastern Hemisphere between the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean. It is the world’s smallest continent but also are the world’s sixth largest country in area.

~ Populations is mainly concentrated in the eastern and south-eastern coast.

~Surround over the sea, relatively flat coastline, 36,735 km and an area of 8,148,250 square kilometers of an exclusive economic zone; Sea neighboring countries, including Australia, Indonesia, East Timor, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and New Zealand.

~Australia the total area are 7.692 km2, 70% of desert and semi-desert.

~The the whole territory of an average elevation of 300 meters, more than 1,000 meters in the mountainous area of less than 1%, less than 500 meters by 87%, is the most gentle undulating surface of the continent; 200-500 meters above sea level west of the low plateau, distributed desert and semi-desert; there are some 1000-1200 meters altitude mountain range. The central plains, at an elevation below 200 meters, long Sheng herbs, including Lake Eyre is the lowest point, the lake is 12 meters below sea level, as a center for the Great Plains Great Artesian Basin. The Eastern Highlands is an ancient mountain range formed by the majority of 800-1000 meters above sea level, southeast Kosciusko altitude of 2,230 meters, is the highest peak in Australia. The northeastern coast of Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef. Australia's Great Basin from the Gulf of Carpentaria south to Darling Hebei upstream tributaries, the world's largest artesian basin.

~ Main Rivers: Ink river(2,520) and its tributaries, water seasonal dry season is easy to stop.

~ In November 2012 to establish the world's largest marine protected areas in order to protect the waters of Australia, 6, a total of 2.3 million square kilometers of marine environment

~ Tasmania's largest Islands are located in the southern waters.

Climate

Central and Australia is a vast desert, drought. In the east of the Great Dividing, the rainfall is more abundant, but also Australia's most heavily populated areas.

~ Western highlands and inland desert climate is tropical desert climate, drought, annual rainfall of only 100-300 mm;

~ Northern savannah climate, annual rainfall of 1000-2300 mm, the National rainy area, a small part of a subtropical;


~ Eastern New England south of the mountain is a temperate broadleaf forest climate, annual rainfall of 500 to 1,200 mm.

~ Average annual temperature north 27 ℃, south of 14 ℃.

~ Australia is the world’s driest continent; drinking water is the main natural precipitation, water storage dam, and water-dependent.

Ecology

~ Most of Australia is desert or semi-arid areas, but the ecological environment is extremely rich, including upland headland from tropical rainforest, one of the world's 17 biodiversity country super creatures.

~ Many creatures are unique to Australia; local, federal, "1999 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act creature" is the fundamental law to protect endangered species.

~ Based on "Biodiversity Action Plan", we established a number of protected areas to conserve unique ecosystems; 64 wetlands in accordance with "Convention on Wetlands" and registration; another 16 World Heritage Sites.

II. New Zealand

Geography

~ Across the two plates: the Pacific Plate and the Indian - Australian plate collision, resulting in a North Island Taupo volcanic zone. Some volcanoes are also famous tourist attractions, such as Rotorua geyser.

~ Collide with each other of the two plates so that New Zealand is a country of frequent earthquakes, some of the sizes of the earthquake on the Richter scale will be more than 7, but not many of the devastating earthquake. The annual number of earthquakes over 14,000 earthquakes, so that the gradual uplift of the Southern Alps, where the use of hydroelectric power height difference.

~ Consists of two main islands, North Island and South Island, in addition to some around the island; Cork Strait between the two islands; the capital Wellington, is located at the southern tip of the North Island, near the Strait of Kirk.

~ New Zealand is the island surrounded by the sea, in the northwest of Australia and across the sea, in the north of Fiji and Tonga and across the sea.

~ Mountain about half of the total area, the rest of the plains hills and plains; Tall western South Island Southern Alps, Mount Cook, the highest peak, 3,764 meters above sea level, glacial and lakes; higher terrain east of the North Island, in the majority of western volcanic area, surrounded by lakes, waterfalls, hot springs, lakes and plains; Short river rapids, rich water.


~ Yinniuxilan has colorful terrain features numerous television shows and movies to choose New Zealand as photography, such as Narnia series.

Climate

~ New Zealand UV index is high, especially in North Island.

~ Less air pollution in the country and the sunshine longer relevant. Most areas average annual sunshine time of more than 2,000 hours.

~ North Island Auckland Peninsula humid subtropical climate, temperate climate for the rest; annual precipitation: Kitajima 1000-1500mm; South Island 600-1000 mm; Southwest of the Southern Alps up to 6,300 mm.

~ Due to a warm climate, lush pasture. Mining natural grazing livestock, in order to save labor and feed.

~ Climate change diverse, both cold and precipitation in many areas, there are more arid areas, some subtropical climate.

~ Factors that affect the climate in New Zealand there are three, namely:

1. latitude, prevailing westerlies

2. Marine Environment

3. mountains, In particular in the Southern Alps

Physical Geography

~ New Zealand in Oceania is located in the South Pacific island nation, the geographical coordinates of the location are 41 ° S 174 ° E.

~ Land area of 268,680 km2, including the Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and the Kermadec Islands.

~ New Zealand is a maritime country, the coastline length of 15,134 km. Exclusive economic zone area of over 4 million square kilometers, ranking seventh in the world, is 15 times its land area. South Island is the largest island is home to a quarter of the population of New Zealand.

~ The highest peak is the Mount Cook altitude 3,754 meters above sea level, she is in the Southern Alps runs through the South Island

~ South Island has an 18 altitude of over 3,000 meters peaks. Eastern region of the Canterbury Plains.

~ West Coast is known for its rugged coastline, there are quite a few natural forests. Each as Fox Glacier and Franz Josef Glacier is also quite famous.


~ North Island than the South Island mountain less and most are volcanic. Is the highest peak in North Island Lua Pei Hu Shan, altitude 2,797 meters, it is an active volcano.

~ Lake Taupo is positioned near the center of the North Island, is New Zealand's largest lake. Lake Taupo is located in a break in the crater, because 70,000 years ago, the birth of a major volcanic eruption.

~ New Zealand and some karst areas, the largest of which is the Takaka and nearby areas. Some of the karst terrains are well-known tourist attractions: Waitomo Caves and Punakaiki.

Natural disaster

~ The earthquake more, but mostly due to the disaster is not serious. Average of 3,000 earthquakes a year, most of the earthquake on the Richter scale is not more than three. The earthquake also triggered a tsunami.

~ In the central North Island region, volcanic activity is also very common. In the summer, there will be some areas of the volcano.

~ Otago and Canterbury plains when drought. New Zealand and most natural disasters are floods, winter in most areas affected by floods;

~ Low rainfall in hilly areas for multi-terrain rain, when injected into the mountain streams of major rivers, often there will be a sharp rise in river levels due to the phenomenon of water vapor affected by topography and lifting up the condensation formed by precipitation, even overflowing rivers and flooded the surrounding farmland.

Australasia of Demographic & Social Issues

I. Australia

Administrative divisions


Commonwealth of Australia is divided into 6 states and two territories, the Australian native is mainly composed of five states and two self-governing composition, remaining a state of Tasmania. This six states and two self-government of autonomous territory for Australia eight state-level government. Australian native also includes a small non-self-governing territory (Jervis Bay). In addition, Australia has six island territories (called overseas territories), and Antarctic Territory.

Antarctic Territory overseas territories and by the direct jurisdiction of the federal government, the local government level only local agency, but the local government has greater autonomy.

States and territories are divided into local government areas. Federal, state and territory and local governments are the three levels of government in Australia.

The six of the states are:

New South Wales, (800,642 km²), the capital Sydney

Queensland, (1,730,648 km²) capital Brisbane

South Australia, (983,482 km²) capital Adelaide

Tasmania, (68,401 km²) capital Hobart

Victoria, (227,416 km²) capital Melbourne

Western Australia, (2,529,875 km²) capital Perth

And two of the territories are:

Capital Territory, (2,358 km²) capital of Canberra

Northern Territory, (1,349,129 km²) capital Darwin

Demographic

~ Australia's economy is a prosperous affluent market economy. The main industry is the service industry, accounting for GDP Qi Cheng. However, agricultural and mineral exports accounted for 65%.

~ Australia covers 7,69.2 million square kilometers, an area ranked No. 6 worldwide

~Abundant natural resources, a large number of export wool, grain and other agricultural products and iron, coal and other minerals. Also a member of the OECD

~By IMD: global competitiveness rankings are a number of indicators assessment listed in the top 10 in Australia

~By Heritage Foundation, 2014 Comment: economic freedom is the world's first 3


~According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2013 Statistics: world's 12th largest economy, economies of scale 1 trillion 5,053 billion US dollars, per capita income of $ 60,000 4,863, the world's No. 5

~Many overseas financial investments in Asia also Australia as Operations Center

~Construction of the second about 11%,services and become Australia's largest group of employers

~Although Australia is the driest of the world's land mass, but in many parts of the gradual completion of irrigation systems and the widespread use of phosphorus, in the case of nitrogen fertilizers has been a lot of desert land can be more widely cultivated crops

~Australia small population, a number of major exporting countries of agricultural products, the annual export two-thirds of agricultural products, substantial growth in the 21st-century wine and dairy production and export.

~But the Australia government are a thing of what things make AUD going so fast?

~Due to the high-wage manufacturing sector less developed, but the vast territory caused the car is an essential product, its auto assembly industry more components imported from Asia, making it easy for assembly, repair rampant civil DIY to reduce wages so cars directly to consumers parts sales industry flourished, general household goods and hardware supplies supermarket chains are also widely popular, hybrid vehicles for the Australian market acceptance in recent years.

~Domestic market because of the consumption tax GST, Australian dollar appreciation, plus the original high wages and geographical remote factors that make the price of services and the Australian commodity 21st century continued to rise, leading to becoming a world-famous high consumption of Sydney and even public transport , daily necessities, tobacco, alcohol and mobile phones and other prices than New York, London, Frankfurt, Singapore and more.

~Suppressed tourists and natives desire to shop, but also led to the rise of lower-cost online shopping.

II. New Zealand

Administrative divisions

New Zealand is the one of 16 co Kingdom within Great Britain. Including local, Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, Antarctica Ross Dependency and other five Realm.

New Zealand is divided into 16 local areas and the Chatham Islands Territory, including Auckland, Gisborne, Tasman, Nelson, Marlborough and other five local and Chatham Islands territory as a single management area:


Northern Territory Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty

Gisborne Hawke's Bay Tara Naqi Manawatu – Wanganui

Wellington Tasman Nelson Marlborough

West Bank Canterbury Otago Southern Region

Chatham Islands

Demographic

~ Economic development, are developed countries.

~ Over the past two decades, the New Zealand economy from agriculture to successfully transition to the international competitiveness of the industrialized free-market economy. Agricultural labor force accounts for only 10% of New Zealand, but the animal is the national economic base. Half of the total exports of agriculture and animal husbandry products. Lamb exports are all world, dairy and coarse wool.

~ Is the world's largest producer and exporter of velvet, it accounted for 30% of the world production. There are deposits of coal, gold, iron, natural gas, and silver, manganese, tungsten, phosphate, oil, etc., but not reserves. 30 million tons of oil reserves and natural gas reserves of 1,700 billion cubic meters. Rich in forest resources, an area of 8.1 million hectares, 30% of the national land. There are 6.3 million hectares of natural forest, planted 1.8 million hectares. The main products are timber, logs, wood pulp, paper and board and so on.

~ Rich fishery. Emphasis on animal husbandry and processing of industrial products, mainly dairy products, blankets, food, wine, leather, tobacco, paper and wood processing and other light industry products are mainly for export.

~ Agriculture is highly mechanized, the main crops are wheat, barley, oats, and fruits. Food to be imported from Australia, can not be self-sufficient. Livestock land 1,352 million hectares, half of the total land. Crude wool production accounts for 25% of world exports in the world.

~200-mile exclusive economic zone for the world's fourth largest, rich fishery, the fishing potential in the region of about 50 tons per year.

~New Zealand Pleasant climate, the environment clean and beautiful scenery, tourist attractions all over, the surface rich landscape changes. Tourism accounts for about 10% of GDP, second only to the dairy industry is the second largest foreign exchange industry. North Island volcanoes and hot springs, glaciers and lakes more than the South Island.


~In particular, North Island Mount Ruapehu area, surrounded by 14 volcanoes, more than 1,000 high-temperature geothermal fountains, all kinds of boiling springs, fumaroles, boiling mud and geysers and another mix of spectacle, the formation of the world's rare and unique volcanic geothermal anomaly zone.

~Standard of living is very high, ranking 7th in the United Nations 2014 Human Development Index.

Although New Zealand is a developed country, they are still obsession by natural disasters, why? And how does government do?

Australasia of Culture

Australia is a country that in the past has experienced the British rule. It is a country that nowadays still has the local indigenous people living and we can find the track of them through their traditional art. As a country blessed with nature such as sea and beach, their culture is a relatively loved adventure and more or less preferring the


relaxing lifestyle. Nowadays, as much Chinese moving in, visitors can enjoy pork dumpling and noodles in china town.

Below are some activities found in travel book that can enrich understanding into Australia?

Queen Victoria market

You can see the music and food are in everywhere, especially from mid-November to the end of February.

Cinema and Sport Stadium

It is mainly catering the families and in Australia, there are many these facilities. During September in Melbourne cricket ground, you can see fans showing sign of devotion during the competition called AFL Grand Final.

Water Sport

Learning to surf is an Australian rite of passage. In Byron Bay , you can see many people go surfing in a leisurely fashion.

With sea turtle, fishes, worms, and corals, it is popular for locals and visitors to go night diving .

(Destination: Lady Elliot Island, Lady Musgrave Island)

Discovering indigenous culture

In Australia, the museum of the northern territory, there is a collection of their carving, bark painting and dot painting from the desert.

Even in today, it is believed that there are 59,000 aboriginal people living in Western Australia using different languages.

Walking Trail

Local people enjoy a great length of walking. The aim is to have excitement and to enjoy the natural life.

New Zealand and Australia share something in common. They are both a colony in before. New Zealand‘s early inhabitant are Maori people. They sign a treaty with Britain. Today, the numbers of them are reduced but visitors can still understand their culture through visiting their village.

Drinking, dining, and music are their favors. In the night time, you can see a dynamic life in a coffee shop and pub. Marlborough region is famous for producing wine and it may provide a condition for the wine drinking culture.

Similar to Australia who like sport, mountain biking, and hiking is their popular


activities. In winter, people in there would engage in snow sport such as skiing.

Nature provides them a lot of fun, the culinary culture is rich. In a restaurant, especially in Nelson, you can have seafood BBQ and fresh cooked crays as your dishes. In hot water beach where hot water would ooze up from beneath the surface, people can enjoy a personal spa.

New Zealand people take pride of their landscape. Tranz Alpine, one of the world great tram journey, provides visitors and locals a great opportunity to seeing.

Australasia of Tourism Attraction

Australia

1. Bennelong Point, Sydney


Mention "Sydney, Australia" and most people think of the Opera House. Shaped like huge shells or billowing sails, this breathtaking building on Sydney's Bennelong Point graces the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is one of the world's great architectural icons. The location is stunning. Water surrounds the structure on three sides and the Royal Botanic Gardens border it to the south. Danish architect, Jørn Utzon won an international competition for its design, but withdrew from the project after technical and financing problems. Construction was finally completed in 1973 at a cost ten times the original budget. By this time Utzon had left the country never returning to see his magnificent creation.Today visitors can enjoy a meal at one of the restaurants or take a tour of the building, which encompasses theatres, studios, a concert hall, exhibition rooms, and a cinema. But it's far more impressive viewed from a distance. One of the best sites to photograph the Opera House is Mrs Macquarie's Chair in the Royal Botanic Gardens or from aboard a harbor cruise.2. Sydney Harbor, SydneyAlong with the Opera House, the Sydney Harbor Bridge is one of Australia's most famous icons. Affectionately called "the Coat hanger", this impressive feat of construction is the largest steel arch bridge in the world. It was completed in 1932, 40 years before the Sydney Opera House. Rising 134 m above the harbor, the bridge spans 500 m connecting Sydney's north shore to the central business district. In addition to the pedestrian path, two railway lines extend over the bridge as well as eight lanes for road traffic, the direction of which can be switched to accommodate traffic flow.One of the top things to do in Sydney is a guided ascent to the top of the bridge where visitors can enjoy spectacular views of the harbor and city. For an overview of the bridge's history and construction visit the museum in the southeastern pier. Interestingly, Paul Hogan, of Crocodile Dundee fame, worked as a painter on the bridge before rocketing to international stardom.3. Sydney Harbour Bridge, SydneyAlong with the Opera House, the Sydney Harbour Bridge is one of Australia's most famous icons. Affectionately called "the Coathanger", this impressive feat of construction is the largest steel arch bridge in the world. It was completed in 1932, 40 years before the Sydney Opera House. Rising 134 m above the harbor, the bridge spans 500 m connecting Sydney's north shore to the central business district. In addition to the pedestrian path, two railway lines extend over the bridge as well as eight lanes for road traffic, the direction of which can be switched to accommodate traffic flow.One of the top things to do in Sydney is a guided ascent to the top of the bridge where visitors can enjoy spectacular views over the harbor and city. For an overview on the bridge's history and construction visit the museum in the southeastern pier. Interestingly, Paul Hogan, of Crocodile Dundee fame, worked as a painter on the bridge before rocketing to international stardom.4. Blue Mountains National Park, SydneyA UNESCO World Heritage Site, beautiful Blue Mountains National Park lies 81 km


west of Sydney and is a popular day trip from the city. Named for the blue haze emanating from the many eucalyptus trees, this stunning park protects more than 664,000 acres of bush land and encompasses dramatic gorges, waterfalls, aboriginal rock paintings, and 140 km of hiking trails. The most famous attractions in the park are the towering sandstone rock formations called the Three Sisters. Other highlights include the Katoomba Scenic Railway, the world's steepest, which whisks passengers down the Jamison Valley through a cliff side tunnel into an ancient rainforest. Hiking, abseiling, rock climbing, mountain biking, and horseback riding is all popular things to do in the park.5. Bondi Beach, Sydney

Bronzed bodies, blond sand, backpackers, and surf - throw it all together and you get one of the world's most famous beaches. Only 15 minutes by car from the city center, Bondi Beach is home to one of the oldest surf life-saving clubs in the world. It's also a great spot for a seaside stroll or picnic.

The scenic Bondi to Bronte coastal walk begins at the southern end of the beach and follows the coastline for 6 km along sandstone cliffs. Shops, cafes, and restaurants lie across the street from this famous coastal strip, and the beach is a hotspot on Christmas Day and New Year's Eve. Tourists and locals alike visit the Sunday markets and frolic at the ocean pool and skate park. Strong rip tides often sweep unsuspecting swimmers out to sea, especially at the southern end of this kilometer-long strand, so swimmers should stay between the flags.

Australasia of Tourism Development

Australia

Air


Flying is the best way to cover large distances in a short time. You’ll spend less time travelling and more time on the ground savouring Australia’s can’t-miss landscapes and laid-back lifestyle. Australia’s domestic airlines – Qantas, Jetstar, Virgin Australia, Rex and their subsidiaries - serve all state capital cities and regional cities. Competition amongst domestic airlines means that great fares are available.

Drive

Australia has a vast network of well-maintained roads and some of the most beautiful touring routes in the world. Travel from Sydney to Brisbane past sleepy seaside towns and lush hinterland. Experience Australia’s Red Centre in an epic drive across the desert. Or follow Victoria’s Great Ocean Road as it hugs our spectacular south-east coast. You’ll find car rental companies at major airports, central city locations, suburbs, and resorts. So hire a car, four wheel drive, caravans or motorbike and hit the highway.

Bus/Coach

Coach and bus travel in Australia are comfortable, easy and economical. Coaches generally have air conditioning, reading lights, adjustable seats and videos. Services are frequent, affordable and efficient. Australia’s national coach operator, Greyhound, offer passes to fit every budget.

Rail

Train travel is a convenient, affordable and scenic way to explore Australia. Interstate and intrastate rail services connect our cities and regional centers while cross-country train trips offer a unique insight into Australia’s size and diversity. Travelling options range from budget to luxury, and a range of rail passes can reduce your costs if you plan to see large sections of the country.

Country link trains connect New South Wales destinations and also travel along Australia’s east coast to Melbourne, Brisbane, and Canberra. V-Line trains link Melbourne with regional hubs in Victoria, Travel train covers Queensland and Trans-WA crisscrosses Western Australia.

Australia also has epic rail journeys such as The Ghan and Indian-Pacific, which sweep across the continent, offering comfort and a sense bygone romance. The Indian-Pacific travels between Sydney to Perth, stopping for whistle-stop tours of Broken Hill, Adelaide, and gold-rich Kalgoorlie. The legendary Ghan travels between Adelaide and Darwin, taking in Australia’s Red Centre and the tropical Top End.


Ferries

The Spirit of Tasmania runs a passenger and vehicle ferry service between Melbourne and Tasmania nightly. Extra services are running during summer peak times. Sealink ferries connect South Australia and Kangaroo Island several times a day. Ferries connect suburbs in our capital cities – they criss-cross Sydney Harbour, the Swan River in Perth and the Brisbane River in Brisbane.

Australasia of Tourism Policy

New Zealand

Visitor Visa

Australian citizen doesn't need a visa to visit and can stay indefinitely.


56 countries including Canada, France, Germany, and the USA can stay 3 months without having to apply for visa. Hong Kong is included in the list.

Other countries without agreement have to pay New Zealand Dollar 110.

Departure tax is required except the airport in Auckland, Christchurch and Dunedin.

15 % good and service tax are charged on domestic good and services.

Duty free allowance:

• 4.5 L of wine or beer

• Dutiable good up to the value of 700 dollars

Declaration of items

• Unusual medicine

• Plant and animal items

• Tramping gear such as boots and gear

Australia

Visa

All visitors except Australia need to apply for the visa.

European passport holders can apply for e-Visitor for 3 months

Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia and USA people have to apply for Business ETA for 12 months

10 % good and service tax are charged on domestic good and services.

Visitors have to contribute their money for their share of carbon emission.

Transportation of food and flowers and procession of weapon is restricted.

Duty free allowance:

• 2.25 L of alcohol

• Dutiable good up to the value of 900 dollars

Declaration of items

• Unusual medicine

• Plant and animal items ( except drum with animal hide for a skin )


• Currency in excess of 10,000 dollars and prescript medicine

Australasia of Effects of Tourism Development


There are some positive and negative effects on Tourism Development. Mainly, it brings economic, social and environmental benefits, particularly in rural areas and developing countries, but mass tourism is also associated with negative effects. Tourism can only be sustainable if it is carefully managed so that potential negative effects on the host community and the environment are not permitted to outweigh the financial benefits.

Economic Effects

Tourism creates jobs, both through direct employment within the tourism industry and indirectly in sectors such as retail and transportation. When these people spend their wages on goods and services, it leads to what is known as the "multiplier effect," creating more jobs. The tourism industry also provides opportunities for small-scale business enterprises, which is especially important in rural communities, and generates extra tax revenues, such as airport and hotel taxes, which can be used for schools, housing, and hospitals.

Jobs are seasonal and poorly paid. Most money goes out of the area too big companies not local. Prices increase in local shops as tourists are often more wealthy than the locals.

Social Effects

The improvements to infrastructure and new leisure amenities that result from tourism also benefit the local community. Tourism encourages the preservation of traditional customs, handicrafts, and festivals that might otherwise have been allowed to wane, and it creates civic pride. Interchanges between hosts and guests create a better cultural understanding and can also help raise global awareness of issues such as poverty and human rights abuses.

Culture and tradition change as outsiders arrive.

Political Effects

Political change can either increase or decrease a country’s attractiveness for tourism, depending on what the change is.

If a country is perceived as unsafe before the change and the change results in a feeling of increased stability, then the country can slowly recover to a natural state of tourism but if it is perceived as unstable as a result of the political change, such as Egypt, Zimbabwe, Cuba, tourism will be plummet.

Environmental Effects

It helps promote conservation of wildlife and natural resources such as rainforests, as these are now regarded as tourism assets. It also helps generate funding for maintaining animal preserves and marine parks through entrance charges and guide fees. By creating alternative sources of employment, tourism reduces problems such


as over-fishing and deforestation in developing nations.

The mass inflow of tourism cause destruction to the natural environment e.g. erosion, litter, habitats destroyed to build hotel and road. Overcrowding and traffic jams.

Australasia for Reminders for Traveling to the Tourists


Money/Currency Exchange

Currency exchange is available at banks, hotels, and international airports. The most commonly accepted credit cards are American Express, Bankcard, Diners Club, MasterCard, Visa, JCB and their affiliates. Try this handy currency converter.

Goods and Services Tax

Australia has a Goods and Services Tax (GST) of 10 per cent. You may be able to claim a refund of the GST paid on goods bought here if you have spent AUD$300 or more in one store, no more than 30 days before departing Australia. Tourist Refund Scheme facilities are located in the departure area of international terminals. For more detailed information see Australian government information on the Tourist Refund Scheme.

Shopping

You’ll find large department stores, arcades, malls, gift and souvenir shops. Trading hours vary across the country but shops in tourist and city areas are generally open until 6pm, with the exception of late night shopping on either Thursdays or Fridays in different states. In Australia’s consumer protection laws that require businesses to treat you fairly cover you.

Tipping and bargaining

Most of the countries Hotels and restaurants do not add service charges to your bill. In up market restaurants, it is usual to tip waiters up to ten per cent of the bill for good service. However, tipping is always your choice. It is not the custom to bargain in Australia, America, and other countries.

Emergency assistance

The emergency number for police, ambulance and or fire brigade is 000 in Australia.

Surf and water safety

Australia’s popular beaches are usually patrolled by volunteer lifesavers from October to April and red and yellow flags mark the safest area for swimming. For information about marine stingers and crocodile, safety read the Queensland Government website.

Language

Australia’s official language is English. However, being a multicultural nation with a significant migrant population, we also enjoy a tremendous diversity of languages and cultures.

Electrical power points

Our electrical current is 220 – 240 volts, AC 50Hz. The Australian three-pin power


http://www.customs.gov.au/site/page4643.asp

http://www.customs.gov.au/site/page4643.asp

outlet is different from some other countries, so you may need an adaptor.

Communication

Australia’s country code is 61. Local calls from public pay phones are untimed and charged at AUD$.050. Mobile, long distance, and overseas calls are usually timed.Mobile phone network coverage is available across Australia, however, coverage may be limited in some remote areas. Internet access is widely available at internet cafes, accommodation, and libraries.

Postal services

Post offices are usually open 9am – 5pm, Monday to Friday, with some city post offices open on Saturday morning. Travellers can arrange to collect mail at post

Accessible Travel

If you have a disability and are planning to explore Australia, there is a host of services and special deals to meet your needs. Thorough preparation is essential to a successful trip, so speak to your travel agent about your specific requirements. For more information on accessible tourism in Australia go to NICA or the AustraliaForAll websites.


References

1. Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia - Australia

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A

2. Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia –New Zealand

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0

3. ABC News Radio

^Richards, Kel. Australasia. Wordwatch. ABC News Radio. 2006{30-09-2006}^

4. Navigation for School and College

^A.C. GARDNER and W.G. CREELMAN,(1965).Navigation for school & college, 2007 revised. Cp 1, The Terrestrial Sphere^

5. Tourism development in Australia

www.planetware.com

6. USA TODAY: Latest World and US News

http://www.usatoday.com/

7. Tourism Australia

http://www.australia.com

8. GeoHack

https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A&params=28_46_3.57_S_133_46_10.31_E_region:AU_scale:20000000

9. Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia – Geography of Australia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Australia

10. Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia – Climate of Australia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Australia

11. Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia – Geology of Australia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Australia

12. Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia – Geography of New Zealand


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Australia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Australia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Australia




http://www.australia.com/

http://www.usatoday.com/

http://www.planetware.com/

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand

13. Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia – Climate of New Zealand

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_New_Zealand

14. Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia – Biodiversity of New Zealand

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand

END


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_New_Zealand

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand